British Americans
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British Americans usually refers to Americans whose ancestral origin originates wholly or partly in the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland and also the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and Gibraltar). It is primarily a demographic or historical research category for people who have at least partial descent from peoples of Great Britain and the modern United Kingdom, i.e. English, Scottish, Welsh, Scotch-Irish, Orcadian, Manx, Cornish Americans and those from the Channel Islands and Gibraltar.
Based on 2020 American Community Survey estimates, 1,934,397 individuals identified as having British ancestry, while a further 25,213,619 identified as having English ancestry, 5,298,861 Scottish ancestry and 1,851,256 Welsh ancestry. The total of these groups, at 34,298,133, was 10.5% of the total population. A further 31,518,129 individuals identified as having Irish ancestry, but this is not differentiated between modern Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom) and the Republic of Ireland, which was part of the United Kingdom during the greatest phase of Irish immigration. Figures for Manx and Cornish ancestries are not separately reported, although Manx was reported prior to 1990, numbering 9,220 on the 1980 census, and some estimates put Cornish ancestry as high as 2 million. This figure also does not include people reporting ancestries in countries with majority or plurality British ancestries, such as Canadian, South African, New Zealander (21,575) or Australian (105,152).<ref name="factfinder.census.gov5">Template:Cite web</ref> There has been a significant drop overall, especially from the 1980 census where 49.59 million people reported English ancestry and larger numbers reported Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish ancestry also.
Demographers regard current figures as a "serious under-count", as a large proportion of Americans of British descent have a tendency to simply identify as 'American' since 1980 where over 13.3 million or 5.9% of the total U.S. population self-identified as "American" or "United States", this was counted under "not specified".<ref>Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 (Supplementary Report PC80-S1-10) Issued: April 1983</ref> This response is highly overrepresented in the Upland South, a region settled historically by the British.<ref>Ethnic Landscapes of America – By John A. Cross</ref><ref>Census and you: monthly news from the U.S. Bureau... Volume 28, Issue 2 – By United States. Bureau of the Census</ref><ref>Dominic J. Pulera. Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> Those of mixed European ancestry may identify with a more recent and differentiated ethnic group.<ref>Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.</ref> Of the top ten family names in the United States (2010), seven have English origins or having possible mixed British Isles heritage (such as Welsh, Scottish or Cornish), the other three being of Spanish origin.<ref>Frequently Occurring Surnames from the 2010 Census – United States Census Bureau</ref>
Not to be confused are cases when the term is also used in an entirely different (although possibly overlapping) sense to refer to people who are dual citizens of both the United Kingdom and the United States.Template:Citation needed
Sense of heritage
Americans of British heritage are often seen, and identify, as simply "American" due to the many historic, linguistic and cultural ties between Great Britain and the U.S. and their influence on the country's population. A leading specialist, Charlotte Erickson, found them to be ethnically "invisible".<ref>Charlotte Erickson, Invisible immigrants: the adaptation of English and Scottish immigrants in nineteenth-century America (1990)</ref> This may be due to the early establishment of British settlements; as well as to non-English groups having emigrated in order to establish significant communities.<ref name="lieberson1" />
Number of British Americans
Table below shows census results between 1980 (when data on ancestry was first collected) and the 2020 census. Response rates for the question on ancestry was 83.1% (1980) 90.4% (1990) and 80.1% (2000) for the total population of the United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Year | Ethnic origin | Population | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| British; total | 61,327,867 | 31.67 | |
| 1980<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English | 49,598,035 | 26.34 |
| Scottish | 10,048,816 | 4.44 | |
| Welsh | 1,664,598 | 0.88 | |
| Northern Irish | 16,418 | 0.01 | |
| Total | 46,816,175 | 18.8 | |
| 1990<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English | 32,651,788 | 13.1 |
| Scottish | 5,393,581 | 2.2 | |
| Scotch-Irish | 5,617,773 | 2.3 | |
| Welsh | 2,033,893 | 0.8 | |
| British | 1,119,140 | 0.4 | |
| Total | 36,564,465 | 12.9 | |
| 2000<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English | 24,515,138 | 8.7 |
| Scottish | 4,890,581 | 1.7 | |
| Scotch-Irish | 4,319,232 | 1.5 | |
| Welsh | 1,753,794 | 0.6 | |
| British | 1,085,720 | 0.4 | |
| Total | 37,619,881 | 14.4 | |
| 2010<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English | 25,927,345 | 8.4 |
| Scottish | 5,460,679 | 3.1 | |
| Scotch-Irish | 3,257,161 | 1.9 | |
| Welsh | 1,793,356 | 0.6 | |
| British | 1,181,340 | 0.4 | |
| Total | 58,649,411 | TBA | |
| 2020<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | English | 46,550,968 | 14.0 |
| Scottish | 8,422,613 | TBA | |
| Scots-Irish | 794,478 | TBA | |
| Welsh | 1,977,383 | TBA | |
| British | 860,315 | TBA | |
| British Islander | 43,654 | TBA | |
Composition of Colonial America
Template:Pie chart According to estimates by Thomas L. Purvis (1984), published in the European ancestry of the United States, gives the ethnic composition of the American colonies from 1700 to 1755. British ancestry in 1755 was estimated to be 63%, comprising 52% English and Welsh, 7.0% Scots-Irish, and 4% Scottish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Studies on origins, 1790
Template:Multiple image The ancestry of the 3,929,214 population in 1790 has been estimated by various sources by sampling last names in the very first United States official census and assigning them a country of origin.<ref name="lieberson1"/> There is debate over the accuracy between the studies with individual scholars and the Federal Government using different techniques and conclusion for the ethnic composition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="lieberson1">Template:Cite book</ref> A study published in 1909 titled A Century of Population Growth by the Census Bureau estimated the British origin combined were around 90% of the white population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Another source by Thomas L. Purvis in 1984<ref name="jstor.org">Template:Cite journal</ref> estimated that people of British ancestry made up about 62% of the total population or 74% of the white or European American population.<ref name="jstor.org"/> Some 81% of the total United States population was of European heritage.<ref>Historical U.S. population by race Template:Webarchive</ref> Around 757,208 were of African descent with 697,624 being slaves.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
A Century of Population Growth (1909)
Estimated British American population in the Continental United States as of the 1790 Census.<ref name="CPG1909" />
American Council of Learned Societies (1929)
The 1909 Century of Population Growth report came under intense scrutiny in the 1920s; its methodology was subject to criticism over fundamental flaws that cast doubt on the accuracy of its conclusions. The catalyst for controversy had been passage of the Immigration Act of 1924, which imposed numerical quotas on each country of Europe limiting the number of immigrants to be admitted out of a finite total annual pool. The size of each national quota was determined by the National Origins Formula, in part computed by estimating the origins of the colonial stock population descended from White Americans enumerated in the 1790 Census. The undercount of other colonial stocks like German Americans and Irish Americans would thus have contemporary policy consequences. When CPG was produced in 1909, the concept of independent Ireland did not even exist. CPG made no attempt to further classify its estimated 1.9% Irish population to distinguish Celtic Irish Catholics of Gaelic Ireland, who in 1922 formed the independent Irish Free State, from the Scotch-Irish descendants of Ulster Scots and Anglo-Irish of the Plantation of Ulster, which became Northern Ireland and remained part of the United Kingdom. In 1927, proposed immigration quotas based on CPG figures were rejected by the President's Committee chaired by the Secretaries of State, Commerce, and Labor, with the President reporting to Congress "the statistical and historical information available raises grave doubts as to the whole value of these computations as the basis for the purposes intended."<ref name="ACLS1929" /> Among the criticisms of A Century of Population Growth:
- CPG failed to account for Anglicization of names, assuming any surname that could be English was actually English
- CPG failed to consider first names even when obviously foreign, assuming anyone with a surname that could be English was actually English
- CPG failed to consider regional variation in ethnic settlement e.g. surname Root could be assumed English in Vermont (less than 1% German), but more commonly a variant of German Roth in states with large German American populations like populous Pennsylvania (home to more Germans than the entire population of Vermont)
- CPG started by classifying all names as Scotch, Irish, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, or other. All remaining names which could not be classed with one of the 6 other listed nationalities, nor identified by the Census clerk as too exotic to be English, were assumed to be English
- CPG classification was an unscientific process by Census clerks with no training in history, genealogy, or linguistics, nor were scholars in those fields consulted
- CPG estimates were produced by a linear process with no checks on potential errors nor opportunity for peer review or scholarly revision once an individual clerk had assigned a name to a nationality
Concluding that CPG "had not been accepted by scholars as better than a first approximation of the truth", the Census Bureau commissioned a study to produce new scientific estimates of the colonial American population, in collaboration with the American Council of Learned Societies, in time to be adopted as basis for legal immigration quotas in 1929, and later published in the journal of the American Historical Association, reproduced in the table below. Note: as in the original CPG report, the "English" category encompassed England and Wales, grouping together all names classified as either "Anglican" (from England) or "Cambrian" (from Wales).<ref name="ACLS1929" />
Template:Small<ref name="ACLS1929">Template:Cite book</ref>
1980
The 1980 census was the first that asked people's ancestry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 1980 United States Census reported 61,327,867 individuals or 31.67% of the total U.S. population self-identified as having British descent. In 1980, 16,418 Americans reported "Northern Islander". No Scots-Irish (descendants of Ulster-Scots) ancestry was recorded, although over ten million people identified as Scottish.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This figure fell to over 5 million each in the following census when the Scotch-Irish were first counted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
1990
Over 90.4% of the United States population reported at least one ancestry, 9.6% (23,921,371) individuals as "not stated" with a total of 11.0% being "not specified".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Additional responses were Cornish (3,991), Northern Irish 4,009 and Manx 6,317.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2000
Most of the population who stated their ancestry as "American" (20,625,093 or 7.3%) are said to be of old colonial British ancestry.<ref name=Ancestry2000>Template:Cite web</ref>
| 2000 Census<ref name="The Source: Gen">Template:Cite book</ref> | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ancestry | Number | % of total |
| German | 42,885,162 | 15.2 |
| African | 36,419,434 | 12.9 |
| Irish | 30,594,130 | 10.9 |
| English | 24,515,138 | 8.7 |
| Mexican | 20,640,711 | 7.3 |
| Italian | 15,723,555 | 5.6 |
| French | 10,846,018 | 3.9 |
| Hispanic | 10,017,244 | 3.6 |
| Polish | 8,977,444 | 3.2 |
| Scottish | 4,890,581 | 1.7 |
| Dutch | 4,542,494 | 1.6 |
| Norwegian | 4,477,725 | 1.6 |
| Scotch-Irish | 4,319,232 | 1.5 |
| United States | 281,421,906 | 100 |
Geographical distribution
Template:Multiple image Following are the top 10 highest percentage of people of English, Scottish and Welsh ancestry, in U.S. communities with 500 or more total inhabitants (for the total list of the 101 communities, see references)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
English
- Hildale, Utah 66.9%
- Colorado City, Arizona 52.7%
- Milbridge, Maine 41.1%
- Panguitch, Utah 40.0%
- Beaver, Utah 39.8%
- Enterprise, Utah 39.4%
- East Machias, Maine 39.1%
- Marriott-Slaterville, Utah 38.2%
- Wellsville, Utah 37.9%
- Morgan, Utah 37.2%
Scottish
- Lonaconing, Maryland town 16.1%
- Jordan, Illinois township 12.6%
- Scioto, Ohio township 12.1%
- Randolph, Indiana township 10.2%
- Franconia, New Hampshire town 10.1%
- Topsham, Vermont town 10.0%
- Ryegate, Vermont town 9.9%
- Plainfield, Vermont town 9.8%
- Saratoga Springs, Utah town 9.7%
- Barnet, Vermont town 9.5%
Welsh
- Malad City, Idaho city 21.1%
- Remsen, New York town 14.6%
- Oak Hill, Ohio village 13.6%
- Madison, Ohio township 12.7%
- Steuben, New York town 10.9%
- Franklin, Ohio township 10.5%
- Plymouth, Pennsylvania borough 10.3%
- Jackson, Ohio city 10.0%
- Lake, Pennsylvania township 9.9%
- Radnor, Ohio township 9.8%
2020 state totals
As of 2020, the distribution of British Americans (combined English, Welsh, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, and British ancestry self-identification) across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table:
History
Overview
The British diaspora consists of the scattering of British people and their descendants who emigrated from the United Kingdom. The diaspora is concentrated in countries that had mass migration such as the United States (as well as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Zimbabwe) and that are part of the English-speaking world. A 2006 publication from the Institute for Public Policy Research estimated 5.6 million British-born people lived outside of the United Kingdom.<ref name="BritsAbroad">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
After the Age of Discovery, the British were one of the earliest and largest communities to emigrate out of Europe, and the British Empire's expansion during the latter half of the 18th century, throughout the 19th century and first quarter of the 20th century saw an "extraordinary dispersion of the British people", with particular concentrations "in Australasia and North America", and to some degree into Africa and South Asia.<ref name="BritDis47">Template:Harvnb.</ref>
The British Empire was "built on waves of migration overseas by British people",<ref name="Marsh254">Template:Harvnb.</ref> who left the United Kingdom and "reached across the globe and permanently affected population structures in three continents".<ref name="BritDis47"/> As a result of the British colonization of the Americas, what became the United States was "easily the greatest single destination of emigrant British".<ref name="BritDis47"/>
Historically in the 1790 United States census estimate and presently in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand "people of British origin came to constitute the majority of the population" contributing to these states becoming integral to the Anglosphere.<ref name="Marsh254"/> There is also a significant population of people with British ancestry in South Africa and in British Overseas Territories.Template:Citation needed
Colonial period
Template:Main An English presence in North America began with the Roanoke Colony and Colony of Virginia in the late-16th century during the reign of Tudor queen Elizabeth I, but the first successful English settlement was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown. By the 1610s, an estimated 1,300 English people had travelled to North America, the "first of many millions from the British Isles".<ref name="BritDis48">Template:Harvnb.</ref> In 1620, the Pilgrims established the English imperial venture of Plymouth Colony, beginning "a remarkable acceleration of permanent emigration from England" with over 60% of trans-Atlantic English migrants settling in the New England Colonies.<ref name="BritDis48"/> During the 17th century, an estimated 350,000 English, Welsh and Cornish migrants arrived in North America, which in the century after the Acts of Union 1707 was surpassed in rate and number by Scottish and Irish migrants.<ref name="BritDis49">Template:Harvnb.</ref>
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The British policy of salutary neglect for its North American colonies intended to minimize trade restrictions as a way of ensuring they stayed loyal to British interests.<ref name="history of colonial"/> This permitted the development of the American Dream, a cultural spirit distinct from that of its British founders.<ref name="history of colonial">Template:Citation</ref> The Thirteen Colonies of British America began an armed rebellion with French support against British rule in 1775 when they rejected the right of the Parliament of Great Britain to govern them without representation; they proclaimed their independence in 1776, and subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America, which became a sovereign state in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britain's formal acknowledgment of the United States' sovereignty at the end of the American Revolutionary War.<ref name="road">Template:Citation</ref>
In the original Thirteen Colonies, most laws contained strong elements found in the English common law system.Template:Citation needed
The vast majority of the Founding Fathers of the United States were of mixed British extraction. Most of them were of English descent, with smaller numbers of those of Scottish, Irish Protestant or Scots-Irish, and Welsh ancestry. A minority were of high social status and can be classified as White Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP). Many of the prewar WASP elite were Loyalists who left the new nation, some moving north to the Canadian colonies which remained under British rule.<ref>Richard D. Brown, "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A collective view." William and Mary Quarterly (1976) 33#3: 465–480, especially pp 466, 478–79. online</ref>
Immigration after 1776
| British immigration to the U.S. 1820–2000 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | Arrivals | Period | Arrivals | Period | Arrivals |
| 1820–1830 | 27,489 | 1901–1910 | 525,950 | 1981–1990 | 159,173 |
| 1831–1840 | 75,810 | 1911–1920 | 341,408 | 1991–2000 | 151,866 |
| 1841–1850 | 267,044 | 1921–1930 | 339,570 | ||
| 1851–1860 | 423,974 | 1931–1940 | 31,572 | ||
| 1861–1870 | 606,896 | 1941–1950 | 139,306 | ||
| 1871–1880 | 548,043 | 1951–1960 | 202,824 | ||
| 1881–1890 | 807,357 | 1961–1970 | 213,822 | ||
| 1891–1900 | 271,538 | 1971–1980 | 137,374 | ||
| Total arrivals: 5,271,016<ref>Almost All Aliens: Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History ... By Paul Spickard</ref><ref>Statistical Abstract of the United States (Page: 89)</ref><ref>Statistical Abstract of the United States Immigration by country of origin 1851–1940 (Page: 107)</ref><ref>Statistical Abstract of the United States (Page: 92)</ref> | |||||
Nevertheless, longstanding cultural and historical ties have, in more modern times, resulted in the Special Relationship, the exceptionally close political, diplomatic and military co-operation of United Kingdom – United States relations.<ref name="wither">Template:Citation</ref> Linda Colley, a professor of history at Princeton University and specialist in Britishness, suggested that because of their strong colonial influence on the United States, the British find Americans a "mysterious and paradoxical people, physically distant but culturally close, engagingly similar yet irritatingly different".<ref>Template:Harvnb.</ref>
For over two centuries (1789–2009) of early U.S. history, all Presidents with the exception of two (Van Buren and Kennedy) were descended from the varied colonial British stock, from the Pilgrims and Puritans to the Scotch-Irish and English who settled Appalachia, with more recent presidents such as Joe Biden and Donald Trump having partial British ancestry.<ref>Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America – By David Hackett Fischer (P. 839)</ref>
Cultural contributions
Much of American culture shows influences from nation states of British culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">Template:Cite book</ref> Historian David Hackett Fischer has posited that four major streams of immigration from the British Isles in the colonial era contributed to the formation of a new American culture, summarized as follows:
- East Anglia to New England – The Exodus of the English Puritans (Pilgrims and Puritans influenced the Northeastern United States' corporate and educational culture)<ref>Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 13–206</ref>
- The South of England to the lowland South – The Cavaliers and Indentured Servants (Gentry influenced the Southern United States' plantation culture)<ref>Fischer, Albion's Seed pp. 207–418</ref>
- Northern England to the Delaware Valley – The Friends' Migration (Quakers influenced the Middle Atlantic and Midwestern United States' industrial culture)<ref>Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 419–604</ref>
- The Scottish Lowlands to the Backcountry – The Flight from North Britain (Scotch-Irish, of lowland Scottish and border English descent, influenced the Western United States' ranch culture and the Southern United States' common agrarian culture)<ref>Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 605–782</ref>
Fischer's theory acknowledges the presence of other groups of immigrants during the colonial period, both from the British Isles (the Welsh and the Highland Scots) and not (Germans, Dutch, and French Huguenots), but believes that these did not culturally contribute as substantially to the United States as his main four.
Historical influence
Apple pie – New England was the first region to experience large-scale English colonization in the early 17th century, beginning in 1620, and it was dominated by East Anglian Calvinists, better known as the Puritans. Baking was a particular favorite of the New Englanders and was the origin of dishes seen today as quintessentially "American", such as apple pie and the oven-roasted Thanksgiving turkey.<ref>Fischer, pp. 74, 114, 134–39.</ref> "As American as apple pie" is a well-known phrase used to suggest that something is all-American.
Automakers
Buick – David Dunbar Buick was a Scottish-born American, a Detroit-based inventor, best known for founding the Buick Motor Company.Template:Citation needed
Motorcycle manufacturer
Harley-Davidson – The Davidson brothers were of Scottish descent (William. A., Walter and Arthur Davidson) and William S. Harley of English descent. Along with Indian Motorcycle Manufacturing Company was the largest and most recognizable American motorcycle manufacturer.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sports
Template:Main Baseball – The earliest recorded game of base-ball for which the original source survives, involved the family of George II of Great Britain, played indoors in London in November 1748. The Prince is reported as playing "Bass-Ball" again in September 1749 in Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, against Lord Middlesex.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The English lawyer William Bray wrote in his diary that he had played a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, also in Surrey.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by British immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, rounders, which has been played in England since Tudor times, holds a similarity to baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in the United Kingdom pre-date use of the term "rounders".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In addition to baseball, American football is a sport that developed from soccer and Rugby, which are both sports that originated in the British Isles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bowling or ten-pin bowling derived from Nine-Pins (nine-pin bowling) brought over by early British settlers.
Continental Colors, 1775–1777
.svg){kind=link}
The Continental Union Flag is considered to be the first national flag of the United States.<ref name="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics – Oct 1926</ref> The design consisted of 13 stripes, red and white, representing the original Thirteen Colonies, the canton on the upper left-hand corner bearing the British Union Flag, the red cross of St. George of England with the white cross of St. Andrew of Scotland. The flag was first flown on December 2, 1775, by John Paul Jones (then a Continental Navy lieutenant) on the ship Alfred in Philadelphia).<ref name="Popular Mechanics"/>
Place names
Alabama
- Birmingham after Birmingham, England
- Oxford after Oxford, England
- Montgomery after Montgomery, Powys, Wales
California
- Westminster after Westminster in London, England
- Exeter after Exeter, England
- Windsor after Windsor, Berkshire, in England
Colorado
- Aberdeen Ghost town named after Aberdeen in Scotland
- Derby after Derby, England
- Rugby after Rugby in England
Connecticut
- Essex, Connecticut after Essex, England
- Greenwich, Connecticut after Greenwich, England
- Manchester, Connecticut after Manchester, England
- New London, Connecticut after London, England
- Norfolk, Connecticut after Norfolk, England
Delaware
- Dover after Dover, England
- Kent County, Delaware after Kent, England
- Wilmington named by Proprietor Thomas Penn after his friend Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, who was prime minister in the reign of George II of Great Britain.
Florida
- Windermere, named for Windermere, Westmorland,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the largest lake of the Lake District and England
Maine
- Leeds after Leeds, England
Maryland
- Aberdeen, Maryland after Aberdeenshire, Scotland
- Chester, Maryland after Chester, England
- Chestertown, Maryland after Chester, England
- Essex, Maryland after Essex, England
- Glencoe, Maryland after Glencoe, Scotland
- Hereford, Maryland after Hereford, England
- Kensington, Maryland after Kensington, England
- Manchester, Maryland after Manchester, England
- Olney, Maryland after Olney, England
- Westminster, Maryland after Westminster, England
- Salisbury, Maryland after Salisbury, England
Massachusetts
- Abington, Massachusetts after Abingdon, England
- Attleboro, Massachusetts after Attleborough, England
- Bedford, Massachusetts after Bedford, England
- Boston after Boston, England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Cambridge after the City of Cambridge, England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Charlton, Massachusetts after Charlton, London, England
- Chelsea, Massachusetts after Chelsea, England
- Falmouth, Massachusetts after Falmouth, England
- Gloucester after Gloucester and Gloucestershire, England
- Hampshire County, Massachusetts after Hampshire, England
- Mansfield, Massachusetts after Mansfield, England
- Middlesex County, Massachusetts after Middlesex, England
- Plymouth, Massachusetts after Plymouth, England
- Somerset, Massachusetts after Somerset, England
- Southampton after Southampton, England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Suffolk County, Massachusetts after Suffolk, England
- Swansea, Massachusetts after Swansea, Wales
- Taunton, Massachusetts after Taunton, England
- Weymouth, Massachusetts after Weymouth, Dorset, England
- Worcester, Massachusetts after Worcester, England
Michigan
- Birmingham after Birmingham, England
- Plymouth after Plymouth, England
New Hampshire
- New Hampshire state (after Hampshire<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>)
- Derry, New Hampshire after Derry, Northern Ireland
- Durham, New Hampshire after Durham, England
- Exeter, New Hampshire after Exeter, England
- Londonderry, New Hampshire after Londonderry, Northern Ireland
- Manchester after Manchester, England<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- New London, New Hampshire after London, England
- Nottingham, New Hampshire after Nottinghamshire
- Plymouth, New Hampshire after Plymouth, England
- Portsmouth, New Hampshire after Portsmouth, England
New Jersey
- New Jersey and Jersey City after Jersey
New York
- New York and New York City after York, England
- Albany after the Duke of Albany
North Carolina
- Durham, North Carolina and Durham County, North Carolina after Durham, England
- Halifax, North Carolina and Halifax County, North Carolina after Halifax, England
- Brunswick County, North Carolina after House of Brunswick
- New Hanover County, North Carolina after House of Hanover
- Northampton County, North Carolina after Northampton, England
- Richmond County, North Carolina after Richmond, London
Ohio
- Kendal, Ohio after Kendal, Westmorland.<ref name="springhill">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Liverpool, Medina County Ohio and East Liverpool, Ohio, after Liverpool, England.Template:Citation needed
Pennsylvania
- Bucks County after Buckinghamshire, England
- Chester County and Chester after Chester, England
- Carlisle, Pennsylvania after Carlisle, England
- Darby derived from Derby (pronounced "Darby"), the county town of Derbyshire (pronounced "Darbyshire")<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Lancaster County and Lancaster after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, one of the early settlers.<ref>Petition for the Establishment of Lancaster County Template:Webarchive, February 6, 1728/9</ref>
- Reading, Berks County after Reading, Berkshire, England
- Warminster after a small town in the county of Wiltshire, at the western extremity of Salisbury Plain, England.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref>
- York, Pennsylvania after York, England
Texas
- Bronte, named for English novelist Charlotte Brontë (1816–1855).<ref name="tarpley" />
- Cheapside, after Cheapside, a London street.<ref name="tarpley">Template:Cite book</ref>
- Derby, after Derby, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
- Liverpool, after Liverpool, a port city traditionally in Lancashire, England.<ref name="tarpley" />
- Newcastle, after Newcastle upon Tyne, northeast England.<ref name="tarpley" />
Utah
- Leeds after Leeds, England
Virginia
- Crewe, Virginia after Crewe, England
- Dumfries, Virginia after Dumfries, Scotland
- Edinburg, Virginia after Edinburgh, Scotland
- Falmouth, Virginia after Falmouth, England
- Isle of Wight County, Virginia after Isle of Wight, England
- Kilmarnock, Virginia after Kilmarnock, Scotland
- Glasgow, Virginia after Glasgow, Scotland
- Gloucester, Virginia after Gloucester, England
- Richmond, Virginia and Richmond County, Virginia after Richmond, London
- Lancaster County, Virginia after Lancashire, England
- Hampton, Virginia after Hampton, London, England
- Midlothian, Virginia after Midlothian, Scotland
- New Kent County, Virginia after Kent County, England
- Norfolk, Virginia after Norfolk, England
- Northampton County, Virginia after Northampton, England
- Northumberland County, Virginia after Northumberland, England
- Portsmouth, Virginia after Portsmouth, England
- Stafford, Virginia after Stafford, England
- Suffolk, Virginia after Suffolk, England
- Westmoreland County, Virginia after Westmoreland (now part of Cumbria, England)
- Winchester, Virginia after Winchester, England
Wisconsin
- Chilton, Wisconsin, from Chillington Hall, Staffordshire, the British ancestral home of an early settler.Template:Citation needed
- Ripon, Wisconsin, after Ripon, North Yorkshire, the British ancestral home city of one of its earliest settlers, John S. Horner.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In addition, some places were named after the kings and queens of the former kingdoms of England and Ireland. The name Virginia was first applied by Queen Elizabeth I (the "Virgin Queen") and Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584.,<ref>In 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sent Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to lead an exploration of what is now the North Carolina coast, and they returned with word of a regional "king" named "Wingina." This was modified later that year by Raleigh and the Queen to "Virginia", perhaps in part noting her status as the "Virgin Queen." Template:Cite book</ref> the Carolinas were named after King Charles I and Maryland named so for his wife, Queen Henrietta Maria (Queen Mary). The Borough of Queens in New York was named after Catherine of Braganza (Queen Catherine), the wife of the King Charles II.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- Americans in the United Kingdom
- Anglo-Americans
- Anglo-Celtic Australians
- Britons in Mexico
- Cornish Americans
- English Americans
- English diaspora
- Hyphenated American
- Irish Americans
- Manx Americans
- Scotch-Irish Americans
- Scottish Americans
- Welsh Americans
- White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, called WASPs
- United Kingdom–United States relations
References
Scholarly sources
- Template:Cite book
- Bridenbaugh, Carl. Vexed and Troubled Englishmen, 1590–1642 (1976).
- Template:Citation
- Template:Cite book
- Erickson, Charlotte. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation of English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (1972_.
- Template:Cite book
- Furer, Howard B., ed. The British in America: 1578–1970 (1972).
- Template:Cite book the standard reference source for all ethnic groups.
- McGill, David W., and John K. Pearce. "American families with English ancestors from the colonial era: Anglo Americans." in Ethnicity and family therapy (1996): 451–466; reviews modern social psychology of family types.
- Template:Cite book
- Shepperson, Wilbur S. British emigration to North America: projects and opinions in the early Victorian period (1957), examines opinion in Britain. online
- Tennenhouse, Leonard. The Importance of Feeling English: American Literature and the British Diaspora, 1750–1850 (2007).
- Van Vugt, William E. "British (English, Scottish, Scots Irish, and Welsh) and British Americans, 1870–1940’." in Elliott Barkan, ed., Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration (2013): 4:237+.
- Van Vugt, William E. British Buckeyes: The English, Scots, and Welsh in Ohio, 1700–1900 (2006).
External links
Template:European Americans Template:British diaspora Template:United States topics