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{{Short description|Culinary traditions of Canada}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}

{{If mobile|[[File:CanadianCuisineSubset.png|thumb|300px|'''Clockwise from top left''': [[Montreal-style smoked meat]]; [[maple syrup]]; [[poutine]]; [[Nanaimo bar]]; [[butter tart]]; and [[peameal bacon]]]]|{{Canadian cuisine}}}}
'''Canadian cuisine''' consists of the cooking traditions and practices of [[Canada]], with [[List of regions of Canada|regional variances]] around the country. [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[Inuit]] have practiced their culinary traditions in what is now Canada for at least 15,000 years. The advent of [[European Canadian|European]] explorers and settlers, first on the [[Atlantic Canada|east coast]] and then throughout the wider territories of [[New France]], [[British North America]] and Canada, saw the melding of foreign [[recipe]]s, [[List of cooking techniques|cooking techniques]], and [[ingredient]]s with indigenous [[Flora of Canada|flora]] and [[Fauna of Canada|fauna]].<ref name="auto2">Jacobs, H. (2009). Structural Elements in Canadian Cuisine. Cuizine, 2(1), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.7202/039510ar</ref> Modern Canadian cuisine has maintained this dedication to local ingredients and ''[[terroir]]'', as exemplified in the naming of specific ingredients based on their locale, such as [[Malpeque, Prince Edward Island|Malpeque]] oysters or [[Alberta]] beef.<ref name="auto2"/> Accordingly, Canadian cuisine privileges the quality of ingredients and regionality, and may be broadly defined as a national tradition of "creole" culinary practices,<ref>{{cite book | last1=Newman | first1=Lenore | last2=Elton | first2=Sarah | title=Speaking in cod tongues : a Canadian culinary journey | publication-place=Regina, Saskatchewan | date=2016 | isbn=978-0-88977-466-7 | oclc=959691772}}</ref> based on the complex [[multicultural]] and geographically diverse nature of both historical and contemporary Canadian society.

Divisions within Canadian cuisine can be traced along [[regions of Canada|regional lines]] and have a direct connection to the historical immigration patterns of each region or province. The earliest cuisines of Canada are based on [[Indigenous peoples of Canada|Indigenous]], [[English Canadians|English]], [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish]] and [[French Canadians|French]] roots. The [[Traditional food|traditional cuisines]] of both French- and English-Canada have evolved from those carried over to North America from [[France]] and the [[British Isles]] respectively, and from their adaptation to Indigenous customs, labour-intensive and/or mobile lifestyles, and hostile environmental conditions. French Canadian cuisine can also be divided into [[Cuisine of Quebec|Québécois cuisine]] and [[Acadian cuisine]]. Regional cuisines have continued to develop with subsequent waves of immigration during the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries, such as from [[Central Europe]], [[Southern Europe]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[South Asia]], [[East Asia]], and the [[Caribbean]]. There are many culinary practices and dishes that can be either identified as particular to Canada, such as [[fish and brewis]], [[peameal bacon]], [[pot roast]] and [[meatloaf]], or sharing an association with countries from which immigrants to Canada carried over their cuisine, such as [[fish and chips]], [[roast beef]], and [[Bannock (British food)|bannock]].

==Definitions==
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022|section}}
[[File:Breakfast (44248677625).jpg|thumb|Pancake breakfast in [[Calgary]]]]
Though certain dishes may be identified as "Canadian" due to the ingredients used or the origin of their inception, an overarching style of Canadian cuisine may be more difficult to define. Some commentators, such as former [[prime minister of Canada|prime minister]] [[Joe Clark]], believe Canadian cuisine to be a collage of dishes from a variety of cultures. Clark has been paraphrased to have noted that "Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a [[smorgasbord]]."<ref name=smorg>{{citation |first=George |last=Pandi |title=Let's eat Canadian, but is there really a national dish? |journal=The Gazette (Montreal) |date=April 5, 2008 |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/columnists/story.html?id=6ad83058-3f7b-4403-8aa8-dce47b16884e |access-date=March 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823171831/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/columnists/story.html?id=6ad83058-3f7b-4403-8aa8-dce47b16884e |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |url-status=dead }} Also published as "[http://www.canada.com/travel/story.html?id=804569 Canadian cuisine a smorgasbord of regional flavours]"</ref> Canadian food culture writer and author Jennifer Cochrall-King has said that "there is no single definition of Canadian cuisine. It starts with ingredients that spring from the landscape and with traditional dishes steeped in the region's history and culture."<ref name="firstlawcomic.com">{{cite web |url=https://firstlawcomic.com/what-are-the-common-cooking-methods-used-in-canada/ |title=What are the common cooking methods used in Canada?}} Retrieved 26 April 2022. ''Fist Law Comic''</ref>

While the immense size of Canada, and the diversity of its inhabitants, compounds the difficulty in identifying a monolithic Canadian culinary tradition, Hersch Jacobs acknowledges that the lack of a hegemonic definition does not preclude the existence of Canadian cuisine.<ref name="hj">{{Citation |title=Structural Elements in Canadian Cuisine |first=Hersch |last=Jacobs |journal=Cuizine: The Journal of Canadian Food Cultures |volume=2 |issue=1 |year=2009|url=http://www.erudit.org/revue/cuizine/2009/v2/n1/039510ar.html}}</ref> [[Lenore Newman]] argues that there is a distinctly Canadian creole cuisine, and identifies five key properties that together define Canadian cuisine: its reliance on [[seasonality]], multiculturalism, wild foods, regional dishes, and the privileging of ingredients over recipes.<ref name=LN>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Lenore |date=2017 |title=Speaking in Cod Tongues: A Canadian Culinary Journey |location=Regina |publisher=University of Regina Press |isbn= 978-0889774599}}</ref> This adaptation, preparation, and emphasis on specific local ingredients is of particular note, and a common theme in Canadian food is the use of foreign recipes, introduced by immigrants and their descendants, that have been modified for use of local products.<ref name="hj"/> [[Tourtière]], for example, is a Canadian meat pie of French origin that can be cooked with beef, pork or fish.<ref name="backroads.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.backroads.com/pro-tips/travel-guides/food-and-drink/canadian-food |title= Canadian Food - What to Know and Eat}} Retrieved 26 April 2022. ''Back Roads''</ref> The sections on regionality and national foods below illustrate this tradition of diversity and emphasis on local elements, such as [[dulse]] and [[Lobster meat|lobster]] in the [[Maritimes]], [[deer meat]]s in the [[Provinces and territories of Canada#Territories|Northern Territories]], [[Salmon as food|salmon]] and [[Crab meat|crab]] in [[British Columbia]], or [[maple syrup]] in [[Central Canada]].

Indigenous food may be considered uniquely Canadian, and the influence of [[Métis in Canada|Métis culture]] can be considered to have played a particularly important role in the origin of a distinct Canadian cuisine. Foods such as bannock, [[moose]], deer, [[bison]], [[pemmican]], [[maple taffy]], and Métis [[stew]]s, such as [[barley]] stew, are all either traditional Indigenous foods, or originate from Canada with roots in Indigenous cuisines, and are eaten throughout the country.

There are many foods of foreign origin that are eaten commonly and considered integrated constituents of Canadian cuisine. [[Pierogi]]es ([[dumpling]]s of Central and Eastern European origin) are an example, due to the large number of early [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]] and [[Polish Canadians|Polish immigrants]], while the ubiquity of [[roast beef]] and [[Yorkshire pudding]] are an example of the heavy [[English-Canadian|English]] influence. As much of Canadian cuisine is coloured by the adaptation and development of dishes brought over by European, and later [[Asian Canadian|Asian]], settlers, there is a variety of noteworthy Canadian variations on pre-established templated food and drink, with their own nationally defined particularities, such as Canadian [[Cheddar cheese]], [[whisky]], [[bread]], [[wine]], [[bacon]], and [[pancake]]s.

In general, much of what is considered to be traditional Canadian cuisine contains strong elements of richness, breads and [[starch]]es, [[game meat]], and often stews and [[soup]]s.<ref name="backroads.com"/> Certain culinary traditions in Canada, such as the [[frying]] of [[dough]], which developed out of the country's voyaging and frontier culture, have seen to both the creation of distinct national foods and the flourishing of a broader national association with certain types of dishes. In the case of frying dough, for example, particular foods originating from Canada would include [[BeaverTails|beavertails]], [[Fritter#Canada|apple fritters]] and [[touton]]s, whilst foods such as [[doughnut]]s, cronuts,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sicotte |first=Geneviève |date=2021-12-18 |title=Poutine in a pie: Would you eat a 'tourtine' this holiday season? |url=https://freshhive.ca/2021/12/17/poutine-in-a-pie-would-you-eat-a-tourtine-this-holiday-season/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=FreshHive.ca |language=en-US}}</ref> bannock, [[bagel]]s, and pancakes, though not physically originating from Canada, have nonetheless developed within a broader tradition of nationally recognized cuisine.

==History==
[[File:Ojibwe woman tapping for sugar maple syrup.jpg|thumb|right|A 1908 photo of an [[Ojibwe]] woman tapping for [[tree sap]], which is made into [[maple syrup]].]]
Canadian cuisine has been shaped by the historical and ongoing influences of Indigenous peoples, settlers and immigrants.<ref name=hj/> Indigenous influences remain prevalent in Canada's contemporary food scene, alongside those of the three major immigrant groups of the 17th and 18th centuries: English, Scottish, and French. This diversity has been further expanded by subsequent waves of immigration in later centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.backroads.com/pro-tips/travel-guides/food-and-drink/canadian-food |title=Canadian Food - What to Know and Eat}} Retrieved 26 April 2022. ''Back Roads''</ref>

=== Indigenous ===
{{Main|Indigenous cuisine of the Americas|Inuit cuisine|Tlingit cuisine}}
The traditional Indigenous cuisine of Canada is based on a mixture of [[wild game]], foraged foods, and farmed agricultural products. Indigenous peoples are known to gather more than five-hundred plant species for food. They cultivate and forage a variety of plants, hunt a diversity of animals, and use various tools to boil, smoke/preserve and roast their food.<ref name="firstlawcomic.com"/> Each region of Canada, with its own [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] and [[Inuit]], utilizes local resources and distinct preparation techniques for their cuisines.

[[Maple syrup]] was first collected and used by the Indigenous peoples of [[Eastern Canada]] and the [[north-eastern United States]], and [[Canada]] remains the world's largest producer.<ref>[http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_maple_syrup.htm "Maple Syrup."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908001546/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_maple_syrup.htm |date=September 8, 2011 }} [http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs]. Accessed July 2011.</ref> Though the origin of maple syrup production is not clear, the earliest known syrups were made by repeatedly freezing the collected maple sap and removing the ice to concentrate the sugar in the remaining sap.<ref name="history">{{cite book |last1=Koelling |first1=Melvin R |last2=Laing |first2=Fred |last3=Taylor |first3=Fred |editor1-first=Melvin R |editor1-last=Koelling |editor2-last=Heiligmann |editor2-first=Randall B |title=North American Maple Syrup Producers Manual |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20060429074616/http://ohioline.osu.edu/b856/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 29, 2006 |access-date=September 20, 2010 |series= Bulletin |volume=856 |year=1996 |publisher=Ohio State University |chapter=Chapter 2: History of Maple Syrup and Sugar Production}}</ref> Maple syrup is one of the most commonly consumed Canadian food of Indigenous origin.

Dried meat products such as {{lang|crk-Latn|[[pânsâwân]]}} and [[pemmican]] are commonly consumed by the Indigenous peoples of the plains. In particular, the former was a predecessor for North American-style [[beef jerky]], with the processing methods adapted for beef.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/traditional-indigenous-cuisine-hits-the-global-market-1.5001221|title='Grandaddy' of jerky: traditional Indigenous dry meat hits the global market|date=February 1, 2019|first=Ariel|last= Fournier|publisher=CBC News|website=CBC|language=en|access-date=February 2, 2019}}</ref>

In most of the [[Canadian West Coast]] and Pacific Northwest, [[Pacific salmon]] is an important food resource to the First Nations peoples, along with certain [[marine mammal]]s. Salmon are consumed fresh during the spawning season, or smoked dry to create a jerky-like food that can be stored year-round. The latter food is commonly known and sold as "salmon jerky".

Whipped [[Shepherdia canadensis|soapberry]], known as {{lang|sal|sxusem}} (sk-HOO-shum, [[Indian ice cream (Canada)|"Indian ice cream"]]) in the [[Interior Salish]] languages of [[British Columbia]], is consumed similarly to [[ice cream]] or as a [[cranberry]]-[[cocktail]]-like drink. It is known for being a kidney tonic, which are called ''[[agutak]]'' in [[Arctic Canada]] (with animal/fish fat).

[[File:Mattak.jpg|thumb|right|Sliced and prepared ''[[muktuk]]'']]
In the Arctic, Inuit traditionally survived on a diet consisting of land and marine mammals, fish, and foraged plant products. Meats were consumed fresh, but also often prepared, cached, and allowed to [[ferment]] into ''[[igunaq]]'' or ''[[kiviak]]''. These fermented meats have the consistency and smell of certain soft aged cheeses. Snacks such as ''[[muktuk]]'', which consist of whale skin and blubber is eaten plain, though occasionally dipped in [[soy sauce]]. Chunks of muktuk are sliced with an ''[[ulu]]'' prior to or during consumption.

Fish are eaten boiled, fried, and prior to today's settlements, often in dried forms. The so-called "[[Claytonia tuberosa|Eskimo potato]]", (Inuit: ''oak-kuk'': ''[[Claytonia tuberosa]]'')<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eskimo%20potato merriam-webster.com] Retrieved June 21, 2011.</ref> and other "[[mousefood]]s", are some of the plants consumed in the Arctic.

Foods such as "[[Bannock (Indigenous American)|bannock]]", popular with First Nations and Inuit, reflect the historic exchange of these cultures with European fur traders, who brought with them new ingredients and foods.<ref name="gobc">{{cite web| url = http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/rsi/fnb/FNB.htm | title = Bannock Awareness | access-date = October 18, 2008 | first = Michael D. | last = Blackstock | publisher = Government of British Columbia}}</ref> Common contemporary consumption of bannock, [[powdered milk]], and [[Bologna sausage|bologna]] by Indigenous Canadians reflects the legacy of Canadian colonialism in the prohibition of hunting and fishing, and the institutional food rations provided to [[Indian reserve]]s.<ref>{{citation |title=Bannock tacos, fried baloney – this is aboriginal cuisine? |first=SARAH |last=EFRON |date=July 17, 2012 |journal=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/food-trends/bannock-tacos-fried-baloney-this-is-aboriginal-cuisine/article4424044/}}</ref> Due to similarities in treatment under colonialism, many [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] communities throughout the continent consume similar food items, with some emphasis on local ingredients.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== North and West European ===
{{Expand section|1=explanations, examples and additional citations|section=1|date=December 2021|small=yes}}
{{See also|Northern European cuisine|Western European cuisine}}
[[File:Oatcakes (1).jpg|thumb|[[Oatcake]]s were first brought to Atlantic Canada by [[Scottish Highlanders]] in 1773, and remain a staple of Halifax coffee shops.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eatthistown.ca/nova-scotia-food-profiles-oatcakes/ |title=Nova Scotia Food Profiles: Oatcakes|date=January 17, 2017}} ''Eat This Town''</ref>]]

Settlers and traders from the [[British Isles]] account for the culinary influences of early English Canada in the [[Maritimes|Maritime provinces]] and [[Southern Ontario]] (Upper Canada).<ref name=hj/> Cuisines found in [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] and the Maritimes derive largely from [[British cuisine|British]] and [[Irish cuisine|Irish]] cooking, with a preference for salt-cured fish, beef, and pork. [[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]] and [[British Columbia]] also maintain strong British culinary traditions. The French settlers of [[New France]], who would become the [[Canadien]]s and [[Acadian]]s, account for much of the cuisine of southern [[Quebec]] (Lower Canada), [[Northeastern Ontario]], and [[New Brunswick]].<ref name=hj/>

[[Seafood]] had an important influence on the early European settlers and explorers of [[Atlantic Canada]], which continues to be expressed in [[Maritime cuisine]] and culture to this day. In the late 15th-century, [[John Cabot]]'s [[John Cabot#Second voyage|journey]] to the shores of what would become [[Newfoundland]] brought [[England]] knowledge of the [[Grand Banks]] and their abundance in [[cod]]. He is reported to have told [[King Henry VII]] that "the sea was covered with fish which could be caught not merely by nets, but weighted basket lowered into the water."<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (Chicago, 1967), Vol. 4, 557</ref> Fleets of fishermen from England, [[France]], [[Portugal]], and [[Spain]] flocked to Newfoundland to return with fish, filling a market need in Europe and cutting out the necessity of importing from [[Iceland]].<ref name="Dorothy Duncan 2011">Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. Dundurn Toronto.</ref> The English, Scottish, Irish, and French settlers of what would become the Atlantic provinces frequently built their communities beside the ocean and rivers for easy access, and the fishing industry along the Canadian east coast steadily expanded until it became the region's major industry.<ref name="Dorothy Duncan 2011"/> Accounts from early settlers list fish that were caught, sold, and incorporated into local meals, such as [[trout]], [[Eel as food|eels]], [[Mackerel as food|mackerel]], [[oyster]]s, [[Lobster meat|lobsters]], [[Salmon as food|salmon]], cod and [[Herring as food|herring]].<ref name="Dorothy Duncan 2011"/> Meals that incorporated such fish included, and continue to include, fried cod roe, fried or baked cod tongues, stewed or fried cod heads, fish hash, codfish balls, cod sounds, toast and fish, roasted scrawn, [[fish and brewis]], salt fish and potatoes, and boiled rounders, among others.<ref name="Dorothy Duncan 2011"/> The abundance of seafood and the ease by which it could be obtained made the British and French colonies of [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Acadia]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and Newfoundland and Labrador attractive destinations for settlers.

[[File:Female wild turkeys.jpg|thumb|Wild turkeys in [[Ottawa]]]]
The influx of [[United Empire Loyalists]] into [[British North America]] in the 18th century, and the subsequent establishment of [[Upper Canada]], saw the wider expansion of British cooking with indigenous ingredients in the future province of [[Ontario]]. These settlers established customs similar to their compatriots in [[England]], but with a particular focus on dietary staples, such as meat, bread, and [[tea]].<ref name="link.springer.com">Eric D. Tourigny {{cite journal |title=Maintaining Traditions: Food and Identity among Early Immigrants to Upper Canada|year=2020|doi=10.1007/s41636-020-00237-5|last1=Tourigny|first1=Eric D.|journal=Historical Archaeology|volume=54|issue=2|pages=354–374|pmid=32669754|pmc=7346977}} ''Historical Archaeology''</ref> Local [[forage]] and [[game (hunting)|game]] were typically incorporated into the cooking of early [[English-Canadians]] in Upper Canada, such as [[wild berries]], [[maple sugar]], [[venison]], [[partridge]], [[waterfowl]], [[maize]], [[pumpkin]], and [[turkey meat|turkey]].<ref name="link.springer.com"/> Meals often contained more meat than was typical in England and were particularly reliant on [[pork]] and [[potato]]es during early settlement, although these meals began to include beef and mutton as farming became more established in the region.<ref name="link.springer.com"/> [[Roasting]] was a common method of cooking for Upper Canadians, and [[Scottish Canadians|Scottish immigration]], largely onset by the [[Highland Clearances]], brought a wider emphasis on mutton.<ref name="link.springer.com"/>

[[File:Bay of Quinte picnic 1909.jpg|thumb|Canadians taking tea at a picnic beside the [[Bay of Quinte]], [[Prince Edward County, Ontario|Prince Edward County]] (1909 August)]]
The [[Victorian era]] saw a greater swell of British immigration to Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and the Atlantic colonies; further, the urban and rural development that followed encouraged the spread of eating establishments, local cookbooks, and a busier ingredients market. By the mid-19th century, there was a [[tavern]] every couple odd miles along the major roads of Upper Canada; reportedly, there were 29 such establishments along the route between [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and [[Digby, Nova Scotia]] alone.<ref>Craig Heron, BOOZE (Toronto: Between the Lines, 2003), 28.</ref> The larger urban centres, such as [[Toronto]], [[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]], and [[Coburg, Ontario|Coburg]] in Upper Canada, [[Montreal]] and [[Quebec City]] in Lower Canada, and Halifax in Nova Scotia, saw the opening of [[hotel]]s that could better serve a burgeoning [[upper class]] of Victorian patrons.<ref>Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. (Dundurn Toronto), 84</ref> These hotels, broadly, provided [[beef steak]], fried pork, [[buckwheat]] cakes, [[roast beef]] and pork, wild game and fowl, vegetables, [[pudding]], and tea.<ref>Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. (Dundurn Toronto), 85</ref> Cookbooks published during this period include ''The Home Cookbook'' (1877) and ''The Galt Cook Book'' (1898).<ref>Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. (Dundurn Toronto), 87, 88</ref> Traditions that developed out of the Victorian era in Canada include the Victorian cooking [[fireplace]], which saw continued use in homes and restaurants even after the metal [[stove]] was introduced, and [[picnic]]s, which often involved [[ham]], fowl, [[meat pie]]s, [[tart]]s, and [[cake]]s.<ref>Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. (Dundurn Toronto), 85, 89</ref>

In the territory of [[Rupert's Land]], the development of communities throughout the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries, which centred around [[Hudson's Bay Company]] and [[North West Company]] trading posts, saw to the intermingling of European (largely Scottish and French) traders, clerks, guides, and canoers with the local Indigenous population.<ref name="auto4">Dorothy Duncan (2011) ''Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada''. (Dundurn Toronto)</ref> The resulting genesis of the [[Métis]] culture saw to the development of cuisine in the [[Canadian West]] which combined the culinary traditions of these previously separate groups.
With the arrival of the [[Earl of Selkirk]] and his Scottish retinue (people largely displaced by the Highland Clearances), as well as the purchase of forty-five million acres of land in the [[Red River Valley]], many Scottish culinary traditions were brought to the region.<ref name="auto4"/> These foods included [[black bun]], [[haggis]], honey cakes, and [[rowies]]. Cooperation with the local Métis saw Scottish immigrants hunting buffalo and incorporating game into their meals.<ref name="auto4"/>
The completion of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] in the late 19th-century led to a significant influx of not just settlers of British origin, but of also a multitude of different backgrounds, notably [[Ukrainian Canadian|Ukrainian]], [[Polish Canadian|Polish]], [[German Canadian|German]], [[Scandinavian Canadian|Scandinavian]], [[Belgian Canadian|Belgian]], [[Dutch Canadian|Dutch]], [[Greek Canadian|Greek]], [[Czech Canadian|Czech]], [[Slovak Canadian|Slovak]], [[Chinese Canadian|Chinese]], [[American Canadian|American]], [[Mennonite]], and [[Jewish Canadian|Jewish]].<ref name="auto4"/> It is in this way that the [[Canadian Prairies]], or the future provinces of [[Alberta]], [[Saskatchewan]], and [[Manitoba]], were a frontier of multicultural community-building in Canada, and the creation of a regional cuisine which absorbed influences from a variety of ethnic, national, and religious backgrounds.

[[Icelandic Canadians|Icelandic]] immigration has a particular influence on the cuisine of Manitoba, which, besides [[Iceland]] itself, has a larger [[New Iceland|Icelandic population]] than anywhere else in the world. One example is ''[[vinarterta]]'', a layer cake filled with prune jam and flavoured with cardamom, and a popular Christmas treat in Manitoba. Bakeries in the province often include other pastries brought over and adapted from Iceland, including ''kleinur'' (similar to [[doughnut]]s), ''[[laufabrauð]]'' (flatbread decorated with patterns), ''kransakaka'' (a type of cake with [[almond]]s), and ''ugbraud'' (a [[rye bread]]).<ref>Tom Shingler {{cite web |url=https://www.greatbritishchefs.com/features/culture-club-canadian-cuisine |title= Culture club: the story of Canadian cuisine}}</ref>

Ontario's southwestern regions also have strong Dutch and [[Scandinavia]]n influences.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

=== Central and East European ===
{{Expand section|1=explanations, examples and additional citations|section=1|date=December 2021|small=yes}}
{{See also|Eastern European cuisine|Central European cuisine}}
[[File:Ukrainian Rye Sourdough (New Westminster).jpg|thumb|Loaf of Ukrainian [[rye bread]] from [[New Westminster]]]]
In Canada's [[Canadian Prairie|Prairie]] provinces, which saw significant immigration from Eastern and Northern Europe in the pre-WWI era, [[Ukrainian cuisine|Ukrainian]], [[Cuisine of Germany|German]], and [[Polish cuisine]]s are strong culinary influences. Such examples include [[perogi]]es, [[kielbasa]], and [[Baba (cake)|babka]]. Emigration from Russia to Western Canada in the late 19th and early 20th centuries also established a [[Doukhobor]] influence, noted in particular for its emphasis on [[vegetarian]] recipes on the cuisine of the [[British Columbia Interior]] and the Prairies.<ref name=hj/>

The [[Waterloo Region|Waterloo]], Ontario, region and the southern portion of [[Manitoba]] have traditions of [[Mennonite cuisine|Mennonite]] and [[German cuisine|German]] cookery.

[[Jewish Canadian|Jewish immigrants]] to Canada during the late 1800s played a significant culinary role within Canada, chiefly renowned for [[Montreal-style bagel]]s and [[Montreal-style smoked meat]]. A regional variation of both emerged within [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]]'s Jewish community, which also derived Winnipeg-style cheesecake from New York City recipes. Winnipeg has given birth to numerous other unique dishes, such as the [[schmoo torte]], smoked goldeye and "co-op style" rye bread and cream cheese.

=== East Asian ===
{{Main|Canadian Chinese cuisine}}
{{See also|List of Asian cuisines#East Asian cuisine}}
[[File:Sai Woo sign!.jpg|thumb|left|Sai Woo restaurant and [[List of heritage buildings in Vancouver|heritage building]] in [[Vancouver Chinatown]]]]
[[Chinese immigration to Canada]], beginning predominantly in the 1850s, saw to the local modification of dishes imported from [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]]. Much of what are considered to be "Chinese dishes" in Canada are largely [[Chinese Canadian|Canadian]] or North American inventions, with Chinese restaurants having tailored their [[Chinese cuisine|traditional cuisine]] to local tastes, local ingredients, and a largely non-Chinese clientele.<ref name=hj/> This "[[Canadian Chinese cuisine]]" is widespread across the country, with great variation from place to place. Examples of such variation are seen in unique regional dishes, including Calgary [[ginger beef]],<ref name=globe>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-chinese-restaurant-as-a-prairie-icon/article11646893/ |title=The Chinese restaurant as a Prairie icon |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=April 30, 2013 |first=Josh |last=Wingrove}}</ref> Montreal [[Peanut butter dumplings|peanut-butter dumplings]],<ref name="wei">{{cite web|url=http://www.saveur.com/peanut-butter-dumplings-montreal/|title=Only in Montreal: Peanut Butter Dumplings|last=Wei|first=Jessica|date=September 14, 2015|website=Saveur|language=en|access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> Newfoundland [[chow mein]],<ref>{{cite web |title=These dishes from Chinese restaurants are uniquely Canadian. Is your favourite on the list? {{!}} CBC Radio |date=2019-07-01 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422053116/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-january-31-2019-1.4999091/these-dishes-from-chinese-restaurants-are-uniquely-canadian-is-your-favourite-on-the-list-1.4999101 |archive-date=2023-04-22 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-january-31-2019-1.4999091/these-dishes-from-chinese-restaurants-are-uniquely-canadian-is-your-favourite-on-the-list-1.4999101}}</ref> and [[Thunder Bay bon bons|Thunder Bay ''bon bons'']].<ref name="Latimer">{{cite web |last1=Latimer |first1=Kim |title=Birth of the Bon Bon — Thunder Bay's One and Only Bon Bon Spare Rib |url=https://cloud.3dissue.com/38441/39018/49079/February2016/files/13.html |website=[[The Walleye]] — Thunder Bay's Arts & Culture Magazine |access-date=12 April 2019 |date=February 2016}}</ref>

The "Chinese [[buffet]]", although found in other parts of North America, traces its origins to early [[Gastown]], [[Vancouver]], {{circa|1870}}. This meal format developed from the practice of Chinese restaurateurs providing a steam table on a [[sideboard]] to serve [[Scandinavian Canadians|Scandinavian]] lumberjacks working in local forests and mills.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

[[Japanese-Canadians]] have had a profound influence on the cuisines of British Columbia and Ontario. Distinct varieties of [[sushi]], such as the [[B.C. roll]] and the [[California roll]], originate from the [[Metro Vancouver]] region, while [[sushi pizza]] was invented in Toronto. [[Japadog]] street food in Vancouver is also a popular example of Canadian west coast fusion cuisine.

=== South Asian ===
{{See also|South Asian cuisine|List of Asian cuisines#South Asian cuisine}}
[[File:Kedgeree.jpg|thumb|[[Kedgeree]], an [[Anglo-Indian cuisine|Anglo-Indian]] dish imported from the [[British Raj]], is commonly found in [[Indo-Canadian]] restaurants.]]
[[Indo-Canadians|Indian]] and [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] culinary influences are a relatively recent addition to Canadian cuisine, having gained wider prominence in the country during the post-1960's era of immigration,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian-food-in-canada|title=Indian Food in Canada|last=Sundarsingh|first=Alexandra|date=September 6, 2017|website=The Canadian Encyclopedia}}</ref> despite earlier South Asian settlement in British Columbia dating back to the late 19th century.<ref name=WaltonRobertsThreeReadings>[[Margaret Walton-Roberts|Walton-Roberts]], Margaret. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]]. p. 316.</ref> Indian food is particularly popular in Canada, deriving mostly from [[North India|Northern Indian]] cuisine. It is characterized for its use of bread, curry, and use of yogurt and cream for meat-based dishes; it also draws inspiration from [[South India]]n cuisine in its use of sour and spicy combinations.<ref name=":0" />

Unique [[Indo-Canadian]] food includes the [[Roti#North America|East Indian roti]] wrap, which gained popularity in [[Toronto]] during the 1980s and 1990s; using [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]]/[[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistani]] bread and curries as stuffing, local chefs originally drew inspiration from the [[Wrap roti|West Indian roti]] which had entered the city's food scene in the 1960s and 1970s after a wave of [[Caribbean Canadian|Caribbean]] immigration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/gandhi-roti-toronto-signature-dish-chef-avtar-singh-1.5620328|title=Gandhi Roti created what might be Toronto's signature dish. Now chef Avtar Singh is hanging up his apron|last=Doss|first=Suresh|date=June 20, 2020|website=CBC News}}</ref> Also known as butter chicken roti,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-08-13|title=How butter chicken roti became a Toronto classic|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2019/08/13/how-butter-chicken-roti-became-a-toronto-classic.html|access-date=2021-03-18|newspaper=The Toronto Star|language=en|last1=Liu|first1=Karon}}</ref> the dish is served at many Indian restaurants and fast food locations across [[Southern Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2019/08/13/how-butter-chicken-roti-became-a-toronto-classic.html|title=How butter chicken roti became a Toronto classic|last=Liu|first=Karon|date=August 13, 2019|website=Toronto Star}}</ref>

Other Canadian food unique to the [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian community]] includes "Indian-style pizza" (also known as "Punjabi-style pizza" or "Desi-style pizza")<ref name="indianpizza"/> which has gradually gained popularity since originating in [[Greater Vancouver]] during the 1980s.<ref name="pizzafactory"/><ref name="VancouverIndianPizza">{{cite web|last=Fumano|first=Dan|date=7 January 2023|title=Slices of the city: A brief history of Vancouver told through pizza. Pizza can help us understand the history of Vancouver's last century: a story of immigration, innovation, commerce and crime |website=Vancouver Sun|language=en |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/slices-of-the-city-a-brief-history-of-vancouver-told-through-pizza|access-date=24 August 2024|quote=Pizzerias owned by Indian Canadians are an important fixture in many towns and cities in B.C. One of Vancouver’s most popular is Supreme Pizza, which was — like the Filippones’ The Penthouse or the Kerasiotises’ Olympia — opened by a group of brothers. Tarlok, Karnail, Amrik and Iqbal Bindra, originally from Punjab, opened Supreme on Victoria Drive in 1985. While many Indian pizzerias include toppings like tandoori and butter chicken, Supreme sticks with more standard fare: pepperoni, peppers, mushrooms. But regulars often ask for their pizza “Indian-style” — which means adding ginger, cilantro and spices — and “in the old oven,” the shop’s decades-old deck oven, as opposed to the more modern conveyor belt-style oven. The Indian-style blend makes the pie medium-spicy and the old oven makes it extra crispy.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Best Indian-style pizza in Vancouver |website=Daily Hive |language=en |url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/best-indian-style-pizza-vancouver|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Manisha|date=26 October 2021|title=Best Indian-style pizza in Surrey you need to try once |website=Daily Hive |language=en |url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/best-indian-pizza-surrey|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> Indian-style pizza has since expanded outside of Greater Vancouver, across other urban centres in [[Western Canada|western]] and [[central Canada]] with large [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] populations, including [[Calgary]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Agnihotri|first=Peeyush|date=3 December 2015|title=Quadriplegic Kiran Dhaliwal mixes cultures up at her Calgary pizza shop |website=Canadian Immigrant |language=en |url=https://canadianimmigrant.ca/people/quadriplegic-kiran-dhaliwal-mixes-cultures-up-at-her-calgary-pizza-shop|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> [[Edmonton]],<ref>{{cite web|last=McLean|first=Elle|date=28 April 2021|title=All the restaurants participating in La Pizza Week Edmonton |website=Daily Hive |language=en |url=https://dailyhive.com/edmonton/la-pizza-week-edmonton|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2 February 2016|title=Da Pizza "n" Curry Express leading Regina's fusion food scene |website=CBC |language=en |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/curry-express-regina-1.3431173|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> [[Winnipeg]],<ref name="indianpizza">{{cite news|last=Caruk|first=Holly|date=27 October 2021|title=Indian-style pizzas heating up Winnipeg's food scene |website=CBC |language=en |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/indian-style-pizza-winnipeg-1.6225841|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> [[Ottawa]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Hum|first=Peter|date=18 January 2021|title=Dining In: Where have you been all my life, French tacos, Indian pizza and Korean corn dogs? |website=Ottawa Citizen |language=en |url=https://ottawacitizen.com/life/dining-in-where-have-you-been-all-my-life-french-tacos-indian-pizza-and-korean-corn-dogs|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref> and [[Greater Toronto Area|Greater Toronto]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Doradea|first=Karen|date=4 November 2021|title=Where to find the best Indian-style pizza in and around Toronto |website=Daily Hive |language=en |url=https://dailyhive.com/toronto/best-indian-style-pizza-toronto|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="indianpizza2">{{cite web|last=Nanwa|first=Nav|date=28 March 2022|title=Brampton pizza: Why ordering 'Indian-style' might become a bigger thing in Canada |website=CBC |language=en |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/brampton-indian-style-pizza-1.6385662|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> later expanding to other regions.{{efn|name=IndianPizza|"You can find Indian-style pizzas, often complete with butter chicken, from St. John's to Winnipeg to a vineyard restaurant in B.C.'s Okanagan Valley."<ref name="indianpizza2"/>}}<ref>{{cite web|last=McLean|first=Elle|date=13 September 2023|title=Bradford's Popular Pizza is back with a new owner, new flavours |website=Bradford Today |language=en |url=https://www.bradfordtoday.ca/local-news/bradfords-popular-pizza-is-back-with-a-new-owner-new-flavours-7538657|access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> This type of pizza typically includes sauce with mixed spices and toppings such as [[cilantro]], [[ginger]], [[spinach]], [[cauliflower]], [[tandoori chicken]], [[butter chicken]], or [[paneer]].<ref name="indianpizza"/>

=== Southeast Asian ===
{{Expand section|1=explanations, examples and additional citations|section=1|date=March 2022|small=yes}}
Contributions from Southeast Asia to Canadian cuisine includes a style of medium-thick crust [[pizza Margherita]] in Toronto. An example of [[fusion cuisine]], the pizza is topped with garlic and basil oil topping, combining an Italian pizza with the [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]] tradition of using herbed oil toppings in food.<ref>{{cite news| title = Meet Toronto's new masters of the pizza| work = The Globe and Mail |first=DANIEL |last=ROTSZTAIN |date=October 9, 2015| access-date = August 23, 2016| url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/meet-torontos-new-masters-of-the-pizza/article26760501/}}</ref>

==Regional ingredients==
{{Main|Cuisine of the Pacific Northwest|Rocky Mountain cuisine|Cuisine of Toronto|Cuisine of Quebec|Cuisine of the Maritimes}}

While numerous and varied ingredients are commonly found throughout Canada, each region, with its tradition of culinary development, utilizes locally derived ingredients, both wild and agricultural, which are used to define unique dishes. The table below is meant to provide particular examples of regional staples and their key local ingredient.

{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Ingredients and defining dishes by region
! Ingredient!!Defining dish!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern
|-
| [[Atlantic cod]] || [[Fish and brewis]] 
Cod tongues<ref>{{cite web |url=https://girlheartfood.com/cod-tongues/ |title=COD TONGUES (TRADITIONAL NEWFOUNDLAND RECIPE)|date=August 8, 2019 }} Retrieved 26 April 2022. ''Girl Heart Food''</ref>
||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || X ||
|-
| [[Beef]] || [[Alberta]] grilled [[beef steak]]<ref>Karen Anderson (2021) {{cite web |url=https://www.visitcalgary.com/things-to-do/stories-from-calgary/albertas-7-signature-foods |title=Alberta's 7 Signature Foods}} ''Visit Calgary''.</ref>
[[Ginger beef]]
||  || X || X ||   ||   ||  ||
|-
| [[Caribou]] || [[Caribou stew]]<ref>Rheanna Kish (30 November 2011) {{citation |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/food/recipe/caribou-stew |title=Caribou Stew|date=November 30, 2011}} ''Canadian Living''</ref> || ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || X
|-
| [[Bakeapple]]|| [[Bakeapple pie]]<ref name="tasteatlas.com">{{citation |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/bakeapple-pie |title=Bakeapple Pie}} ''Taste Atlas''</ref> 
[[Bakeapple pie|Bakeapple jam]]
||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || X ||
|-
| [[Digby, Nova Scotia|Digby]] [[Scalloped|scallops]]|| Seared scallops<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.eatthistown.ca/iconic-foods-of-canada-nova-scotia/ |title=Iconic Foods of Canada: Nova Scotia|date=April 23, 2017 }} ''Eat This Town''</ref> || || || ||  ||  || X ||
|-
| [[Dulse]] || Dulse crisps<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/archives/dulse-the-food-from-the-sea-that-wasn-t-seafood-1.5241488 |title=Dulse, the food from the sea that wasn't seafood}} ''CBC Archives''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || X ||
|-
| [[Matteuccia struthiopteris|Fiddlehead]] ferns || Boiled fiddleheads<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/boiled-fiddleheads |title=Boiled Fiddleheads}} ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  ||  || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Geoduck]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.geoduck.org/managing-the-resource/ |title=Managing the resource|date=October 13, 2019 }} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Geoduck Underwater Harvesters Association''</ref> || [[Sashimi]] geoduck<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/geoduck |title=Geoduck}} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> || X  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  ||
|-
| [[Harp seal]] || [[Flipper pie]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || X || X
|-
| [[Lamb and mutton|Lamb]] || [[Salt Spring Island]] grilled lamb chops<ref name="eatthistown.ca">{{cite web |url=https://www.eatthistown.ca/iconic-foods-of-canada-british-columbia/ |title=Iconic Foods of Canada: British Columbia|date=August 24, 2017}} ''East This Town''.</ref> || X  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  ||
|-
| [[Lobster meat|Lobster]] || Boiled lobster<ref name="auto1"/>
[[Lobster roll]] 
||  ||  ||  ||  || X || X ||
|-
| [[Maple syrup]] || [[Pancake]]s ||  ||  ||  || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Dungeness crab|Pacific Dungeness crab]] || Boiled crab legs<ref name="eatthistown.ca"/> 
[[Crab cake]]s
|| X  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||  ||
|-
| [[Pacific salmon]] || [[Smoked salmon]]<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://www.eatthistown.ca/iconic-foods-of-canada-british-columbia/ |title=Iconic Foods of Canada: British Columbia|date=August 24, 2017}} ''Eat This Town''</ref>
Candied salmon<ref name="auto3"/>
|| X ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Pork]] || Farmer [[sausage]]<ref>Jan Schroeder and Christopher Wiebe (2011) {{cite web |url=https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/sausage-special |title=Sausage special: A couple's quest for the perfect prairie sausage|date=February 24, 2016}} ''Canadian Geographic''</ref>
[[Kubasa]] / Kubie burger<ref name="Kubie Burger">{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/kubie-burger |title=Kubie Burger}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref>
 ||  ||  || X ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Potato]]es || [[Poutine]] ||  ||  ||  || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Amelanchier alnifolia|Saskatoon berry]] || Saskatoon berry jam
[[Saskatoon berry pie]]
| X || X || X ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Shepherdia canadensis|Soapberry]] || [[Sxusem]] || X ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Summer savoury]] || [[Stuffing|Dressing]] ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || X ||
|-
| [[Winnipeg goldeye]] || Smoked goldeye ||  ||  || X ||  ||  ||  ||
|}

{{center|
{{Gallery
|width=150
|height=150
|File:Oncorhynchus nerka 2.jpg|Pacific sockeye salmon
|File:Alberta's first wagyu cross dry aged beef (31617134106).jpg|Alberta beef
|File:Saskatoon Berries in Alberta.jpg|Saskatoon berries
|File:Smoked goldeye.jpg|Winnipeg goldeye
|File:MapleSyrupProduction.jpg|Ontario maple syrup
|File:Bunch o' Potatoes (3714635149).jpg|Potatoes from [[Port Credit]] Farmers' Market
|File:Crosses de fougère au Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg|New Brunswick fiddleheads
|File:Fisherman's Wharf Lobster Supper, North Rustico (471173) (24977047075).jpg|Atlantic lobster ([[P.E.I.]])
|File:Inside a scallop (7799448862).jpg|Digby scallop (Nova Scotia)
|File:Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) - Newfoundland 2019-08-14.jpg|Newfoundland cloudberry
|File:Phoeca groenlandica piece of meat upernavik 2007-06-26.JPG|Arctic harp seal
}}
}}

Wild game of all sorts is still hunted and eaten by many Canadians, though not commonly in urban centres. [[Venison]], from [[white-tailed deer]], [[moose]], [[elk]] (''wapiti'') or [[caribou]], is eaten across the country and is considered quite important to many [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] cultures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.answers.com/topic/canada-native-peoples|title=Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions|website=Answers.com}}</ref> [[Seal meat]] is eaten, particularly in the [[Canadian North]], the [[Maritimes]], and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]. Wild fowl like [[Anatidae|ducks and geese]], [[Ruffed grouse|grouse]] (commonly called partridge) and [[Lagopus|ptarmigan]] are also regularly hunted. Other animals like [[Ursus (genus)|bear]] and [[North American beaver|beaver]] may be eaten by dedicated hunters or indigenous people, but are not generally consumed by much of the population.

Seafood is a very common constituent of Canadian cuisine broadly, but particularly in British Columbia and the Atlantic provinces. West Coast salmon varieties include [[Sockeye salmon|sockeye]], [[coho]], [[Chinook salmon|chinook]] (also known as king), [[Chum salmon|chum]] (also known as dog salmon), and [[Pink salmon|pink]], while salmon used on the East Coast can be broadly defined as [[Atlantic salmon]]. Freshwater fish, such as the [[walleye]] (also known as pickerel) and [[lake whitefish]] are commercially fished in the Great Lakes and are popular in southern Ontario. Both wild-caught and farmed [[rainbow trout]] are consumed throughout Canada.

Although the majority of Canada's fish yield is captured wild, about 28% of the country's yield came from [[aquaculture]] in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/agriculture/topics/fisheries-and-aquaculture/documents/report_cn_fish_can.pdf |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture in Canada}} Retrieved 27 April 2022. ''OECD''</ref> British Columbia accounts for 49% of the country's total aquaculture production volume, while the Maritime provinces account for 46%. Canada is the world's fourth-largest producer of farmed salmon, and other species, such as [[trout]], [[Arctic char]], [[mussel]]s, [[oyster]]s, and [[clam]]s are well established industries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture/sector-secteur/stats-eng.htm |title=Aquaculture statistics|date=January 12, 2013 }} Retrieved 27 April 2022. ''Government of Canada''</ref>

Forage in Canadian cooking can include a variety of berries, mushrooms, [[Canada rice]] and [[herbs]]. Wild [[Cantharellus|chanterelle]], [[Pine mushroom|pine]], [[morel]], [[Lobster mushroom|lobster]], [[puffball]], and other [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]] are commonly consumed. [[Gooseberry|Gooseberries]], [[Salmonberry|salmonberries]], [[Cranberry|cranberries]], [[Strawberry|strawberries]], [[Saskatoon berries]], cloudberries, soapberries, [[blackberries]], [[blueberries]], [[bilberries]], [[Ribes|currants]], and [[huckleberries]] are gathered wild or grown.

[[Alberta]] is renowned for its production of [[beef]]; in 2016, Alberta's cattle herd accounted for 41.6% of the national total.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/95-640-x/2016001/article/14808-eng.htm |title=Alberta has the most beef cattle in Canada and the second largest total farm area|date=May 10, 2017}} ''Statistics Canada''</ref> Alberta beef is thought to have a rich marbled flavour due to the province's nutritious [[grassland]]s and [[barley]]. Examples of local recipes that utilize Alberta beef include [[beef tartare]], [[bistecca]], [[roast beef]], [[Sunday roast]], [[short ribs]], ginger-fried beef, and grilled steak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitcalgary.com/things-to-do/stories-from-calgary/albertas-7-signature-foods |title=Alberta's 7 Signature Foods}} ''Visit Calgary''</ref> Canada ranks among the world's top 10 per capita consumers of beef.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beef-cattle-farming |title=Beef Cattle Farming}} ''Canadian Encyclopedia''</ref>

[[Saskatchewan]] is often referred to as the "[[breadbasket]] of Canada"; it accounts for nearly 50% of Canada's total crop yield and for two-fifths of the country's total field acreage.<ref name="statcan1">{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/95-640-x/2016001/article/14807-eng.htm |title=Saskatchewan remains the breadbasket of Canada|date=May 10, 2017}} ''Statistics Canada''</ref> In 2016, [[canola]] and [[spring wheat]] were the two largest crops, [[Saskatoon berries]] accounted for over half of the "fruit, berry and nut area", and [[sweet corn]] was the largest field vegetable crop by area.<ref name="statcan1"/> Saskatchewan also produces most of the country's spice yield, particularly [[mustard plant|mustard]], but also [[caraway]] and [[coriander]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/condiment-crops |title=Condiment Crops}} ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''</ref>

==Canadian foods==
===Main dishes, side dishes and appetizers===
Although there are considerable overlaps between Canadian culinary practices and those of the [[British Isles]], [[France]] and the rest of North America, many dishes (or variations of imported dishes) are particular to, quintessential of, or available only in Canada.

====Breads====
{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found)
! Dish!!Description!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern!!Inherited
|-
| Canadian-style [[johnnycake]] || Sweet and salty [[cornmeal]] cake topped with maple syrup and butter. Consists of pastry flour, [[shortening]], and [[brown sugar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seasonsandsuppers.ca/johnny-cake/ |title=Old-Fashioned Johnny Cake|date=April 9, 2021}} ''Seasons & Suppers''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> || X || X || X || X || X || O || ||
|-
| [[Montreal-style bagel]]s || Sweet, firm, wood-fired [[bagel]]. || X ||  ||  || X || O ||  || ||
|-
| [[Pancake]]s (Canadian) || Made from a starchy batter of [[whole-wheat flour]], [[baking soda]], sugar, eggs, milk, and butter; adapted from the German ''Pfannkuchen''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/pancakes-with-maple-syrup |title=Pancakes with Maple Syrup}} ''taste atlas'' Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref> It is a particularly fluffy pancake due to the folding and beating method required in preparing the mixture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://recipelibrary.net/pancake-recipe/ |title=Canadian Pancakes|date=April 4, 2020}} ''RecipeLibrary.net'' Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref> Maple syrup and fruit are common toppings. || X || X || X || X || X || X || X || O
|-
| [[Ploye]] || Flatbread made of a [[buckwheat]] flour, wheat flour, [[baking powder]] and water mix. Often served with maple syrup, [[cretons]], or beans. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  || 
|-
| [[Touton]] || Fried bread dish from Newfoundland. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|}

{{Gallery
|height=125
|width=150
|File:Inuit bannock.JPG|Inuit bannock fried bread
|File:Bagels-Montreal-REAL.jpg|Montreal-style bagels
|File:Touton - Canadian breakfast food.jpg|Newfoundland's "touton" has a multitude of [[Touton#Alternative names|alternative names]]
|File:Ployes.jpg|Ploye stack
}}

====Miscellaneous====
{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found)
! Dish!!Description!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern!!Inherited
|-
| [[Back bacon|Back]] or [[peameal bacon|peameal]] [[bacon]] (i.e. Canadian bacon) || [[Curing (food preservation)|Wet-cured]], unsmoked back bacon made from trimmed lean boneless [[pork loin]] rolled in cornmeal. || X || X || X || O || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Baked beans]] || Beans cooked with maple syrup or [[molasses]]. || X || X || X || X || X || X || ||O
|-
| ''Bouilli'' || Québécois beef and vegetable [[pot roast]].{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  || ||
|-
| [[Calgary]]-style [[ginger beef]] || Candied and [[deep fried]] beef, with sweet [[ginger]] sauce. || X || O || X ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| [[Fried macaroni]]|| [[Stir-fried]] pasta with soy sauce, meat, and vegetables.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-january-31-2019-1.4999091/these-dishes-from-chinese-restaurants-are-uniquely-canadian-is-your-favourite-on-the-list-1.4999101 |title=These dishes from Chinese restaurants are uniquely Canadian. Is your favourite on the list?}} Retrieved 18 August 2022. ''CBC''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  || ||
|-
| [[Halifax donair]] || Ground beef donair [[kebab]] served with a [[sweet milk]] sauce; a variation is common in Quebec [[greasy spoon|patateries]], known simply as a ''souvlaki pita''.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} ||  || X || X || X || X || O || ||
|-
| [[Hot chicken sandwich]] || Chicken (or turkey) sandwich doused in gravy and peas. || X || X || X || X || X || X || || O
|-
| Hot [[hamburg steak|hamburger]] sandwich<ref>{{cite web |url=https://604now.com/zellers-canada-diner-menu-classic-history/amp/ |title = Here's What Was On The Menu At The Classic Zellers Diners In Canada|date = January 28, 2020}}</ref> || [[Hamburg steak|Hamburger patty]] between sliced bread doused in gravy, popularized by the former [[Zellers#Stores|Zellers Family Restaurant]]; a variation is the Italian Hamburger with [[tomato sauce]]. || X || X ||  X || O || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Japadog]] || Vancouver [[street food]]; [[hot dog]]-style sausage and bun served with various Japanese-inspired toppings, such as [[okonomiyaki]], [[yakisoba]], [[teriyaki]] and [[tonkatsu]]. || O ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| [[Jellied moose nose]]|| Similar to European [[head cheese]]; made with a combination of boiled and sliced moose nose meat ([[dark meat]] around the bones and [[white meat]] from the bulb of the nose), garlic, onions, salt, pepper, [[vinegar]], and spices such as [[clove]]s, [[mustard seed]]s, [[cinnamon]], or [[allspice]]. It is then cooled and [[refrigerated]] until solidified. Served as a loaf cut into slices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/jellied-moose-nose-northwest-territories |title=Jellied Moose Nose}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||
|-
| [[Jiggs dinner]] || Sunday meal similar to the [[New England boiled dinner]]. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| Kubie burger || [[Hamburger]] consisting of a Ukrainian [[garlic sausage]], referred to as "kubie", that is pressed and then served in a bun or [[bread roll]]. Name comes from the Albertan abbreviation of the word "kubasa", which is the corrupted name for [[kovbasa]], meaning "sausage" in [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]].<ref name="Kubie Burger"/> ||  || X || O ||  ||  ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[London broil]] || [[Ground meat]], [[pork sausage]], or [[minced]] [[veal]] wrapped in a butterflied and [[Tenderizer|tenderized]] [[Flank steak|flank]] or [[round steak]]. ||  ||  || X || O || X ||  ||  ||
|-
| Maple slaw || Canadian version of [[coleslaw]], consisting of cabbage, onions, maple syrup, and seasonings. Variations include [[apple cider vinegar]], celery seeds, mayonnaise, cheese, cereals, and [[chocolate]]. Served as [[salad]], dessert or snack, or condiment for burgers and sandwiches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/maple-slaw |title=Maple Slaw}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> || X || X || X || X || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Instant mashed potatoes|Mashed potatoes (instant)]] || Cooked, mashed, and dehydrated potatoes that are reconstituted by adding hot water or milk<ref>{{cite web |url=https://curiocity.com/10-famous-foods-you-didnt-know-were-invented-in-canada/ |title=10 famous foods you didn't know were invented in Canada|date=February 16, 2021 }} Retrieved 20 April 2022. ''Curiocity''</ref> || X || X || X || O || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Montreal-style smoked meat]] || Deli-style cured beef, developed by [[Canadian Jews|Jewish-Canadian]] delicatessen purveyors in Montreal. || X || X || X || X || O || X || ||
|-
| Newfoundland [[chow mein]] || Made with [[cabbage]] instead of [[egg noodles]], as typical.<ref name="auto5"/> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  ||
|-
| ''[[Oreilles de crisse]]'' || Deep-fried [[pork skin]] and fat. ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Pasty]] || [[Cornish Canadian|Cornish]] pastry dish commonly made in English Canada and served in an informal setting. Usually contains beef, potatoes, game, corn, peas, or carrots. || X || X || X || X || X || X || ||O
|-
| ''[[Pâté Chinois]]'' || Variation of [[shepherd's pie]] developed by Chinese railway workers; comfort food consisting of layers of ground beef, corn, and mashed potatoes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/pate-chinois |title=Pâté Chinois}} Retrieved 27 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || X ||  ||
|-
| [[Pemmican]] || Ground [[dried meat]], fat, and berries. ||  ||  || O ||  ||  ||  || X ||
|-
| [[Pierogi]] || Dumplings introduced, and made ubiquitous, to the Prairies by [[Ukrainian Canadians|Ukrainian]] and [[Polish Canadians|Polish]] immigrants. Canadian variations often include cheddar cheese.<ref>Gabby Peyton {{cite web |url=https://www.foodbloggersofcanada.com/iconic-canadian-food-the-history-of-the-pierogi/ |title=ICONIC CANADIAN FOOD: THE HISTORY OF THE PIEROGI|date=October 6, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/appetizer/shelf-life-perogies-no-matter-how-you-spell-them-taste-like-canada|title=Shelf Life: Perogies, no matter how you spell them, taste like Canada|first=Special to National|last=Post|newspaper=National Post|date=January 20, 2013}}</ref> || X || X || X || X ||  ||  || ||O 
|-
| [[Poutine]] || [[French fries]] topped with [[cheese curd]]s and [[gravy]]. || X || X || X || X || O || X || X ||
|-
| ''[[Poutine râpée]]'' || Stuffed grated potato dumpling. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Rappie pie]] || Grated potato and meat casserole. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Roast beef]] and [[Yorkshire pudding]] || Traditional [[Sunday dinner]], reflective of Canada's British heritage.<ref>Eds. Melanie Byrd and John P. Dunn (2020). "Canada (1800-present)". ''Cooking Through History: A Worldwide Encyclopedia of Food with Menus and Recipes'', pg. 344</ref> || X || X || X || X || X || X || || O
|-
| [[Turkey dinner#Turkeys as food|Roast turkey]] || North American roasted turkey, often cooked with [[stuffing]] and eaten with gravy. || X || X || X || O || X || X || || 
|-
| [[Sausage roll]] || [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] food commonly found throughout Canada. Typically viewed in Canada as a utilitarian snack, and can include [[marjoram]], summer savoury, and [[dijon mustard]].<ref>Cynthia Jackson (2017) {{cite web |url=http://foodmack.com/recipe/classic-canadian-style-sausage-rolls/ |title=Classic Canadian Style Sausage Rolls|date=June 6, 2017}} ''Food Mack''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/food/recipe/puff-pastry-sausage-rolls-1 |title=PUFF PASTRY SAUSAGE ROLLS|date=November 15, 2005}} ''Canadian Living''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref> || X || X || X || X || X || X || X || O
|-
| [[Thunder Bay bon bons]]|| [[Deep-fried]] ribs.<ref name="auto5"/> ||  ||  ||  || O ||  ||  || ||
|-
| ''[[Tourtière]]''|| A [[meat pie]] made of pork and [[lard]]. || X || X || X || X || O || X || ||
|}

{{Gallery
|height=125
|width=150
|File:Ginger Beef.jpg|Calgary-style ginger beef
|File:Flickr bokchoi-snowpea 4266923676--Roast peameal bacon.jpg|Canadian "peameal" bacon
|File:Donair (47003391564).jpg|Halifax donair
|File:Puree-instantanee-casserole.jpg|Instant mashed potatoes
|File:Jiggs dinner (cropped).jpg|Jiggs dinner
|File:schwartz smoked meat montreal.JPG|Montreal smoked meat sandwich
|File:Pâté chinois.jpg|''Pâté Chinois''
|File:Pemmican ball.jpg|Pemmican ball
|File:Pierogi Poutine.jpg|"Pierogi poutine", a fusion of Quebec and Prairie cuisine
|File:HotChickenwFries.jpg|Quebec-style "hot chicken", topped with green peas
|File:Rappie pie.jpg|Rappie pie: grated potatoes and meat casserole
|File:Rostas (ready and served).JPG|Roast beef, a traditional main dish adopted from England
|File:Roast turkey.jpg|Roast turkey with stuffing
|File:Warm Tourtiere.jpg|''Tourtière'' from [[Granville Island Public Market]]
}}

====[[Pizza in Canada|Pizza]]====
{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found)
! Dish!!Description!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern!!Inherited
|-
| [[Canadian pizza]] || Typically includes [[tomato sauce]], [[mozzarella cheese]], [[bacon]] and [[Edible mushroom|mushrooms]]; variations exist. || X || X || X || X || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[Garlic fingers]] || Baked pizza dough with cheese, garlic, and sometimes meat on top. || X || X || X || X || X || O || ||
|-
| [[Hawaiian pizza]] || Signature ingredient is [[pineapple]], and typically includes either bacon or ham; originates from Ontario, despite the name. || X || X || X || O || X || X || X ||
|-
| [[List of pizza varieties by country#Canada|Indian-style pizza]] || [[Punjabi Canadians|Punjabi-Canadian]] fusion pizza originating in [[Greater Vancouver]],<ref name="pizzafactory">{{cite web|title=Jagjit Sanghera's slice of success with Pizza Factory|url=https://canadianimmigrant.ca/people/entrepreneur-immigrants/jagjit-sangheras-slice-of-success-with-pizza-factory|date=2 January 2019|access-date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="VancouverIndianPizza"/> including sauce with mixed spices and toppings such as [[coriander]], [[ginger]], [[spinach]], [[cauliflower]], [[tandoori chicken]], [[butter chicken]], or [[paneer]].<ref name="indianpizza"/> || O  || X || X || X ||  ||  || ||
|-
| [[Pictou County pizza]] || Regional variant from [[Nova Scotia]], noted particularly for its unique sauce. ||  ||  ||  || || || O || ||
|-
| [[Pizza-ghetti]] || Combination dish consisting of pizza with a side of [[spaghetti]]. ||  ||  || || X || O || || ||
|-
| [[Sushi pizza]] || Fusion dish with [[fried rice]] patty as base and topped with a layer of sliced [[avocado]], a layer of sliced salmon, [[Tuna as food|tuna]] or crab meat, and a drizzle of blended [[mayonnaise]] and [[wasabi]] powder. Served in wedges. || X || X || X || O || X || X || ||
|-
| [[Windsor-style pizza|Windsor pizza]]|| Has a medium-thin crust, most often topped with [[oregano]]-spiked tomato sauce, mozzarella cheese produced by Galati, canned mushrooms, and sticks of shredded [[pepperoni]]. Toppings are traditionally placed overtop of the cheese. Cooked on [[cornmeal]] on stone deck ovens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/windsor-style-pizza |title=Windsor-Style Pizza}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/adv/article-why-windsor-style-pizza-is-your-next-regional-food-obsession/ |title=Why Windsor-style pizza is your next regional food obsession|website=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=December 10, 2020 }} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''The Globe and Mail''</ref> ||  ||  ||  || O ||  ||  || ||
|}

{{Gallery
|height=125
|width=150
|File:Garlic Fingers.jpg|Garlic fingers
|File:Hawaiian pizza 1.jpg|"Hawaiian" pan pizza
|File:Sushi pizza (1).jpg|Sushi pizza
}}

====Seafood====
{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found)
! Dish!!Description!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern!!Inherited
|-
| [[B.C. roll]] || Variety of sushi containing salmon and [[cucumber]]. || O || X || X ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
|-
| ''[[Cod au gratin]]'' || A Newfoundland dish of cod baked in a creamy sauce and topped with cheese.  || || || || || || X || ||
|-
| [[California roll]] ([[Uramaki]]) || Variety of sushi containing avocado and crab. Invented in British Columbia, despite the name. || O || X  ||  X || X || X || X || ||
|-
| Cod tongues and [[scrunchions]] || Baked cod tongue and deep fried pork fat {{citation needed|date=March 2022}} ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Dungeness crab]] [[taco]]s || Wonton shells filled with dungeness crab, [[dijon mustard]], and [[miso paste]], among other ingredients. Usually topped with shaved [[radish]]es.<ref name="Iconic Foods of Canada: British Col"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vanmag.com/dungeness-crab-tacos-recipe |title=Dungeness Crab Tacos Recipe|date=July 23, 2015 }} Retrieved 24 April 2022. ''Vancouver Magazine''</ref>|| O ||  ||  || || ||  || ||
|-
| [[Dynamite roll]] || Variety of sushi typically containing [[Shrimp and prawn as food|prawn]] [[tempura]]. || O || X  ||  X || X || X || X || ||
|-
| [[Fish and brewis]] || [[Dried and salted cod|Salt cod]] and [[hardtack]], with pork cracklings. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Fish cake|Fish cakes/ ''Croquettes de poisson'']] || Rounds of fried cod flakes and mashed potatoes, with [[summer savoury]] ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Flipper pie]] || Pie made with [[harp seal]] flipper. ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Fried walleye|Fried walleye]] || Battered, [[tempura]]-like [[walleye]] fish fried in [[cooking oil]], often containing garlic.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cook.me/recipe/best-fried-walleye/ |title=Best Fried Walleye|date=May 6, 2019 }} Retrieved 25 April 2022. ''Cook Me''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/223227/best-fried-walleye/ |title=Best Fried Walleye}} Retrieved 25 April 2022. ''All Recipes''</ref> Canada is the only commercial source of walleye and is mostly fished from [[Lake Erie]], [[Lake Winnipeg]], and [[Lake of the Woods]], among other large Canadian lakes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/finfish/walleye |title=Walleye}} Retrieved 25 April 2022. ''Seafood Source''</ref> ||  ||  || X || O ||  ||  || ||
|-
| Hot-smoked salmon sandwich || Wild smoked salmon, maple mustard coleslaw and spicy [[sriracha]] [[mayonnaise]] layered in between a [[ciabatta]] bun.<ref name="foodnetwork.ca">{{cite web |url=https://www.foodnetwork.ca/article/must-try-british-columbia-recipes/ |title=Must-Try Cuisine from British Columbia |date=October 20, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2022 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215244/https://www.foodnetwork.ca/article/must-try-british-columbia-recipes/ |url-status=dead }} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Food Network''</ref> || O ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| [[Lobster roll]] || Lobster meat mixed with mayonnaise and served in a toasted hot dog bun. ||  ||  ||  || X || X || O || ||
|-
| [[Muktuk]] || [[Diced]] whale skin and [[blubber]], commonly made from [[bowhead whale]]. ||  ||  ||  ||  || X || X || O ||
|-
| ''[[Salmon pie|Pâté au saumon]]'' || Crusted meat pie containing mashed potatoes, cooked salmon, and various spices and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/salmon-pie |title=Salmon Pie}} Retrieved 27 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||  ||  ||
|-
| [[Smoked salmon|Pacific smoked salmon]] || [[Smoked fish|Smoked]] [[chinook salmon|chinook]], [[sockeye salmon|sockeye]], [[coho salmon|coho]], or [[pink salmon]], commonly prepared on a [[Cedrus|cedar]], [[alder]], or [[hickory]] board. Often glazed with [[honey]], maple, or sugar (candied salmon), and may also be dehydrated to create [[Smoked salmon#Jerky|jerky]]. || O || X ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| Smoked [[goldeye]] || Winnipeg goldeye ([[freshwater fish]]) marinated in [[brine]], lightly dried and smoked over [[oak]], hickory, [[apple]], or [[cherry wood]] fire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/smoked-goldeye |title=Smoked Goldeye}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  || O || X ||  ||  || ||
|-
| Teriyaki salmon || Salmon pieces [[pan frying|pan-fried]] in a mixture of butter, honey, [[soy sauce]], garlic and ginger.<ref name="foodnetwork.ca"/> || O ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||
|-
| [[White sturgeon]] [[caviar]] || Medium-sized, firm, and dark caviar with a buttery and nutty flavour. Often served with a protein, bread, or dairy product, such as fish, [[blini]]s, or ''[[crème fraîche]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/white-sturgeon-caviare |title=White Sturgeon Caviar}} Retrieved 17 August 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> || O ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || ||
|}

{{Gallery
|height=100
|width=150
|File:BC Roll.jpg|B.C. roll sushi
|File:St John's Fish Exchange (29097894755).jpg|Cod tongues from [[St John's, Newfoundland]]
|File:FishAndBrewisWithScrunchions.jpg|Fish and brewis: salted cod and hard tack
|File:Okacic.jpg|Pan-fried walleye
|File:Paté au saumon.jpg|''Pâté au saumon''
|File:Smoked salmon appetizer (3230649180).jpg|Smoked B.C. salmon appetizer
}}

====Soups and stews====
{{sticky header}} 
{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style=text-align:left" style="margin:1em auto;"
|+ Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found)
! Dish!!Description!!Pacific!!Mountain!!Prairies!!Ontario!!Quebec!!Atlantic!!Northern!!Inherited
|-
| Atlantic/Maritime [[chowder|seafood chowder]] || Also referred to as "Nova Scotia" or "[[Bay of Fundy|Fundy]]" seafood chowder. Contains a variety of Atlantic seafood ingredients, such as [[haddock]], lobster, scallops, shrimp and/or clams. May also contain bacon, potatoes, carrots, onions, pepper, salt, dill and chives. Dairy may be 35% heavy cream, [[whipping cream]], [[half-and-half]], or canned milk.<ref>Kelly Neil (2021) {{cite web |url=https://kellyneil.com/cabot-links-seafood-chowder/ |title=NOVA SCOTIA SEAFOOD CHOWDER|date=June 12, 2020 }} Retrieved 24 April 2022. ''Kelly Neil''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefashionistacook.co/2018/10/22/fish-chowder-from-fundy-new-brusnwick-canada/ |title=Fish Chowder from Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada|date=October 22, 2018 }} Retrieved 24 April 2022. ''the fashionista cook''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/228991/moms-nova-scotia-seafood-chowder/ |title=Mom's Nova Scotia Seafood Chowder}} Retrieved 24 April 2022. ''allrecipes''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Bologna stew]]|| A stew made of cubed chunks of [[Bologna sausage]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-05 |title=Bologna Stew - Traditional Newfoundland |url=https://www.bonitaskitchen.com/recipe/bologna-stew-traditional-newfoundland/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Bonita's Kitchen |language=en-US}}</ref>|| ||  ||  ||  ||  || O || ||
|-
| [[Caribou stew]]|| Traditional [[Nunavut|Nunavummiut]] stew made with a combination of boneless caribou cubes, onions, celery, red wine, tomato paste, [[bay leaves]], [[thyme]], potatoes, carrots, turnips, [[beef stock]], oil, salt, and pepper. Lengthy simmering is required to tenderize all ingredients.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/caribou-stew |title=Caribou Stew}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  || O ||
|-
| [[Doukhobors#Migration to Canada|Doukhobour-Canadian]] [[borscht]] || A vegetarian borscht distinguished by its orange colour. Contains cream, mashed potatoes, dill, and often beets.<ref name="Iconic Foods of Canada: British Col">{{cite web |url=https://www.eatthistown.ca/iconic-foods-of-canada-british-columbia/ |title= Iconic Foods of Canada: British Columbia|date= August 24, 2017}} ''Eat This Town''</ref> || X || O || X || || ||  || ||
|-
| [[Fricot]] || Consists of potatoes, onions, and a protein (such as chicken, [[clam]]s, [[Rabbit#As food and clothing|rabbit]], beef, or pork), stewed and topped with dumplings. ||  ||  ||  || || || O || ||
|-
| [[Hodge-Podge (soup)#20th and 21st centuries|Hodge Podge]] || Nova Scotian version of the Scottish stew, consisting of potatoes, beans, peas, and/or carrots, cooked in milk broth. ||  ||  ||  || || || O || ||
|-
| ''[[Soupe aux gourganes]]'' || Soup in which the primary ingredient is [[fava beans]]. Consists of [[beef broth]], bacon, [[pearl barley]], carrots, [[Chenopodium album|fat cabbage]], tomato, [[vermicelli]], savoury and chives. ||  ||  ||  || || O ||  || ||
|-
| [[British Columbia Coast|West Coast]] fish chowder || Creamy soup from [[Vancouver Island]] containing candied [[Salmon as food|salmon]] and [[rockfish]].<ref>Jenny Potter (2016), {{cite web|url= https://www.foodnetwork.ca/article/must-try-british-columbia-recipes/|title= Must-Try Cuisine from British Columbia|date= October 20, 2016|access-date= March 10, 2022|archive-date= February 13, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215244/https://www.foodnetwork.ca/article/must-try-british-columbia-recipes/|url-status= dead}} ''Food Network''</ref> || O ||  ||  || || ||  || ||
|-
| [[Pea soup#Canada|Yellow pea soup]] || French-Canadian [[comfort food]] prepared with [[yellow pea]]s, salted pork, and fresh herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/yellow-pea-soup |title=Yellow Pea Soup}} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref> Often served with johnnycake in Anglophone areas. ||  ||  || X || X || O || X || ||
|-
|[[Ragoût de boulettes]]
|Traditional [[Cuisine of Quebec|Québécois dish]] eaten during the holiday season in [[Quebec|Québec]] made of pork meatballs, breadcrumbs, eggs, onions and spices.
|
|
|
|
|O
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ragoût de Pattes de Cochon]]
|[[Cuisine of Quebec|Québécois dish]], commonly served with turkey, eaten during the holiday season in [[Quebec|Québec]] made of pig's feet, onions, toasted flour, and spices. 
|
|
|
|
|O
|
|
|
|}

{{Gallery
|height=125
|width=150
|File:BC Seafood and corn chowder, consisting of salmon, clams, scallops, shrimp, potatoes, leeks, and fresh herbs.jpg|B.C. seafood chowder
|File:Fricot de barques.JPG|Fricot
|File:Soupe aux gourganes.jpg|''Soupe aux gourganes''
|File:Yellow Split Pea Soup.jpg|Yellow split pea soup
}}

===Pastries and desserts===
Many pastries and desserts originate from Canada. Over 2100 bakery product manufacturing establishments, and more than 1200 retail bakeries, operate in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/5084/bread-and-bakery-products-in-canada/#topicHeader__wrapper |title=Bread and bakery products in Canada - statistics & facts}} ''Statista''. Retrieved 30 March 2022</ref> [[Tim Hortons]], a Canadian restaurant chain that specialized in baked goods, maintains the highest number of franchises in the country.<ref>Renee Bailey (2020) {{cite web |url=https://www.franchisedirectcanada.com/information/the-50-largest-franchises-in-canada-2020 |title=The 50 Largest Franchises in Canada (2020)|date=July 23, 2020 }} ''Franchise Direct''. Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref>
* [[Fritter#Canada|Apple fritter]]—[[deep fried]] pastry rolled with apple and [[cinnamon]], broken into pieces and then reformed into a single mass, then glazed with [[icing (food)|icing]].
* [[Fried dough|Beaver tails]]—also known as elephant ears, moose antlers, dog ears, whale tails, or simply fried dough.
* [[Cobbler (food)|Blueberry grunt]]—sweetened and stewed [[blueberries]] topped with a [[biscuit]] or [[dumpling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/fn-dish/news/2018/6/10-must-try-canadian-desserts|title=10 Must-Try Canadian Desserts|website=Food Network}}</ref>
* [[Chocolate brownie|Brownie]] dominoes with wild blueberry cinnamon sauce—British Columbia regional [[delicacy]]; chocolate brownies topped with sauce made of wild B.C. blueberries and heated cinnamon.<ref name="foodnetwork.ca"/>
* [[Butter tart]]s—said to be invented in [[Eastern Ontario]] around 1915. The main ingredients for the filling include [[butter]], [[sugar]] and [[egg (food)|eggs]], but [[raisin]]s and [[pecan]]s are often added for additional flavour.
* Canadian maple doughnut—similar to a [[Boston cream doughnut]]; a [[custard]]-filled, solid pastry with a maple icing.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timhortons.ca/menu/item-item_42543 |title=Canadian Maple Donut}} ''Tim Hortons''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>
* Cinnamon buns—Canadian variation of the [[cinnamon roll]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Angelina |last=Tagliafierro |url=https://www.food.ubc.ca/ubc-cinnamon-bun/ |title=UBC Cinnamon Bun |work=Food.ubc.ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canadianliving.com/food/baking-and-desserts/recipe/cinnamon-buns-14|title=Cinnamon Buns|first=The Canadian Living Test|last=Kitchen|website=Canadian Living|date=April 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acanadianfoodie.com/2016/12/19/homemade-cinnamon-buns/ |title=Helen McKinney's Canadian Prairie Homemade Cinnamon Buns |work=Acanadianfoodie.com |date=December 19, 2016 }}</ref> One British Columbia variation includes apple and [[cranberry]].<ref name="foodnetwork.ca"/>
* [[Date square]] (also called "Date crumblies" or "Matrimonial cake")—[[date palm|date]]-filled desserts with an [[oatmeal]] crumb topping.
* [[Dutchie (doughnut)|Dutchie]]—a square, yeast-lifted doughnut containing raisins and coated with a sugary glaze.
* [[Girl Guide Cookies]]—[[chocolate]] and [[vanilla]] cream-filled cookies, as well as [[Mint chocolate|chocolate mint]]. Traditionally sold by the [[Girl Guides of Canada]] since 1927.
* Glazed maple [[shortbread]] cookies—typically served during [[Canada Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.littlesweetbaker.com/glazed-maple-shortbread-cookies/|title=Glazed Maple Shortbread Cookies|date=June 20, 2018|website=Little Sweet Baker}}</ref>
* ''[[Grands-pères]]''—dough dumplings boiled in maple syrup.
* Jam busters—prairie [[Fruit preserves#Jelly|jelly]] doughnuts{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* [[Jam Jams]]—molasses cookie sandwiches filled with jam.
* Lassy Mogs—Newfoundland cookies made with molasses, spices, dried fruits, and toasted pecans. 
* [[Maple leaf cream cookie]]s—"sandwich cookie" containing maple-flavoured cream. 
* Moosehunters—[[molasses]] cookies.
* [[Nanaimo bar]]s—consists of three layers: a [[wafer]], nut ([[walnut]]s, almonds, or pecans), and [[coconut]] crumb base; custard icing in the middle; and a layer of chocolate [[ganache]] on top. Most common in British Columbia, gaining its name sake from the Vancouver Island town of [[Nanaimo]], BC.
* Nanaimo balls—a bite-sized variation of the British Columbian classic. Considered a [[Christmas]] treat.
* Passion flakes—pastry sandwich filled with [[raspberries]] or [[Jam|apple jam]], and vanilla icing or whipped cream.
* [[Persian (roll)|Persians]]—somewhat like a cross between a large cinnamon bun and a doughnut, topped with strawberry icing; particular to [[Thunder Bay]].
* ''[[Pets de sœurs]]''—"nun farts", pastry dough wrapped around a [[brown sugar]] and butter filling.
* Pinecone [[gingerbread]] cookies—pinecone-shaped [[gingerbread]] cookies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seasonsandsuppers.ca/pine-cone-gingerbread-cookies/ |title=Pine Cone Gingerbread Cookies|date=December 2, 2021}} ''Seasons & Suppers''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>
* ''[[Pouding chômeur]]''—"poor man's pudding".
* [[Queen Elizabeth cake]]—a lightly sweet, moist, and low-fat date (fruit) cake, topped with a brown sugar, butter and coconut broiled topping.
* [[Schmoo torte]]—a [[torte]] with layered [[whipped cream]], [[caramel]], and nuts, commonly made using [[angel food]] or [[sponge cake]].
* Sweet bannock—a piece of bannock sweetened with cinnamon and sugar, or made into [[bread pudding]] with berries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foodnetwork.com/fn-dish/news/2018/6/10-must-try-canadian-desserts|title=10 Must-Try Canadian Desserts}} Retrieved 28 April 2022. ''Food Network''</ref>
* Tea biscuit—similar to the North American biscuit or [[scone]]; [[quickbread]] typically made with cheese and herbs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/234038/canadian-tea-biscuits/ |title=Canadian Tea Biscuits}} Retrieved 2022-04-29. ''All Recipes''</ref>
* [[Timbits]]—fried balls of dough taken from the centre of a doughnut, provided in a variety of flavours and toppings.

{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|File:Apple bacon fritters (9735807505).jpg|Apple fritters with bacon
|File:Beavertail Moncton.JPG|Beavertail
|File:Pecan butter tart, May 2011.jpg|Butter tart
|File:Bread Ahead Bakery Cinnamon Buns.jpg|Cinnamon buns
|File:Date Squares.jpg|Date squares
|File:Tim Hortons dutchie front.JPG|Dutchie
|File:Nanaimo Bar close.jpg|Nanaimo bar
|File:Persian roll.jpg|Persian roll
|File:PetDeSoeur.jpg|''Pets de sœurs'' (Nun farts)
|File:Pouding chomeur.jpg|''Pouding chômeur'' (Poor man's pudding)
|File:Schmoo Torte.png|Schmoo torte
|File:Timbits2.jpg|Timbits
}}

====[[Confection]]====
* [[Candy apple]]—also known as "toffee apple".
* [[Figgy duff (pudding)|Figgy duff]]—pudding from Newfoundland containing molasses and raisins.
* [[Maple syrup]]—especially as ''tire d'érable sur la neige'' or "maple toffee" or "taffy". Often used as flavouring (such as in "maple leaf cream cookies", "''grandpères''", or "Canadian maple donuts").
** [[Maple taffy]]—a sugar candy made by pouring hot maple sap onto snow.
* Nougabricot—preserve consisting of [[apricot]]s, [[almond]]s, and [[pistachio]]s.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
* ''[[Sucre à la crème]]''—French-Canadian name for Scottish "tablets".
* [[Sxusem]]—whipped confection made from [[Shepherdia canadensis|soapberries]] and other various fruits
* [[Tiger tail ice cream]]—[[orange (fruit)|orange]] flavoured [[ice cream]] with a [[black liquorice]] swirl.
* [[Blueberry grunt]], a combination of stewed blueberries and sweet dumplings common in the Maritimes, especially [[Cape Breton]]<ref name="capebretonenglish">{{cite web |last1=Peck |first1=Frances |title=What's That There, Then? More Cape Breton English |url=https://blog.editors.ca/?p=2846 |website=The Editors' Weekly |access-date=22 November 2023 |language=en-CA |date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
* Cape Breton pork pie, a small meatless tart containing dates and topped with maple icing.<ref name="capebretonenglish"/>

{{Gallery
|width=125
|height=125
|File:Iced Akutaq.jpg|Arctic berry sxusem
|File:Maple toffee.JPG|Maple toffee
|File:Sucre a la creme.JPG|''Sucre à la crème'' (Sugar and cream)
}}

====[[Pie]]====
* Bakeapple pie—traditional pie from Newfoundland containing [[cloudberries]].<ref name="tasteatlas.com"/>
* [[Bumbleberry pie]]—"bumbleberry" is a mixture of fruit, berries, and [[rhubarb]].
* [[Flapper pie]]—also known as "[[wafer]] pie" in Winnipeg; a [[custard pie]] popular in Western Canada.
* Maple syrup pie—similar to [[chess pie]], using maple syrup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.acanadianfoodie.com/2013/07/11/canadian-maple-syrup-sugar-pie-or-le-sirop-derable-tarte-au-sucre/|title=Canadian Maple Syrup Sugar Pie or Tarte au sirop d'érable|date=July 11, 2013}}</ref>
* [[Saskatoonberry pie]]—pie made from [[Saskatoonberry|Saskatoon berries]].
* ''[[Tarte au sucre]]'' ("sugar pie")—based on the French dessert.

{{Gallery
|width=150
|height=100
|File:Slice of Bumbleberry Pie.jpg|Bumbleberry pie
|File:Blackfoot Truckstop Diner - Flapper Pie (16050866996).jpg|Flapper pie
|File:Pie as Breakfast (49914594953).jpg|Saskatoonberry pie
}}

===Cheese===
[[File:Balderson cheese.jpg|thumb|Balderson "Royal Canadian Cheddar". Canadian cheddar is a particularly smooth and creamy [[cheddar cheese]] that holds a balance between flavour and sharpness.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cheese.com/canadian-cheddar/ |title=Canadian Cheddar}} ''Cheese.com''. Retrieved 6 April 2022</ref>]]
[[File:Oka cheese 2.jpg|thumb|[[Oka cheese]] was originally manufactured in the [[Trappists]] monasteries of [[Oka, Quebec]] and [[Holland, Manitoba]]]]
[[Dairy product]]s became prominent among Central Canadian producers in the 1860s. Ontario's first cheese factory opened in 1863, and by the end of the decade, they had expanded to over two-hundred. The 1860s also saw to the start of a shift from wheat production to dairy and livestock in Quebec, which would become the dominant agricultural sector in the province by the early 20th century. Cream and cheese factory production would begin to increase exponentially in both Central and Eastern Canada by the 1880s.<ref name="farms.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.farms.com/reflections-on-farm-and-food-history/history-of-canadian-agriculture |title=History of Agriculture: Evolution of Canadian Agriculture Since Confederation}} ''Farms.com''. Retrieved 16 April 2022</ref>

Canada is currently the 12th largest producer of cheese by tonnage,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasbig.com/en-ca/countries-by-cheese-production |title=World Cheese Production by Country}} ''Atlas Big''. Retrieved 19 March 2022</ref> and is considered to be one of the major cheese-producing countries.<ref name="statista.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/topics/4202/cheese-market-in-canada/ |title=Cheese market in Canada- statistics & facts}} ''Statista'' Retrieved 19 March 2022</ref> [[Canadian cheese]] is mostly "firm", with [[cheddar cheese|cheddar]] and [[mozzarella]] being the most produced varieties in 2020.<ref name="statista.com"/> Among Canadians, specialty cheese (such as [[cream cheese]], [[cottage cheese]], and [[parmesan]]) is the most popular type, with cheddar being the second-most.<ref name="statista.com"/>

===Commercially-prepared food, condiments and beverages===
{{See also| Dairy Farmers of Canada| Canada Bread| List of Canadian restaurant chains| List of supermarket chains in Canada}}
* [[Baby food]]
** Love Child Organics<ref name="madeincanadadirectory.ca">{{cite web |url=https://www.madeincanadadirectory.ca/baby-food-made-in-canada/ |title=Canadian Made Baby Food|date=June 24, 2019 }} ''Made in Canada Directory'' Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref>
** [[Pablum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sickkids.ca/AboutSickKids/History-and-Milestones/Our-History/index.html|title=Our history|website=www.sickkids.ca}}</ref>
** Pure Organic Baby Food<ref name="madeincanadadirectory.ca"/>
** Mother Hen<ref name="madeincanadadirectory.ca"/>
* [[Bread]]
** Brands (bakeries): Ben's,<ref name="canadabread.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadabread.com/our-brands# |title=Our Brands}} ''Canada Bread''. Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref> Bon Matin,<ref name="canadabread.com"/> Dempster's,<ref name="canadabread.com"/> POM,<ref name="canadabread.com"/> Stonemill,<ref name="canadabread.com"/> Villaggio<ref name="canadabread.com"/>
** [[Canadian white bread]], simply referred to as "[[white bread]]" in Canada, is distinct from its international counterparts due to the high protein content of Canadian wheat, as required by the [[Canadian Grain Commission]], which gives it a heartier consistency.
* Candy/sweets [[Image:Coffee-Crisp Mocha-Canada.jpg|thumb|right|"Coffee Crisp", introduced in 1938, was originally designed to be a Canadian variation of "[[Rowntree's]] Wafer Crisp".]]
** [[Candy bar|Chocolate bars]]: [[Coffee Crisp]], [[Mr. Big (chocolate)|Mr. Big]], [[Cadbury Caramilk|Caramilk]], [[Big Turk]], [[Cherry Blossom (candy)|Cherry Blossom]], [[Crunchie]], [[Crispy Crunch]], [[Aero (chocolate)|Aero]], [[Pal-o-mine]], [[Oh Henry!]], Eat-more Chocolate bar<ref>{{cite web|url=https://candyfunhouse.ca/products/eat-more-candy-bar |title=Eat-More Candy Bar |work=Candyfunhouse.ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://domesticdreamboat.com/eatmore-bars/ |title=Homemade Eatmore Bars |work=Domestic Dreamboat |date=December 10, 2015 }}</ref>
** [[Tableting|Tablet candy]]: [[Bridge mixture]] (bridge mix), [[Smarties|Canadian Smarties]], [[Smarties (tablet candy)|Smarties (called Rockets in Canada)]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.madewithnestle.ca/smarties |title=Smarties |work=madewithnestle.ca |date=June 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.torontomike.com/2011/03/american_smarties_vs_canadian.html |title=American Smarties vs. Canadian Smarties |work=Torontomike.com |date=March 24, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nearof.com/food-fight-u-k-vs-canadian-smarties-candy/ |title=Food Fight: U.K. vs. Canadian Smarties candy |work=NEAROF |date=July 1, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> [[Glosette]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.curioustastemtl.com |title=CuriousTaste |work=curioustastemtl.com }}</ref> pieces (peanut, raisin, or almonds)
** [[Toffee]]: Templeman's Toffees,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://templemans.ca/ |title=Templeman's Toffee Canada}} Retrieved 30 March 2022.</ref> Two Brothers Toffee,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twobrotherstoffee.com/ |title=Two Brothers Toffee}} Retrieved 30 March 2022</ref> Canadian [[Mackintosh's Toffee]]
* [[Breakfast cereal|Cereal]] [[File:Shreddies.jpg|thumb|"Shreddies" breakfast cereal was first produced in 1939 in [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]], where it is still produced with 100% whole grain wheat.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.postconsumerbrands.ca/brand/shreddies/products/original-shreddies/ |title=Shreddies Original|date=March 15, 2023 }} Retrieved 23 April 2022. ''Shreddies''</ref>]]
** Anita's Organic Mill<ref name="Canadian Cereal">{{cite web |url=https://www.madeincanadadirectory.ca/cat/canadian-cereal/ |title=Canadian Cereal}} ''Made in Canada Directory''. Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref>
** Daybreak Mill<ref name="Canadian Cereal"/>
** Fieldstone Organics<ref name="Canadian Cereal"/>
** Holy Crap<ref name="Canadian Cereal"/>
** MadeGood Foods<ref name="Canadian Cereal"/>
** [[Red River Cereal]]
** [[Shreddies]]
** Sunny Crunch<ref name="Canadian Cereal"/>
** Vector<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vector |url=https://www.wkkellogg.ca/en-ca/our-foods/our-brands/vector.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116010137/https://www.wkkellogg.ca/en-ca/our-foods/our-brands/vector.html |archive-date=2024-01-16 |website=WK Kellogg Co}}</ref>
* [[Coffee]]—Canada is the 10th-highest coffee consumer, [[per capita]], in the world.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bernard |first1=Kristine |title=Top 10 Coffee Consuming Nations |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-coffee-consuming-nations.html |website=Worldatlas.com |publisher=World Atlas |access-date=29 October 2019 |location=Quebec, Canada |language=EN |date=5 January 2018}}</ref> [[File:NAM - Nabob Irradiated Coffee (280585403).jpg|thumb|The Nabob Coffee Company, from [[Vancouver]], has sold coffee in Canada since 1896]]
** Brands: [[49th Parallel Coffee Roasters]], [[Lavazza#Company|Kicking Horse]], [[Nabob (coffee)|Nabob Coffee]], [[Second Cup]], [[Tim Hortons]], [[Van Houtte]], among numerous smaller brands.
** Canadian coffee—a blend of coffee, rye whisky, and maple syrup, often with whipped cream.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.food.com/recipe/canadian-coffee-173106 |title=Canadian Coffee}} ''Food''. Retrieved 25 March 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foodnetwork.ca/recipe/canadian-style-irish-coffee/ |title=Canadian-Style Irish Coffee}} ''Food Network''. Retrieved 25 March 2022</ref><ref>Sumit Malhotra (2020) {{cite web |url=https://gosumitup.com/canadian-coffee-a-wonderful-coffee-recipe |title=Canadian Coffee - A Wonderful Coffee Recipe|date=June 23, 2020 }} ''Go Sum It Up''. Retrieved 25 March 2022</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpwisers.com/ca/cocktail-recipe/jp-wisers-canadian-coffee/ |title=Canadian Coffee}} ''J.P. Wiser''. Retrieved 25 March 2022</ref>
* [[Coffeehouse]]s and doughnut shops
** Baker's Dozen Donuts
** [[Coffee Time]]
** [[Country Style]]
** [[Robin's Donuts]]
** Second Cup
** Tim Hortons
* [[Condiment]]s
** [[Chow-chow (food)|Chow-chow]]
** ''[[Cretons]]''
** [[Honey dill|Honey dill sauce]]
** [[Honey garlic sauce]]
** [[Maple butter]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/maple-butter |title=Maple Butter}} Retrieved 17 August 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref>
** Maple syrup
** [[Montreal steak seasoning]]
** [[Peanut butter]]—[[Marcellus Gilmore Edson]] was the first to invent the manufactured product in 1884<ref>Kitchen Daily (2012) {{cite web |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/peanut-butter-history_n_1222585 |title=The History of Peanut Butter|date=January 23, 2012 }} Retrieved 20 April 2022. ''Huffpost''</ref>
** [[Windsor Salt]]
* [[Fast food]] [[File:Canada 2016 (32950848735).jpg|thumb|A&W restaurant in [[Sainte-Hélène-de-Bagot, Quebec]]. "A&W Food Services of Canada", now headquartered in [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]], was once part of the U.S.-owned [[A&W Restaurants]], but has been Canadian-owned since a [[management buyout]] in 1995.<ref name="historyb">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=28904e3d-bbad-42a1-8587-02712b194239 |title=A&W celebrating 50 years in Canada |date=June 6, 2006 |work=Vancouver Province |publisher=Canada.com |access-date=October 26, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141116010050/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=28904e3d-bbad-42a1-8587-02712b194239 |archive-date=November 16, 2014 }}</ref>]] [[File:Employee at a Harvey's restaurant franchise garnishing a hamburger.jpg|thumb|Employee at a Harvey's restaurant franchise garnishing a [[hamburger]] by instruction of the customer]]
** [[A&W (Canada)]]
** [[Burger Baron]]
** [[Edo Japan (restaurant)|Edo Japan]]
** [[Extreme Pita]]
** [[Harvey's]]
** [[Manchu Wok]]
** [[Mr. Sub]]
** [[Mucho Burrito]]
** [[Pita Pit]]
** [[Taco Time]]
** [[Thai Express]]
** [[Triple-O's]]
* [[Ice cream]]
** [[Chapman's]]
** [[Cows (ice cream)|Cows]] ice cream
** [[Dickie Dee]]
** [[Kawartha Dairy Company]]
** [[Laura Secord Chocolates|Laura Secord]]
** [[Neilson Dairy]]
** [[Swensen's]]
* Miscellaneous distributors and brands
** [[Agropur]] dairy brands, including [[Natrel]]
** [[Kraft Dinner]] (also a proprietary eponym)
** [[Lactalis]] Canada dairy brands, including Black Diamond and Cracker Barrel<ref>{{cite web |url=https://parmalat.ca/our-brands/ |title=Our Brands}} ''Lactalis Canada''. Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref>
** [[Maple Leaf Foods]] meat products
** [[Nature's Path]] organic food products, including breakfast cereal, [[granola]], and [[oatmeal]]
** [[No Name (brand)|"No Name"]] food brand
** [[Overwaitea Food Group]] brands, including Western Family<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westernfamily.ca/ |title=Western Family Lowest Price Guaranteed}} ''western family''. Retrieved 3 April 2022</ref>
** [[President's Choice#Types of products|President's Choice]] food brand
** [[Saputo Inc.]] dairy brands, including [[Dairyland Canada]]
** Tim Hortons non-coffee products, such as "timbit" cereal, tea, soup, and granola bars
* Non-alcoholic drinks [[File:Canada dry crop.jpg|thumb|Can of Canada Dry ginger ale at [[Lake Louise, Alberta]]. "Dry" ginger ale was developed by [[John J. McLaughlin]] in 1904.]][[File:Red Rose orange pekoe tea.png|thumb|Red Rose "[[orange pekoe]]" tea. The Red Rose Tea company was founded in [[Saint John, New Brunswick]] in 1894, and is currently headquartered in Toronto.]]
** [[Milk bag|Bagged milk]]
** [[Brio (soft drink)|Brio chinotto]]
** Canadian tea—various tea varieties grown and developed in the [[Chemainus River]] valley<ref>{{cite web |url=https://westholmetea.com/pages/tea-making |title=Our Tea}} Retrieved 27 April 2022. ''Westholme Tea Company''</ref>
** [[DavidsTea]]
** [[Ginger ale]] ([[Canada Dry]] and [[Sussex Golden Ginger Ale|Sussex Golden]])
** [[Cappuccino#Iced cappuccino|Iced Capp]]
** [[Labrador tea|Labrador]] (or Hudson's Bay) tea
** [[London fog (beverage)|London Fog]]
** [[Red Rose Tea]]
** [[Spruce beer]]—''bière d'épinette'', non-alcoholic soft drink from [[Quebec]]
* [[Pizzeria]]s
** [[241 Pizza]] 
** [[Boston Pizza]] 
** [[Freshslice Pizza]]
** [[Gabriel Pizza]]
** [[Greco Pizza Restaurant]]
** [[King of Donair]]
** [[Mikes (restaurant)|Mikes]]
** [[Mother's Pizza]]
** [[Panago]]
** [[Pizza 73]]
** [[Pizza Delight]]
** [[Pizza Nova]]
** [[Pizza Pizza]]
** [[Pizzaiolo]]
** [[Topper's Pizza (Canadian restaurant)|Topper's Pizza]]
* Snacks [[File:W. T. Hawkins Cheezies.jpg|thumb|Hawkins "Cheezies" have been produced in [[Belleville, Ontario]] since 1956]]
** [[Dare Foods]] snack foods, such as [[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats#1901, Montreal, Whippets|Whippets]] and [[Wagon Wheels]]
** Hawkins [[Cheezies]]
** [[Hostess Potato Chips]]
** [[Ketchup]], [[salt and vinegar]], [[dill pickle]], and "[[all dressed]]" flavoured [[potato chips]]
** [[Miss Vickie's]] kettle-cooked chips
** Nuts and Bolts aka [[Chex Mix]]{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}
** [[Pizza Pops]]
** [[Humpty Dumpty Snack Foods|Ringolos and Humpty Dumpty Party Mix]]
** [[Vachon Bakery]]<ref name="canadabread.com"/> snack pastries, such as [[Jos Louis]] and [[May West]] cakes

==Alcohol==
[[Image:Aged Canadian Whisky.jpg|thumb|Bottle of 12-year Canadian whisky]]
Canada is considered one of the top [[Whisky#Types|whisky-producing countries]], and is most renowned for [[rye whisky]].<ref name="insidermonkey.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.insidermonkey.com/blog/top-10-whisky-producing-countries-in-the-world-583861/?singlepage=1 |title=Top 10 Whisky Producing Countries in the World}} ''Insider Monkey''. Retrieved 22 March 2022</ref> Regulation states that [[Canadian whisky]] must age for a minimum of three years and be kept in oak barrels.<ref name="insidermonkey.com"/>  Canada houses about thirty whisky [[Distillers in Canada|distilleries]] across the country, and produces 54.2 million liters.<ref name="usaspiritsratings.com">{{cite web |url=https://usaspiritsratings.com/en/blog/insights-1/top-whiskey-producing-countries-of-the-world-99.htm |title=Top Whiskey Producing Countries of the World}} ''USA Spirit Ratings''. Retrieved 22 March 2022</ref> Canadian whisky is noted for its light and smooth style, and though most of it is blended,<ref name="usaspiritsratings.com"/> [[single malt whisky|single-malt]] and 100% rye are some of the country's most desired. The [[Glenora Distillers|Glenora Inn & Distillery]] is the only single-malt distillery in North America. {{cn|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Blue Mountain 01.JPG|thumb|[[Blue Mountain Vineyard]] in [[Okanagan Falls]], British Columbia]]
Canada's wine industry is over two-hundred years old and includes the [[wine regions]] of British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vineyards.com/wine-map/canada |title=Wine map of Canada}} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Vineyards.com''</ref> Canada's first commercial [[vineyard]], the [[Pelee Island Winery]], was established in 1866. There are currently over eight-hundred licensed [[wineries]] in the country, with the most recognized wine-producing areas being southern Ontario (most notably the [[Niagara peninsula]]), and the [[Okanagan Valley (wine region)|Okanagan valley]] of British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.winesofcanada.com/her_wineries.html#:~:text=There%20are%20now%20over%20800,along%20with%20Saskatchewan%20and%20Manitoba. |title=Canada's Wineries}} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Wines of Canada''</ref>

===Straight===
{{See also|List of breweries in Canada}}

* [[Acerum]]
* Alcohol Global 94%
* [[Canadian beer]]
** Brands ([[breweries]]): [[Alexander Keith's]], [[Stanley Park Brewing]], [[Kokanee beer]], [[Labatt]], [[Molson Canadian]], [[Moosehead Breweries]], [[Sleeman Breweries]], among others.
** [[Cream Ale]]
** [[Ice beer]]
* [[Canadian whisky]], commonly referred to as "[[rye whisky|rye]]".
** [[Alberta Premium]]
** [[Black Velvet (whisky)|Black Velvet]]
** [[Canadian Club]]
** [[Crown Royal]]
** [[Forty Creek]]
** [[Glenora Distillers|Glen Breton]]
** [[Gooderham and Worts]]
** [[J.P. Wiser's Whisky]]
* [[Canadian wine]]
** Brands ([[wineries]]): [[Burrowing Owl Estate]], [[Henry of Pelham Winery]], [[Inniskillin]], [[Mission Hill Family Estate]], [[Quails' Gate Winery]], among others.
** [[British Columbia wine]]
** [[Ice wine]]
* [[Granville Island]] [[Sake]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://curiocity.com/canadas-first-true-sake-winery-is-hidden-on-vancouvers-granville-island/ |title=Canada's first true sake winery is hidden on Vancouver's Granville Island|date=May 19, 2021 }} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Curiocity''</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://artisansakemaker.com/our-craft/ |title=Our Craft}} Retrieved 22 April 2022. ''Artisan Sake Maker''</ref>
* [[Ice cider]]
* [[Newfoundland Screech]]
* [[Yukon Jack (whisky)|Yukon Jack]]—a Canadian liqueur made of whisky and honey

===Mixes===
[[File:Bloody Caesar.jpg|thumb|The "Caesar" is a uniquely Canadian cocktail, invented in [[Calgary]]]]
*Angry Canadian—a variety of the [[Old Fashioned (cocktail)|Old Fashioned]], made with a combination of Canadian rye whiskey, [[bitters]], [[club soda]] or water, and pure maple syrup<ref name="8 Most Popular CANADIAN COCKTAILS">{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-cocktails-in-canada |title=8 Most Popular CANADIAN COCKTAILS}} Retrieved 19 April 2022. ''Taste Atlas''</ref>
*The [[Caesar (cocktail)|Caesar]]—originally called the Bloody Caesar, is a cocktail made from [[vodka]], [[clamato]] juice (clam-tomato juice), [[Worcestershire sauce]], and [[Tabasco sauce]], in a salt-rimmed glass ([[table salt]] or [[celery salt]]), and garnished with a stalk of [[celery]], or more adventurously with a spoonful of [[horseradish]] or a shot of beef [[Bouillon (broth)|bouillon]].  The Caesar was invented in 1969 in [[Calgary]], Alberta, by bartender Walter Chell, to mark the opening of a new restaurant, "Marco's".<ref>{{cite news|title=Calgary's Bloody Caesar hailed as nation's favourite cocktail|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/calgary-s-bloody-caesar-hailed-as-nation-s-favourite-cocktail-1.806474|publisher=[[CBC News]] Calgary|access-date=December 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531052627/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2009/05/13/bloody-caesar-calgary-cocktail-drink-anniversary.html|archive-date=May 31, 2013|date=May 13, 2009}}</ref>
*Canadian blueberry sour—a mix of rye whisky, blueberry [[liqueur]], and maple syrup.<ref>Monica Carbonell (2018) {{cite web |url=https://www.liqculture.com/canadian-blueberry-sour/ |title=Canadian Blueberry Sour|date=January 26, 2018}} ''Liquid Culture''.</ref>
*[[Caribou (drink)|Caribou]]—a mix of [[red wine]], maple syrup, and Canadian whisky; consumed during winter festivals in Quebec
*Donald Sutherland—a combination of Canadian rye whiskey and [[drambuie]], prepared with both ingredients poured into an ice-filled old-fashioned glass, then stirred<ref name="8 Most Popular CANADIAN COCKTAILS"/>
*Mahogany—a combination of [[Jägermeister]], Benedictine, dry [[vermouth]], and cinnamon [[tincture]], prepared with a cocktail glass coated with the cinnamon tincture or cinnamon schnapps<ref name="8 Most Popular CANADIAN COCKTAILS"/>
*[[Maple liqueur]]—sold bottled as Sortilege, this drink combines Canadian whisky and maple syrup
*[[Moose Milk (drink)|Moose Milk]]—a cream and spirit (usually rye whisky and dark rum) drink served and consumed at celebratory events of the [[Canadian Armed Forces]] 
*The [[Queen Mary (beer cocktail)|Queen Mary]]—beer mixed with grenadine, with maraschino cherries dropped into the glass as a garnish 
*[[Raymond Massey (cocktail)|Raymond Massey]]—a mix of whisky, ginger syrup, and [[champagne]]. Named after the [[Raymond Massey|Toronto actor]].
*[[Horse's Neck|Rye & Ginger]]—Canadian whisky and [[ginger ale]]
*The [[Toronto (cocktail)|Toronto]]—a dry, rich, and mildly bitter cocktail consisting of Canadian whisky, [[Fernet-Branca]], [[angostura bitters]], and either sugar or simple syrup
*A Shaft—a mix of vodka, [[Liqueur coffee|coffee liqueur]], [[Irish cream]], and chilled espresso, originating from Hugo's Bar at the [[List of historic places in Victoria, British Columbia|Strathcona Hotel]] in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], BC.

==Street food==
{{Update section|date=March 2021|small=no}}
[[File:Japadog - Terimayo (2696843021) (2).jpg|thumb|"Terimayo" from the Japadog street cart on [[Burrard Street]] and Smithe, Vancouver]]
While most major cities in Canada offer a variety of [[street food]], each region has specialties which reflect local cultural influences. [[Montreal]] food trucks offer [[Shish taouk (Montreal)|shish taouk]], the [[Montreal hot dog]], and dollar [[falafel]]s.  Although falafel is available in [[Vancouver]], East Asian-influenced offerings are much more widespread, including [[sushi]], [[samosas]], Vietnamese [[banh mi]] or [[pho]], Filipino offerings, and various Japanese and Chinese cuisines. In [[Victoria, British Columbia]], vegan and vegetarian burgers are common, as are various seafood take-aways and Mexican-influenced street food. Since 2007, Toronto has encouraged vendors to sell street food from a wider variety of cuisines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tfpc.to/to-food-policy-archive/street-food |title=Street Food |publisher=Toronto Food Policy Council |access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref>

In Western Canada, a version of the Ukrainian garlic-pork sausage, referred to as "[[kubasa]]" (a corruption of the [[Ukrainian sausage]] "kobasa")<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rusnak.ca/ukrainian-baked-sauerkraut-kapusta-with-sausage-kobasa.html |title=Ukrainian Baked Sauerkraut (Kapusta) with Sausage (Kobasa) |work=Rusnak.ca }}</ref> is widely available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundare.ca/galleries/show_album/119/Mundare-Attractions-Giant-Kubasa |title=Mundare Attractions Giant Kubasa Photos for |work=Mundare.ca }}</ref> The term "smokies" or "smokeys" may refer to kubasa rather than [[Vienna sausage|frankfurters]].

[[Fusion cuisine|Fusion cultural foods]] are constantly evolving, such as the [[Japadog]], which tops a [[hot dog]] with traditional Japanese ingredients, such as wasabi, teriyaki, shredded daikon radish, or bonito (fish) flakes. Pizza slices are a common street offering. [[Shawarma]] is quite prevalent in [[Ottawa]] and [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], while [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] offers its own unique version of the [[döner kebab]] called the [[donair]], which features a distinctive sauce made from [[condensed milk]], sugar, garlic and vinegar. [[Ice cream truck]]s can be seen (and often heard due to a jingle being broadcast on loudspeakers) nationwide during the summer months. Winnipeg has a  line-up of food truck vendors on [[Winnipeg Route 52|Main Street]].

Lebanese Canadian fast-food restaurants such as [[Boustan]] offer their own unique version of [[poutine]] called the shawarma poutine, which features [[shawarma]] meat on top.

===Street food markets===
Various street food markets exist across the country. Metro Vancouver offers the "[[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] Night Market", with over 200 retail stalls offering predominantly East Asian-inspired food, such as grilled octopus, takoyaki, dumplings, fish sticks, and taiyaki.<ref name="theculturetrip.com">Hayley Simpson (2017)  {{cite web|title=The Best Street Food Markets in Canada|date=May 2, 2017 |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/canada/articles/the-best-street-food-markets-in-canada/}} ''Culture Trip''. Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref> As well, there is the Shipyards Night Market in [[North Vancouver (city)|North Vancouver]], which is more varied in its offerings and provides more than 35 food trucks per week over the course of its annual run.<ref name="theculturetrip.com"/>

In Alberta, notable street food markets include the Calgary Night Market, as well as the Calgary Stampede Night Market and Edmonton's What the Truck?.<ref name="theculturetrip.com"/> The [[Greater Toronto area]] runs Market 707, Adelaide Eats, and Night It Up!.<ref name="theculturetrip.com"/> Market 707 on [[Dundas Street]] is of particular aesthetic note given that it is formed out of refurbished shipping containers.<ref name="theculturetrip.com"/> Eastern Canada also maintains several street food markets of note, including Montreal's First Fridays and Halifax's Trusk-Side.<ref name="theculturetrip.com"/>

==National food of Canada==
[[File:Maple syrup.jpg|thumb|Maple syrup is widely recognized as [[National symbols of Canada|emblematic of Canada]], both internationally and within the country itself]]
Though finding consensus among [[Canadians]] in determining a national food or dish can prove difficult, there are nonetheless several items broadly recognized as being representative of Canada's national cuisine. Foods typically considered [[national dish]]es of Canada include poutine<ref>{{citation|first=Calvin |last=Trillin |title=Canadian Journal, "Funny Food,"|magazine=The New Yorker |date=November 23, 2009 |pages=68–70}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Canada's national dish: 740 calories -- and worth every bite? |date=October 2, 2010 |first=Grace |last=Wong |publisher=CNN |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM:WORLD |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130122239/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-02/world/canada.poutine_1_dish-cheese-curds-foie?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Is poutine Canada's national food? Two arguments for, two against |first=Jon |last=Sufrin |date=April 22, 2010 |journal=Toronto Life |url=http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322002206/http://www.torontolife.com/daily/daily-dish/aprons-icons/2010/04/22/is-poutine-canadas-national-food-two-arguments-for-two-against/ |archive-date=March 22, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=GAM>{{citation |title=We like our symbols rooted in the past, and in Quebec |first=John |last=Allemang |journal=The Globe and Mail |date=July 3, 2010 |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/we-like-our-symbols-rooted-in-the-past-and-in-quebec/article1627365/}}</ref> and butter tarts.<ref>{{citation|title=Does Canada Have a National Dish? |url=http://www.canadianliving.com/blogs/food/2009/06/30/does-canada-have-a-national-dish/ |first=Elizabeth |last=Baird |date=June 30, 2009 |journal=Canadian Living}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Canadians butter up to this tart |first=RITA |last=DeMONTIS |newspaper=Toronto Sun |date=June 21, 2010 |url=http://www.torontosun.com/life/eat/2010/03/04/13112421.html |access-date=May 22, 2011 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226023544/https://torontosun.com/category/life |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canadian back or peameal bacon, as well as Atlantic or Pacific salmon, are also commonly thought of as representative of Canada.<ref name="Canada: If Canada were to identify">{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/441050/favorite-food-representing-canada/ |title=Canada: If Canada were to identify one of the following as official national food, which should it be?}} ''Statista''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>

Published by the [[Statista]] Research Department, a June 2015 poll asked Canadians, "If Canada were to identify one of the following as official national food, which should it be?" The results revealed Canadian bacon to be the top choice, followed by poutine:<ref name="Canada: If Canada were to identify"/>
#Canadian bacon (35%)
#Poutine (30%)
#Atlantic or Pacific salmon (17%)
#Beavertail (8%)
#Tourtiere (6%)
#Doughnut (4%)

CanCulture Magazine conducted a 2021 [[social media]] poll that sampled from fifty-five Canadians given ten choices. The poll revealed the following results:<ref>Kaitlyn Stock (2021) {{cite web |url=https://www.canculturemag.com/food-1/2021/11/14/what-do-canadians-consider-their-national-dish |title=What do Canadians consider their national dish?|date=November 14, 2021 }} Retrieved 19 April 2022. ''CanCulture Magazine''</ref>
#Poutine (38.9%)
#Maple syrup (25.9%)
#BeaverTails (9.3%)
#Peameal bacon and Timbits (7.4% each)

According to an informal survey by ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' conducted through [[Facebook]] from collected comments, users considered the following to be the Canadian national dish, with maple syrup likely above all the other foods if it were considered:<ref name=GAM/>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022}}
#Poutine (51%)
#Montreal-style bagels (14%)
#Salmon jerky (dried smoked salmon) (11%)
#Pierogi/Perogy (10%)
#Ketchup chips (7%)
#Nova Scotian donair (4%)
#California roll (1%)

Canada's most "iconic" foods were named in a survey conducted by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]], in the summer of 2012, as:<ref>{{citation |first=Lauren |last=O'Neil |date=June 28, 2012 |title=The CBC Community chooses Canada's most iconic food|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/yourcommunity/2012/06/vote-for-canadas-most-iconic-food-now.html |publisher=CBC}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=March 2022}}
#Maple syrup
#Poutine
#Nanaimo bars, smoked salmon and butter tarts

In 2020, Hayley Simpson<ref>Hayley Simpson (2020) {{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/canada/articles/10-signature-canadian-dishes-and-where-to-try-them/ |title=The Best Signature Canadian Dishes and Where to Try Them|date=October 10, 2014 }} Retrieved 19 April 2022. ''The Culture Trip''</ref> identified the "best signature Canadian dishes" as poutine, Nanaimo bars, butter tarts, beavertails, tourtière, pea soup, Halifax donair, Saskatoon berry pie, and Montreal-style bagels. The following year, [[Reader's Digest]] published an article<ref>Elianna Lev (2021) {{cite web |url=https://www.readersdigest.ca/travel/canada/10-must-try-canadian-dishes/ |title=10 Must-Try Canadian Dishes (and the Best Places to Find Them)}} Retrieved 19 April 2022. ''Reader's Digest Canada''</ref> similarly listing "10 Must-Try Canadian Dishes" as poutine, Canadian bacon, caesar, beavertails, Canadian pizza, butter tarts, Nanaimo bars, split pea soup, tourtière, and ketchup (namely "ketchup" chips).

==Meal formats==
[[File:Coffee at Pronto (10693918384).jpg|thumb|Coffee from Pronto Café in Vancouver. Canada is the 10th largest consumer of coffee in the world, consuming more coffee per capita than any other [[Anglosphere|English-speaking country]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/top-10-coffee-consuming-nations.html |title=Top 10 Coffee Consuming Countries|date=August 6, 2020 }} ''World Atlas''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>]]
As in other countries, Canadian meals are commonly segmented accordingly to their suitability for the time of day.

'''Breakfast''' takes place in the morning and typically consists of a variety of foods, such as [[toast (food)|toast]], [[biscuit]]s, [[muffin]]s, [[scone]]s, [[pancake]]s, [[bacon]], [[bagel]]s, [[cereal]]s, [[fruit]] and [[eggs (food)|eggs]], among others. Breakfast condiments are very common and can often include an assortment of [[jam]], [[cream cheese]], [[peanut butter]], [[marmalade]], or [[Nutella]]. Typical drinks include [[drinking water|water]], [[fruit juice|juice]], [[coffee]], and [[tea]]. Breakfast traditionally occurs before work or school on weekdays, or otherwise soon after waking up in the morning. An archetypal French-Canadian meal may contain more [[starch]]-based material, while an English-Canadian meal might consist of more [[protein]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/canada/lifestyle/food-drink/canadian-mealtimes#:~:text=Lunch%20is%20generally%20'on%20the,selling%20sandwiches%2C%20soup%20and%20bagels |title=Canadian Mealtimes}} ''Angloinfo''</ref>
* Lumberjack's breakfast, also known as logger's breakfast or "the lumby"—a gargantuan breakfast of three-plus eggs, rations of ham, bacon and sausages, and several large pancakes.  This was invented by hotelier J. Houston {{circa|1870}}, at his Granville Hotel on Water Street in old pre-railway [[Gastown]], Vancouver, in response to requests from his clientele for a better "feed" at the start of a long day of work.<ref name="AM1">''From Milltown to Metropolis'', Alan Morley</ref><ref name="JSSM1">''Early Vancouver'', J.S. Skitt Matthews</ref>

'''[[Break (work)|Coffee]]''' customarily refers to a small meal during a break from labour. This involves the consumption of a [[snack]] that, although it is the typical drink of choice (hence the name), may or may not include [[coffee]]. The [[Canada Labour Code]] requires employers to provide 30-minute breaks for every five consecutive hours of work.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/laws-regulations/labour/interpretations-policies/30-minute-breaks.html |title=30 minute breaks – Canada Labour Code, part III – Division I - 802-1-IPG-100|date=January 27, 2022 }} ''Government of Canada.'' Retrieved 16 March 2022.</ref>

'''Lunch''' generally takes place around noon. [[Sandwiches]], [[soups]], [[fruit]], [[nut (fruit)|nut]]s, [[cheese]] and a variety of [[snacks]] are common foods during this meal. Lunches are usually compact, utilitarian, and/or casual, particularly given that they are often eaten at work, school, or otherwise outside of the home.<ref name="auto"/>

'''Dinner''' usually takes place from anywhere between 17:00 to 19:00, and tend to be heartier affairs based around protein and [[vegetables]]. Local flora and fauna are most fully realized during dinner; in the Maritimes, dinner may be more likely to include fish, while the Prairies might include more beef.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Sunday dinner]] in Canada is commonly observed as a more formal affair than typical dinners, often involving family and/or guests, and a more thoroughly prepared meal. [[Roast beef]] is a common centerpiece,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canadianliving.com/food/lunch-and-dinner/recipe/classic-roast-beef-with-gravy |title=CLASSIC ROAST BEEF WITH GRAVY RECIPE|date=September 6, 2016 }} ''Canadian Living''. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</ref> but particular specialties also vary by region, such as traditional Prairie [[pot roast]]<ref>Valerie Lugonja (2013) {{cite web |url=https://www.acanadianfoodie.com/2013/10/21/traditional-canadian-prairie-pot-roast/ |title=TRADITIONAL CANADIAN PRAIRIE POT ROAST|date=October 21, 2013 }} ''A Canadian Foodie''. Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref> and Newfoundland [[Jiggs dinner]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newfoundlandlabrador.com/trip-ideas/travel-stories/jiggs-dinner-for-beginners |title=Jiggs' Dinner for Beginners}} ''Newfoundland Labrador''. Retrieved 4 April 2022</ref>

===Occasions===
[[File:Chinook Stampede Breakfast.png|thumb|The annual pancake breakfast at the [[Chinook Centre]] in [[Calgary]] feeds over 60,000 in one day.]]
* '''Chinese [[buffet]] or [[smorgasbord]]''' is a particular meal system invented in [[Gastown, Vancouver]] and prevalent throughout the country. This style of buffet was developed in the 19th century by Chinese immigrants in order to cater to the local clientele of [[Scandinavian Canadian]] [[loggers]]. Staples of Chinese-Canadian cuisine, as well as North American Chinese cuisine broadly, such as ginger beef, [[chow mein]], and dumplings, are commonly available.<ref>Katelyn Marchyshyn (2020) {{cite web |url=https://eatnorth.com/katelyn-marchyshyn/canadian-dyk-concept-chinese-buffet-restaurant-started-vancouver |title=Canadian DYK: The concept of the Chinese buffet restaurant started in Vancouver|date=June 29, 2020 }} Retrieved 21 April 2022. ''Eat North''</ref>
* '''[[Christmas dinner#Canada|Christmas dinner]]''' in Canada draws from the traditions of both Britain and France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/christmas-in-canada |title=Christmas in Canada}} ''Canadian Encyclopedia''</ref> These dinners are typically meant to serve a [[banquet|larger group]] than is usual, with the ''pièce de résistance'' often being [[turkey (food)|turkey]], [[roast beef]], and/or [[ham]]. Sides often include [[stuffing]], [[potatoes|mashed or roast potatoes]], [[gravy]], [[cranberry sauce]], and cooked vegetables (such as [[carrots]] or [[yam (vegetable)|yams]]).<ref>Erin McGann (2021) {{cite web |url=https://blog.lingoda.com/en/christmas-food-across-the-world/ |title=Christmas Food in Canada, Germany and the UK|date=December 10, 2019 }} ''Lingoda''</ref> [[Pies]] and [[cakes]] are common desserts. Treats during the [[Christmas season]] typically include [[tarts]], [[shortbread]] and [[gingerbread]], bar, square, and "snowball" pastries, [[toffee]], roll ''[[kuchen]]'' (particularly in the Prairies), ''[[crème brûlée]]'', and ''[[biscotti]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.foodnetwork.ca/article/great-canadian-christmas-desserts/ |title=Great Canadian Christmas Desserts|date=December 6, 2017 }} ''Food Network''</ref> '''[[Easter weekend]]''' (April), '''[[Victoria Day]]''' weekend (May), and '''[[Canadian Thanksgiving]]''' (October) tend to share certain culinary customs with Christmas, albeit with different ingredients based on [[seasonality]].
* '''[[Pancake breakfast]]''' is a traditional public meal, particularly in [[Western Canada]], which takes place during festivals, celebrations, and community events. This tradition has roots in the Prairies' [[Canadian Prairies#Culture and politics|ranching culture]], as well as the [[Christian tradition]] of [[Shrove Tuesday]]. Such events that take part in a pancake breakfast include the [[Calgary Stampede]], [[Grey Cup#Grey Cup festival|Grey Cup festival]], and [[K-Days]].
* '''[[Potlatch]]''' is a gift-giving feast practiced by [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest]]. Although the occasion as a whole incorporates complex political, social, and economic elements, feasting is still a central aspect of the practice.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/united-states-and-canada/north-american-indigenous-peoples/potlatch |title=Potlatch}} Retrieved 26 April 2022. ''Encyclopedia''</ref>
* '''[[Réveillon]]''' is a long dinner held in the evenings preceding Christmas Day and [[New Year's Eve]], and is a traditional practice for French-Canadians across the country. Meals tend to be particularly opulent, and may include lobster, oysters, [[escargot]], [[foie gras]], and tourtière. A traditional dessert for this occasion is [[Yule log (cake)|Yule log]].

==Food festivals==
Various [[food festivals]] take place annually across Canada and in accordance with seasonality, often in celebration of a local culinary tradition or industry. The list below is a selection of food festivals by region (giving their location and standard month(s) of occurrence), and is not exhaustive.

'''British Columbia'''
*BC Seafood Festival ([[Comox Valley]]; June)<ref name="forbes.com">Sandra MacGregor (2019)  {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/sandramacgregor/2019/05/29/canadas-best-summer-food-and-drink-festivals/?sh=1ef63f622a87 |title=Canada's Best Summer Food and Drink Festivals|website=[[Forbes]]}} ''Forbes''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>
*[[Dine Out Vancouver Festival]] ([[Vancouver]]; January to February)
*[[Eat! Vancouver]] (Vancouver; May)
*Half Corked Marathon ([[Osoyoos]]; October)<ref name="forbes.com"/>
*[[Sun Peaks]] Winter Okanagan Wine Festival (Sun Peaks; January)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca">Siobhan McClelland (2012) {{cite web |url=https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/article/ten-best-canadian-food-festivals |title=Ten Best Canadian Food Festivals}} ''Canadian Geographic''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>
*Surrey Fusion Festival ([[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]; July)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.surreyfusionfestival.ca/about|title=About Surrey Fusion Festival|quote=Food has always been a major highlight of the festival, as organizers work with local cultural community groups to run pavilions that sell authentic cuisine to attendees. The festival offered food from 45 different cultures in 2019.|website=surreyfusionfestival.ca}} Retrieved 6 April 2022</ref>

'''Prairies'''
[[File:Folklorama, UK Pavilion, 1770 King Edward St, Winnipeg (501348) (15066537321).jpg|thumb|''Folklorama'' UK Pavilion on King Edward St., Winnipeg]]
*Corn and Apple Festival ([[Morden, Manitoba|Morden]]; August)<ref name="traveltriangle.com">{{cite web |url=https://traveltriangle.com/blog/food-festivals-in-canada/ |title=10 Food Festivals In Canada For Those Who Love Food And Festivals!|date=December 2, 2021 }} ''Travel Triangle''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>
*[[Folklorama]] ([[Winnipeg]]; July to August)
*Foodtruck Wars ([[Saskatoon]]; July)<ref name="forbes.com"/>
*[[Festival du Voyageur]] (Winnipeg; February)
*[[Taste of Edmonton]] ([[Edmonton]]; July)
*[[Edmonton Heritage Festival]] (Edmonton; First Weekend of August)
*The Big Taste ([[Calgary]]; March)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>
*The Great Saskatchewan Mustard Festival ([[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]; August)<ref name="mapquest.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.mapquest.com/travel/7-awesome-canadian-food-festivals/ |title=7 Awesome Canadian Food Festivals|date=August 6, 2015 }} ''MapQuest Travel''. Retrieved 20 March 2022</ref>

'''Ontario'''
[[File:The Elmira Maple Syrup Festival crowd (13653249284).jpg|thumb|''Elmira Maple Syrup Festival'', 2014]]
*A Taste of Niagara-on-the-Lake ([[Niagara-on-the-Lake]]; January, March and April)<ref name="mapquest.com"/>
*[[Canada's Largest Ribfest]] ([[Burlington, Ontario|Burlington]]; August to September)
*[[Elmira Maple Syrup Festival]] ([[Elmira, Ontario|Elmira]]; April)
*Icewine Festival (Niagara-on-the-Lake; January)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>
*[[Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest|Oktoberfest]] ([[Kitchener–Waterloo]]; October)
*Ontario's Best Butter Tart Festival ([[Midland, Ontario|Midland]]; June)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>
*Ottawa Poutine Fest ([[Ottawa]]; October to November)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>
*[[Summerlicious]] ([[Toronto]]; July)
*[[Taste of the Danforth]] (Toronto; August)
*WinterBrewed (Ottawa; February)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>
*[[Winterlicious]] (Toronto; January to February)

'''Quebec'''
[[File:Nuit blanche à Montréal - MONTRÉAL EN LUMIÈRE (12890230224).jpg|thumb|''Montréal en Lumière'', 2014]]
*Montréal en Lumière ([[Montreal]]; February)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>
*Festibière de Québec ([[Quebec City]]; August)<ref name="forbes.com"/>
*Taste of the Caribbean (Montreal; July)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>

'''Maritimes'''
*Dine Around Freddy ([[Fredericton]]; March)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>
*Prince Edward Island Fall Flavours Festival ([[Charlottetown]]; September)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>
*Shediac Lobster Festival ([[Shediac, New Brunswick|Shediac]]; June to July)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>
*The Gathering ([[Burlington, Newfoundland and Labrador]]; August)<ref name="traveltriangle.com"/>
*WinterDine (Charlottetown; January to February)<ref name="canadiangeographic.ca"/>

'''North'''
*Yukon Culinary Festival ([[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]]; August)<ref name="forbes.com"/>

== Restaurants ==
{{Main|List of restaurants in Canada}}

==Livestock breeds and cultivars==
{{See also|List of Canadian heritage wheat varieties}}
[[File:A review of the work of the Experimental Farms (1913) (14591998879).jpg|thumb|"Marquis" wheat (left) compared to "Preston". The Marquis variety made a marked improvement in maturation speed, harvest efficiency, and winter resilience, and became the basis for all future major wheat strains in Canada.<ref name="farms.com"/>]]
While an abundance of [[Animal husbandry|livestock breeds]] and crops originating from other countries are grown and raised in Canada, there is also a variety of unique breeds and [[cultivars]] that have been developed domestically. Below is a selection of various livestock breeds and cultivars that originate from Canada.

'''[[List of apple cultivars|Apples]]'''
[[File:Aurora apples 3.jpg|thumb|The "Aurora Golden Gala" was created in [[Summerland, British Columbia]] at the [[Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre]]]]
Due to an influx of grain from the Prairies into British Columbia during the late 19th century, via the advent of the [[Canadian Pacific Railway|Canadian rail network]], the province's grain production became largely redundant. This allowed for the development of specialized produce industries, such as fruit in the [[Okanagan]]. As a result, many of Canada's unique apple varieties have been developed in the interior of British Columbia.<ref name="farms.com"/>
*[[Ambrosia (apple)|Ambrosia]] 
*[[Aurora Golden Gala]]
*Battleford<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/garden-centre/fruit/battleford-apple/ |title=Battleford Apple}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*[[Creston (apple)|Creston]]
*Golden Nugget<ref name="tasteatlas1"/>
*[[Jubilee apple|Jubilee]]
*[[McIntosh (apple)|McIntosh]]
*[[Melba (apple)|Melba]]
*[[Nicola (apple)|Nicola]]
*Nova Easygro<ref name="tasteatlas1">{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-apples-in-canada |title=Most Popular Apples in Canada}} ''Taste Atlas''</ref>
*[[Spartan (apple)|Spartan]] 
*[[Wijcik McIntosh]]
'''Beans'''
*CDC Blackstrap<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00009633e.shtml |title=CDC Blackstrap}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC Floral<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00003724e.shtml |title=CDC Floral}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC Ray<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00010401e.shtml |title=CDC Ray}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC Sol<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00007688e.shtml |title=CDC Sol}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC Sunburst<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00011014e.shtml |title=CDC Sunburst}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC Whitetrack<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00012265e.shtml |title=CDC Whitetrack}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC WM-2<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00007645e.shtml |title=CDC WM-2}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*CDC WM-3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00011015e.shtml|title=CDC WM-3}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Majesty<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00004941e.shtml|title=Majesty}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Wolfe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/english/plaveg/pbrpov/cropreport/bea/app00001285e.shtml|title=Wolfe}} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
'''Cattle'''
[[File:Canadian Speckle Park.JPG|thumb|The "Speckle Park" breed of [[beef cattle]] was developed in Saskatchewan by [[cross-breeding]] the [[Aberdeen Angus]] and [[Shorthorn]]. The "speckled" pattern for which it is named is derived from a single progenitor bull with the colour-pointed markings of the [[White Park cattle|White Park]].<ref>{{cite book | last1=Porter | first1=Valerie | last2=Alderson | first2=Lawrence | last3=Hall | first3=Stephen J. G. | last4=Sponenberg | first4=D. Phillip | title=Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding | publication-place=Wallingford, UK | date=2016 | isbn=978-1-84593-466-8 | oclc=948839453}}</ref>]]
*[[Canadienne cattle|Canadienne]]
*[[Hays Converter]]
*Lynch Lineback<ref name="smallfarmcanada1">{{cite web |url=https://www.smallfarmcanada.ca/livestock/poultry/oh-canada-a-tribute-to-canadian-poultry-breeds/ |title=Oh Canada! A tribute to Canadian poultry breeds|date=July 2017 }} ''Small Farm Canada''</ref>
*[[Speckle Park]]
'''Cherries'''
[[File:Cherry Stella444.jpg|thumb|The "Stella cherry" is the first [[Self-incompatibility#Self-compatibility (SC)|self-fertile]] sweet cherry to be named<ref name="FPS">{{Cite web|url=http://fps.ucdavis.edu/treedetails.cfm?v=1445|title=Foundation Plant Services|website=fps.ucdavis.edu}}</ref> and was awarded the [[Award of Garden Merit]] by the [[Royal Horticultural Society]].<ref name="RHS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-fruit-and-vegetables.pdf|title=Award of Garden Merit Plants - Fruits and Vegetables}}</ref>]]
*[[Lapins cherry]]
*Saskatoon Prairie [[cherry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/saskatchewan-prairie-cherries |title=Saskatchewan Prairie Cherries}} ''Taste Atlas''</ref>
*[[Skeena cherry]]
*[[Stella cherry]]
*[[Sweetheart cherry]]
*[[Van cherry]]
'''Pigs'''
*[[Lacombe pig|Lacombe]]
*[[Miniature pig|Miniature]], or "Teacup"
'''Potatoes'''
[[File:Yukon-gold-potatoes.jpg|thumb|The "Yukon Gold" potato was developed at the [[University of Guelph]]]]
There are over sixty potato varieties that originate from Canada. Many of these were developed by [[Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada]], largely in New Brunswick, but also in Alberta, Newfoundland, Ontario, and Quebec.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/eng/1299172436155/1299172577580 |title=Canadian Potato Varieties - Descriptions|date=March 3, 2011 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref> The following is a small sampling of Canadian potatoes:
*Abeille<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/abeille/eng/1312587385573/1312587385574 |title=Abeille|date=March 11, 2004 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Blue Mac<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/blue-mac/eng/1312587385659/1312587385660 |title=Blue Mac|date=March 12, 2001 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Carlton<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/carlton/eng/1312587385675/1312587385676 |title=Carlton|date=January 24, 2002 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Eramosa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/eramosa/eng/1312587385709/1312587385710 |title=Eramosa|date=December 17, 2001 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Fundy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/fundy/eng/1312587385725/1312587385726 |title=Fundy|date=March 11, 2002 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Glenwood Red<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/glenwood-red/eng/1312587385735/1312587385736 |title=Glenwood Red|date=January 15, 2007 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Island Sunshine<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/island-sunshine/eng/1312587385757/1312587385758 |title=Island Sunshine|date=December 17, 2001 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Hunter<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/hunter/eng/1312587385747/1312587385748 |title=Hunter|date=December 17, 2001 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Maple Gold<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/ac-maple-gold/eng/1312587385593/1312587385594 |title=AC Maple Gold|date=May 2, 2001 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*Pacific Russet<ref>{{cite web |url=https://inspection.canada.ca/plant-health/potatoes/potato-varieties/pacific-russet/eng/1312587385833/1312587385834 |title=Pacific Russet|date=January 7, 2008 }} ''Government of Canada''. Retrieved 31 March 2022</ref>
*[[Red Gold potato|Red Gold]]
*[[Yukon Gold potato|Yukon Gold]]
'''Poultry'''
*[[Chantecler (chicken)|Chantecler]]
*[[Red Shaver]]
*Ridley Bronze turkey<ref name="smallfarmcanada1"/>
'''Sheep'''
[[File:Lambert sheep.jpg|thumb|"Canadian Arcott" sheep, as well as the "Rideau" and "Outaouais" Arcotts, were developed at the Animal Research Centre in Ottawa, of which the word "Arcott" is an acronym for.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2012/agr/A63-1886-1992-eng.pdf|title=DSL and Arcott Sheep New Canadian Breeds|last=Fahmy|first=H.M.|date=1993|website=Agriculture Canada|access-date=December 2, 2016}}</ref>]]
*[[Canadian Arcott]]
*[[Newfoundland sheep|Newfoundland]]
*Outaouais Arcott<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wool.ca/page/outaouais-arcott-sheep |title=Outaouais Arcott Sheep}} ''Canadian Co-operative Wool Growers Limited''. Retrieved 19 March 2022</ref>
*[[Rideau Arcott]]
'''[[List of strawberry cultivars|Strawberries]]'''
*Annapolis<ref name="strawberryplants.org">{{cite web |url=https://strawberryplants.org/strawberry-varieties/ |title=Strawberry Varieties|date=April 19, 2018 }} ''Strawberry Plants''. Retrieved 19 March 2022</ref>
*Brunswick<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Cabot<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Cavendish<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.noursefarms.com/product/cavendish/ |title=Cavendish}} ''Nourse Farms''</ref>
*Chambly<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cyberfruit.info/strawberry/chambly.asp |title=Chambly}} ''Cyber Fruit'' Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Evangeline<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Glooscap<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Kent<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Mira<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*R14<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Sable<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Saint Pierre<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Sapphire<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Serenity<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Totem<ref>{{cite book | author=Royal Horticultural Society | title=RHS plant finder 2009-2010. | publisher=Dorling Kindersley | publication-place=London | date=2009 | isbn=978-1-4053-4176-9 | oclc=295002489}}</ref>
*Valley Sunset<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Wendy<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
*Yamaska<ref name="strawberryplants.org"/>
'''Other berries'''
*Aurora [[haskap]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/haskap-honeyberry/aurora-haskap-berry/ |title=Aurora Haskap Berry}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Boreal Beauty haskap<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/haskap-honeyberry/aurora-haskap-berry/ |title=Boreal Beauty Haskap Berry}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Boreal Beast haskap<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/haskap-honeyberry/boreal-beast-haskap-berry-2/ |title=Boreal Beast Haskap Berry}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Boreal Blizzard haskap<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/haskap-honeyberry/boreal-blizzard-haskap-berry-2/ |title=Boreal Blizzard Haskap Berry}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Borealis haskap<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/haskap-honeyberry/boreal-beauty-haskap-berry/ |title=Borealis Haskap Berry}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Tulameen [[raspberry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://raintreenursery.com/products/tulameen-raspberry |title=Tulameen Raspberry}} ''Raintree Nursery''</ref>
'''Other breeds and cultivars'''
[[File:Starr-160125-3568-Triticum aestivum-seeds Red Fife hard red spring wheat-Hawea Pl Olinda-Maui (26852681642).jpg|thumb|"Red Fife" wheat is named after the colour of its kernel and the [[Peterborough, Ontario|Peterborough]] farmer who developed it, Dave Fife.]]
*Brookred [[plum]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prairiegardens.org/shop/tree-nursery/prunus-plum/brookred-plum/ |title=Brookred Plum}} ''Prairie Gardens''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*Canada Red [[rhubarb]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gardenia.net/plant/rheum-x-hybridum-canada-red |title=Rheum x hybridum 'Canada Red' (Rhubarb)}} ''Gardenia''. Retrieved 16 March 2022</ref>
*[[Canola]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/96-325-x/2007000/article/10778-eng.htm#:~:text=The%20solution%20was%20canola%20(an,that%20yielded%20food%2Dgrade%20oil. |title=Canola}} ''Statistics Canada''</ref>
*[[Coronation grape]]
*Harrow Crisp [[List of pear cultivars|pear]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fooddaycanada.ca/made-in-canada/harrow-crisp-pear/ |title=Harrow Crisp Pear}} ''Food Day Canada''. Retrieved 30 March 2022</ref>
*Harrow Sweet pear<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bctfpg.ca/horticulture/varieties-and-pollination/pear-varieties/ |title=Pear Varieties}} ''BC Fruit Production Guide''</ref>
*[[Jedediah Island]] [[goat]]<ref name="smallfarmcanada1"/>
*[[Marquis wheat]]
*[[Montreal melon]]
*[[Red Fife wheat]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|border=no|Canada|Food}}
* [[Agriculture in Canada]]
* [[Anna Olson]]
* [[Canadian Chinese cuisine]]
* [[Cuisine of Quebec]]
* [[Cuisine of the Maritime Provinces (Canada)]]
* [[Cuisine of Toronto]]
* [[Jean Paré]]
* [[Margo Oliver]]
* [[North American cuisine]]
* [[Pacific Northwest cuisine]]
* [[Rob Feenie]]
* [[Rocky Mountain cuisine]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{citation |last = Driver |first =Elizabeth |year =2008 |title =Culinary landmarks: a bibliography of Canadian cookbooks, 1825–1949
  |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=B40ZbsCTjx4C&q=Canadian%20History&pg=PP1 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-4790-8 }}
* {{citation |last = Duncan |first = Dorothy |year=2011 |title= Canadians at Table: A Culinary History of Canada
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zU217JRdQQcC |publisher= Dundurn Toronto |isbn= 978-1-4597-0038-3}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cuisine of Canada}}
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/lifestyle/food/my-canada-includes-tourtiere/quintessential-canadian-cuisine.html CBC Digital Archives – My Canada Includes Tourtière]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100709215100/http://www.canadianfoodgallery.com/ Canadian Packaged Food Image Gallery ]

{{cookbook}}
{{Canada topics}}
{{Canada topic|Cuisine of|Canadian cuisine}}
{{North American cuisine}}
{{cuisine}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Canadian cuisine| ]]
[[Category:North American cuisine]]
[[Category:Arctic cuisine]]