View source for Close-mid front rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ø⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ø
|ipa number=310
|decimal=248
|x-sampa=2
|braille=ou
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x00F8.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The '''close-mid front rounded vowel''', or '''high-mid front rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound used in some spoken [[language]]s. 

The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the sound is {{angbr IPA|[[ø]]}}, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Faroese language|Faroese]], which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. This sound is represented by the [[Ø|letter {{angbr|ø}}]] in those languages of [[Scandinavia]]; by the [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] [[List of Latin-script digraphs#E|{{angbr|eu}}]] and [[List of Latin-script digraphs#Other|{{angbr|œu}}]] (using the [[Œ|{{angbr|œ}}]] [[Ligature (writing)|ligature]]) in [[French language|French]]; and by [[Ö|{{angbr|ö}}]] in several languages, including the [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] languages [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], and the [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] languages [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]]. The symbol is commonly referred to as a "slashed o" in English.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʏ}}, see [[near-close front rounded vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|ø}}, the vowel is listed here.

==Close-mid front compressed vowel==
The '''close-mid front compressed vowel''' is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|ø}}, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated [[IPA diacritic|diacritic]] for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|e͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[e]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|eᵝ}} ({{IPA|[e]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;͍ }} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angbr IPA|ø͍}} as an ''ad hoc'' symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

For the '''close-mid front compressed vowel''' that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʏ}}, see [[near-close front compressed vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|ø}}, the vowel is listed here.

=== Features ===
{{close-mid vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{compressed vowel}}
[[File:Spectrogram close-mid front rounded vowel (IPA ø).png|thumb|left|[[Spectrogram]] of {{IPA|[ø]}}]]
{{clear}}

=== Occurrence ===
Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Asturian language|Asturian]]
| Some [[Western Asturian|Western dialects]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=García|first=Fernando Álvarez-Balbuena|date=2015-09-01|title=Na frontera del asturllionés y el gallegoportugués: descripción y exame horiométricu de la fala de Fernidiellu (Forniella, Llión). Parte primera: fonética|url=https://www.unioviedo.es/reunido/index.php/RFA/article/view/10904|journal=Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana|volume=14|issue=14|issn=2341-1147}}</ref>
| {{lang|ast|fu'''ö'''ra}}
| {{IPA|[ˈfwøɾɐ]}}
| 'outside'
| Realization of {{angbr|o}} in the diphthong {{angbr|uo}}. May also be realized as {{IPAblink|ɵ}} or {{IPAblink|œ}}.
|-
| Cabrales (East)
| {{lang|ast|ḥu'''ö'''ra}}
| {{IPA|[ˈhwøɾɐ]}}
| 'outside'
| Realization of {{angbr|o}} in the diphthong {{angbr|uo}}. May also be realized as {{IPAblink|ɵ}} or {{IPAblink|œ}}.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]] || [[Amstetten dialect]]<ref name="tm82">{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=October 2014}} || || || Contrasts close {{IPAblink|y}}, near-close {{IPAblink|ø̝}}, close-mid {{IPA|[ø]}} and open-mid {{IPAblink|œ}} front rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded {{IPAblink|ä}}.<ref name="tm82"/> Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|œ}}.
|-
| [[Northern Bavarian|Northern]]{{sfnp|Rowley|1990|p=422}} || {{example needed|date=March 2017}} || || || Allophone of {{IPA|/e/}} before {{IPA|/l/}}.{{sfnp|Rowley|1990|p=422}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Breton language|Breton]]{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}} || {{lang|br|'''eu'''r}} || {{IPA|[øːʁ]}} || 'hour' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''оь'''па]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''ö'''pa}} || {{IPA|[øpə]}} || 'hamster' || 
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=46}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|k'''ø'''be]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰøːpə]}} || 'buy' || Also described as near-close {{IPAblink|ø̝ː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|Wagner|1985|p=40}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=48}}.</ref> See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Djeoromitxí language|Djeoromitxi]]{{sfnp|Ribeiro|2008|p=31}}
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[tᶴiˈʔø]}}||'man'
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Standard [[Belgian Dutch|Belgian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|n'''eu'''s]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|Nl-neus (Belgium).ogg|[nøːs]|help=no}} || rowspan="2" | 'nose' || Also described as central {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} In the Standard Northern variety, it is diphthongized to {{IPA|[øʏ̯]}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Many accents{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}} || Present in many Eastern and Southern varieties.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–135}} See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[English language|English]] || Broad [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=607}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|pp=582, 591}} || rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|b'''ir'''d]]'' || rowspan="5" | {{IPA|[bøːd]}} || rowspan="5" | 'bird' || Possible realization of {{IPA|/ɵː/}}. Other speakers use a more open vowel {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ø̞ː}} ~ {{IPAplink|œː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=607}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=591}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[Cardiff English|Cardiff]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}} || rowspan="2" | Lower {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ø̞ː}} ~ {{IPAplink|œː}}]}} in other southern Welsh accents. It corresponds to mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} in other Welsh accents and in RP.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=380–381}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=136}}{{sfnp|Penhallurick|2004|p=104}}
|-
| [[Port Talbot English|Port Talbot]]{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}
|-
| [[Geordie]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|pp=268–269}} || Can be mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} || Used in General and Broad accents; may be mid {{IPAblink|ø̞ː}} instead. In the Cultivated variety, it is realized as mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}} || {{lang|et|[[Estonian orthography|t'''öö''']]}} || {{IPA|[tøː]}} || 'work' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
| [[Faroese language|Faroese]] || Suðuroy dialect{{sfnp|Þráinsson|2004|p=350}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|bygd'''i'''n]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɪktøn]}} || 'bridges' || Realization of unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Þráinsson|2004|p=350}} The stressed vowel typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|øː}} in IPA transcriptions of Faroese is open-mid {{IPAblink|œː}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Peterson|2000}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011|p=76}}</ref> See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|p'''eu''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-peu.wav|[pø]|help=no}} || 'few' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=95, 107}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|sch'''ö'''n]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|de-schön.ogg|[ʃøːn]}} || 'beautiful' || See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Southern accents{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|H'''ö'''lle]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈhølə]}} || 'hell' || Common realization of {{IPA|/œ/}} in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|n'''ő''']]}} || {{IPA|[nøː]}} || 'woman' || See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Iaai language|Iaai]]{{sfnp|Maddieson|Anderson|1994|p=164}} || {{lang|iai|m'''øø'''k}} || {{IPA|[møːk]}} || 'to close eyes'||
|-
|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]{{Sfnp|Khan|Lescot|1970|pp=8-16}}
|[[Palewani|Palewani (Southern)]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|سۆر]]}}/sör
|{{IPA|[søːɾ]}}
|'wedding'
|See [[Kurdish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lemerig language|Lemerig]]<ref>[[#shadows|François (2013)]], p. 207.</ref> || {{lang|lrz|lēlq'''ö'''n̄}} || {{IPA|[lɪlk͡pʷøŋ]}} || 'forget'||
|-
| [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || Most dialects{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|b'''eu'''k}} || {{IPA|[ˈbø̌ːk]}} || 'beech' || Central {{IPAblink|ɵː}} in [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastricht]];{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} the example word is from the [[Hamont-Achel dialect]].
|-
| [[Lombard language|Lombard]] || Lombardy <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e8pCgAAQBAJ|title=Vowel Length from Latin to Romance|last=Loporcaro|first=Michele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-965655-4|pages=93–96}}</ref> || {{lang|lmo|n'''ö'''f}} / {{lang|lmo|n'''oeu'''v}} || {{IPA|[nøːf]}} || 'new' || One of the phonetic pronunciations of the classic lombard orthography trigraph 'oeu', along with [ø], modern orthography uses '[[ö]]' to distinguish it from the [[Open-mid front rounded vowel|[œ]]] phoneme that is rendered by letter 'œ'.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Low German]]{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}} || {{lang|nds|s'''ö'''n}} / {{lang|nds-nl|z'''eu'''n}} || {{IPA|[zøːn]}} || 'son' || May be realized as a narrow closing diphthong in certain dialects.{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Löyöp language|Löyöp]]<ref>[[#shadows|François (2013)]], p. 226.</ref> || {{lang|urr|nö‑q'''ö'''y}} || {{IPA|[nø k͡pʷøj]}} || 'place haunted by spirits'||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=72}} || {{lang|lb|bl'''ö'''d}} || {{IPA|[bløːt]}} || 'stupid' || Occurs only in loanwords.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=72}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[São Miguel Island|Micaelense]]<ref>[http://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/signum/article/viewFile/3758/3020 Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|b'''oi''']]}} || {{IPA|[bø]}} || 'ox' || rowspan=2 | Allophone of {{IPAslink|o}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Some [[European Portuguese|European]] speakers<ref>[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|d'''o'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪øw]}} || 'I give'
|-
| [[Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]] || [[Colognian dialect|Cologne]]{{sfnp|Neuer kölnischer Sprachschatz|1956|p=627}} || ''M'''ö'''sch'' || {{IPA|[møɕ]}} || 'sparrow' || Can also appear long, as in ''pr'''ö'''ve'' [pʁøː¹və] 'test'.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}} || {{lang|stq|G'''öä'''te}} || {{IPA|[ˈɡøːtə]}} || 'gutter' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|œː}}. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ʏ/}} ({{IPAblink|ʏ|ʏ̞}}). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|øː}} is actually near-close {{IPAblink|ø̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Wariʼ language|Wariʼ]]{{Sfnp|Everett|Kern|1997|p=395}}
|{{Lang|pav|cam'''ö'''}}
|{{IPA|[kaˈmø]}}
|'capybara'
|Rare; for some speakers, it is evolving into {{IPAblink|e}} in open syllables and {{IPAblink|y}} in closed ones.{{Sfnp|Everett|Kern|1997|p=395}}
|-
| [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]] || [[Hindeloopen Frisian|Hindeloopers]]{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} || {{lang|fy|b'''eu'''ch}} || {{IPA|[bøːx]}} || {{fix|text=translation needed|date=December 2015}} || Diphthongized to {{IPA|[øy̑]}} in Standard West Frisian.{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
| [[Wu Chinese|Wu]]
|| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} || {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese Characters|安]]}} / {{lang|wuu|'''oe'''}} || {{IPA|[ø]}} || 'safety' ||
|}

==Close-mid front protruded vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above = Close-mid front protruded vowel
|ipa symbol = ø̫
}}

Catford notes{{full citation needed|date=July 2019}} that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as the [[Scandinavian languages]], have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see [[near-close near-front rounded vowel]], with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|&nbsp;&nbsp;̫}}, will be used here as an ''ad hoc'' symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|øʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|eʷ}} (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

For the '''close-mid front protruded vowel''' that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʏ}}, see [[near-close front protruded vowel]]. If the usual symbol is {{angbr IPA|ø}}, the vowel is listed here.

Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel {{IPA|[ø]}} and the unrounded close-mid front vowel {{IPAblink|e}}.

===Features===
{{close-mid vowel}}
{{front vowel}}
{{protruded vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}}<ref>While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}}) state explicitly that it is protruded.</ref> || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|s'''ø'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[sø̫ːt]}} || 'sweet' || The example word is from [[Urban East Norwegian]], in which the vowel has also been described as central {{IPAblink|ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17, 33–35, 37, 343}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=140-141}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|d'''ö''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Sv-dö.ogg|[d͡ðø̫ː]}} || 'to die' || Often a centering diphthong (as in {{Audio-IPA|Sv-nöd.ogg|[nø̫ɵ̞d]}}). See [[Swedish phonology]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Close-Mid Front Rounded Vowel}}
[[Category:Close-mid vowels]]
[[Category:Front vowels]]
[[Category:Rounded vowels]]