View source for Foreign relations of Canada

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{{Use Canadian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
[[File:Canadian embassies map.png|right|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Diplomatic missions of Canada]]<ref name="GAC 2014 c263">{{cite web | title=Diplomatic Missions and Consular Posts Accredited to Canada | website=GAC | date=Jun 10, 2014 | url=https://www.international.gc.ca/protocol-protocole/missions.aspx?lang=eng | access-date=Feb 26, 2024}}</ref>
{{resizediv|95%|{{legend|#2f3699|Countries that host a Canadian Embassy or High Commission}}
{{legend|#709ad1|Interests section and other representations}}
{{legend|#b4b4b4|Countries that do not host Canadian diplomatic missions}}
{{legend|#22b14c|Canada}}}}]]
The '''foreign relations of Canada''' are Canada's relations with other governments and nations. Canada is recognized as a [[middle power]] for its role in global affairs with a tendency to pursue [[Multilateralism|multilateral]] and [[Internationalism (politics)|international]] solutions.<ref name="Chapnick2011a">{{Cite book |last=Chapnick |first=Adam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DPElbLK5sC&pg=PA2 |title=The Middle Power Project: Canada and the Founding of the United Nations |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-4049-1 |pages=2–5}}</ref><ref name="Gabryś Soroka 2017 p. 39">{{cite book |last1=Gabryś |first1=M. |last2=Soroka |first2=T. |title=Canada as a selective power: Canada's Role and International Position after 1989 |publisher=Neriton, Wydawnictwo |series=Societas |year=2017 |isbn=978-83-7638-792-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTpyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39 |page=39}}</ref><ref name="c733">{{cite book | last=McKercher | first=B.J.C. | title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge handbooks | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-66437-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGypAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 | access-date=June 17, 2024 | page=131}}</ref> Canada is known for its promotions of peace and security, as well as being a mediator in conflicts,<ref name="o407">{{cite book |last1=Courtney |first1=J. |last2=Courtney |first2=J.C. |last3=Smith |first3=D. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics |publisher=OUP USA |series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics & International Relations |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-533535-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5KomEXgxvMcC&pg=PA363 |page=363}}</ref> and for providing aid to developing countries.<ref name="p004">{{cite web |title=Development Co-operation Profiles – Canada |website=OECD iLibrary |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/aa7e3298-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/aa7e3298-en |access-date=May 28, 2024|archive-date=May 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528044344/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/aa7e3298-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/aa7e3298-en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="o880">{{cite web |title=Report to parliament on the Government of Canada's international assistance 2021-2022 |website=GAC |date=May 15, 2023 |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/transparency-transparence/international-assistance-report-rapport-aide-internationale/2021-2022-toc-tdm.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=May 29, 2024|archive-date=May 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529014333/https://www.international.gc.ca/transparency-transparence/international-assistance-report-rapport-aide-internationale/2021-2022-toc-tdm.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref> The "golden age of Canadian diplomacy" refers to a period in Canadian history, typically considered to be the mid-20th century, when Canada experienced a high level of success in its foreign relations and diplomatic efforts.<ref name="s080">{{cite book | last1=Harris | first1=C. | last2=Matthews | first2=G.J. | last3=Kerr | first3=D. | last4=Holdsworth | first4=D.W. | last5=Gentilcore | first5=R.L. | title=Historical Atlas of Canada: Addressing the twentieth century, 1891-1961 | publisher=University of Toronto Press | year=1987 | isbn=978-0-8020-3448-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pD7vTXLqkugC&pg=PA118 | access-date=Jun 5, 2024 | page=118}}</ref>

[[Canadian peacekeeping|Canada's peacekeeping role]] during the 20th century has played a major role in its positive global image.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sorenson |first1=David S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OZ6NRiL5MkC&pg=PA158 |title=The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-cold War Era |last2=Wood |first2=Pia Christina |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7146-8488-8 |page=158}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sobel |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsY3pK_993EC&pg=PA21 |title=International Public Opinion and the Bosnia Crisis |last2=Shiraev |first2=Eric |last3=Shapiro |first3=Robert |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7391-0480-4 |page=21}}</ref> Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Mingst Karns 2019 p. 63">{{cite book | last1=Mingst | first1=K. | last2=Karns | first2=M.P. | title=The United Nations In The Post-cold War Era, Second Edition | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-1-000-30674-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk2fDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT63| page=63}}</ref>  Since the 21st century, Canadian direct participation in UN peacekeeping efforts has greatly declined.<ref name="JohnsonJoshee2007">{{cite book|first1=Lauri |last1=Johnson|first2=Reva |last2=Joshee|title=Multicultural education policies in Canada and the United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8jr_pE3YPwC&pg=PA23|year=2007|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-1325-9|page=23}}</ref> The large decrease was a result of Canada directing its participation to UN-sanctioned military [[Canada in NATO|operations through NATO]], rather than directly through the UN.<ref name="McQuaig2010bt">{{cite book|author=Linda McQuaig|title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT50|year=2010|publisher=Random House Digital|isbn=978-0-385-67297-9|page=50}}</ref> Canada has faced controversy over its involvement in some foreign countries, notably  the 1993 [[Somalia affair]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farnsworth |first=Clyde H |date=November 27, 1994 |title=Torture by Army Peacekeepers in Somalia Shocks Canada |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501200128/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/27/world/torture-by-army-peacekeepers-in-somalia-shocks-canada.html |archive-date=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Canada's military currently has over 3000 personnel [[List of Canadian military operations|deployed overseas in multiple operations]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/list.html |title=Current operations list |year=2022 |publisher=National Defence|archive-date=July 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728043310/http://forces.gc.ca/en/operations-canada-north-america-recurring/index.page |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Canada–United States relations|Canada and the United States]] have a long, complex, and intertwined relationship;<ref name="The Canadian Encyclopedia 2020 s579">{{cite encyclopedia | title=Canada and the United States | encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia | date=June 11, 2020 | url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states | archive-date=October 29, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029025447/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nord Weller p.">{{cite book | last1=Nord | first1=D.C. | last2=Weller | first2=G.R. | title=Canada and the United States: An Introduction to a Complex Relationship | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GO7PGwAACAAJ| page=14}}</ref> they are close allies, co-operating regularly on military campaigns and humanitarian efforts.<ref name="Carment Sands 2019 p. 3">{{cite book | last1=Carment | first1=D. | last2=Sands | first2=C. | title=Canada–US Relations: Sovereignty or Shared Institutions? | publisher=Springer International Publishing | series=Canada and International Affairs | year=2019 | isbn=978-3-030-05036-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TT6EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 | pages=3–10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Haglung |first=David G |date=Autumn 2003 |title=North American Cooperation in an Era of Homeland Security |journal=[[Orbis (journal)|Orbis]] |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=675–691 |doi=10.1016/S0030-4387(03)00072-3}}</ref> Canada also maintains historic and traditional [[Canada–United Kingdom relations|ties to the United Kingdom]] and [[Canada–France relations|to France]],<ref name="Morrison 2008 p. 177">{{cite journal | last=Morrison | first=Katherine L. | title=The Only Canadians: Canada's French and the British Connection | journal=International Journal of Canadian Studies | publisher=Consortium Erudit | issue=37 | year=2008 | issn=1180-3991 | doi=10.7202/040800ar | page=177 | language=fr| doi-access=free }}</ref> along with both countries' former colonies through its membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Patrick |title=Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1493-3 |editor-last=Michaud |editor-first=Nelson |pages=213–214, 349–362 |editor-last2=O'Reilly |editor-first2=Marc J}}</ref> Canada is noted for having a positive [[Canada–Netherlands relations|relationship with the Netherlands]], owing, in part, to its contribution to the [[Liberation of the Netherlands|Dutch liberation during World War II]].<ref name="netherlands">{{Cite book |last=Goddard |first=Lance |title=Canada and the Liberation of the Netherlands |publisher=[[Dundurn Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55002-547-7 |pages=225–232}}</ref> [[List of diplomatic missions of Canada|Canada has diplomatic and consular offices]] in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries.<ref name="GAC 2014 c263"/>

Canada promotes [[Canadian values|its domestically shared values]] through participating in  [[International organisation membership of Canada|multiple international organizations]].<ref name="y237">{{cite book | last=James | first=Patrick | title=Religion, Identity, and Global Governance | publisher=University of Toronto Press | publication-place=Toronto | date=2011-01-01 | isbn=978-1-4426-4066-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW0-afj9KNkC&dq=Canada+promotes+its+domestically+shared+values+through+its+its+foreign+relations&pg=PA284 | page=284}}</ref><ref name="l761">{{cite web | title=How Should Canada Promote Democracy and Good Governance Internationally? | website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute | date=2018-08-01 | url=https://www.cgai.ca/how_should_canada_promote_democracy_and_good_governance_internationally | access-date=2025-03-18}}</ref> [[Canada and the United Nations|Canada was a founding member of the United Nations]] in 1945 and formed the [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] together with the United States in 1958.<ref name="Wilson 2012 p. 10">{{cite book | last=Wilson | first=G.A.A. | title=NORAD and the Soviet Nuclear Threat: Canada's Secret Electronic Air War | publisher=Dundurn Press | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4597-0412-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S-nvkPFdUREC&pg=PT10 | page=10}}</ref> The country has membership in the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[Five Eyes]], the [[G7]] and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD).<ref name="Chapnick2011a" />  Canada acceded to the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clément |first=Dominique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elteDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=Human Rights in Canada: A History |date=2016 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |isbn=978-1-77112-164-4 |page=98}}</ref> The country joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990, <ref>{{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IoputVv15MEC&pg=PA91 |title=Canada Looks South: In Search of an Americas Policy |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4426-1108-5 |page=91}}</ref> and seeks to expand its ties to [[Pacific Rim]] economies through membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] forum (APEC).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Canada Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook Volume 1 Intelligence Service Organizations, Regulations, Activities |year=2015 |publisher=International Business Publications |isbn=978-0-7397-1615-1 |page=27}}</ref>  As of 2023, [[Free trade agreements of Canada|Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements]] with 51 different countries.<ref name="GAC 2020">{{cite web |title=Expand globally with Canada's free trade agreements |publisher=Trade Commissioner |date=December 3, 2020 |url=https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/fta-ale-canada.aspx?lang=eng|archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306015044/https://www.tradecommissioner.gc.ca/fta-ale-canada.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Canadian foreign relations}}
{{Excerpt|History of Canadian foreign policy|only=paragraph|paragraph=1,2,3|hat=no}}

==Administration==
In 1982, responsibility for trade was added with the creation of the Department of External Affairs and International Trade. In 1995, the name was changed to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Canada has often carried out its foreign policy through coalitions and international organizations, and through the work of numerous federal institutions (e.g.: the Royal Canadian Mounted Police International Peace Operations Branch <ref>{{cite web |title=International Peace Operations |publisher=Royal Canadian Mounted Police |url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/po-mp/index-eng.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724030309/http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/po-mp/index-eng.htm |archive-date=24 July 2017 |date=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> or deployments of personnel by the Correctional Service of Canada<ref>{{cite press release |title=Canada Increases Deployments of Correctional Service Officers to Haiti |date=13 October 2010 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2010/10/canada-increases-deployments-correctional-service-officers-haiti.html |publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>). Under the aegis of Canadian foreign policy, various departments and agencies conduct their own [[international relations]] and outreach activities. For example, the [[Canadian Forces]] and the [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]] conduct [[defence diplomacy]] in support of national interests, including through the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outcan.forces.gc.ca/sites/page-eng.asp?page=8890 |title=Canadian Defence Attaché Network |publisher=Outcan.forces.gc.ca |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181618/http://www.outcan.forces.gc.ca/sites/page-eng.asp?page=8890 |archive-date=6 July 2011  }}</ref> participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g., the [[System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces]]), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation,<ref>For example, through the Military Training and Cooperation Program and its ancillary activities {{cite web |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/admpol/mtcp-eng.html |title=Military Training Cooperation Program |access-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429095743/http://www.forces.gc.ca/admpol/mtcp-eng.html |archive-date=29 April 2011  }}</ref> and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts.

There are two major elements of Canadian foreign relations, Canada-US relations and multilateralism.

Greg Donaghy, of Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs, argues:
:Since taking power in 2006, Prime Minister Harper's government has clearly abandoned the liberal internationalism that had so often characterized Ottawa's approach to world affairs, replacing it with a new emphasis on realist notions of national interest, enhanced capabilities, and Western democratic values.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://h-diplo.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XV-37.pdf|title=Introduction – H-Diplo Roundtable Review of ''Canada and Conflict'' by Patrick James |first=Greg |last=Donaghy |date=9 June 2014 |website=[[H-Net]] |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] Department of History |page=2 |volume=XV |number=37 }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=August 2017}}

Canada's international relations are the responsibility of the [[Department of Global Affairs]], which is run by the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]].  Traditionally the [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] has played a prominent role in foreign affairs decisions.  Foreign aid, formerly delivered through the [[Canadian International Development Agency]], has been administered by DFATD since March 2013.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |title=Federal budget folds CIDA into Foreign Affairs |date=21 March 2013 |work=[[CBC News]] |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-budget-folds-cida-into-foreign-affairs-1.1412948 }}</ref>

==Foreign aid==
{{further|List of development aid sovereign state donors}}
[[File:Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Prime Minister Stephen Harper (4308896411).jpg|thumb|Former Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] and U.S. Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] at the Haiti Ministerial Preparatory Conference addressing [[Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake|earthquake relief]] in Montreal, 25 January 2010]] The strategy of the Canadian government's foreign aid policy reflects an emphasis to meet the [[Millennium Development Goals]], while also providing assistance in response to foreign humanitarian crises. Canada promotes [[Canadian values|its domestically shared values]] such as health, education, food security, climate action, gender equality, economic stability, human rights, and democracy through multilateral organizations, including [[World Bank Group]], [[World Food Programme]], [[UNICEF]], and the [[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria|Global Fund]],<ref name="g718">{{cite web | title=Partnerships and organizations | website=GAC | date=2015-10-27 | url=https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/international_relations-relations_internationales/partnerships_organizations-partenariats_organisations.aspx?lang=eng | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> as well as Canadian organizations like [[Nutrition International (organization)|Nutrition International]], [[Grand Challenges Canada]], and [[Save the Children]].<ref name="m791">{{cite web | title=Canadian International Assistance Fact Sheet|publisher=Cooperation Canada| url=https://cooperation.ca/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Elections-Fact-Sheet.pdf | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref>

In the 2023-2024 fiscal year, Canada spent $12 billion on foreign aid.<ref name="y473">{{cite web | title=Statistical Report on International Assistance 2023-2024 | website=GAC | date=2025-03-26 | url=https://www.international.gc.ca/transparency-transparence/international-assistance-report-stat-rapport-aide-internationale/2023-2024.aspx?lang=eng | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> Canada is the 6th-largest overall contributor of official development assistance and the fifteenth largest when measured as a proportion of its gross national income.<ref name="g227">{{cite web | title=Donor Profile: Canada | website=Donor Tracker | date=2025-04-25 | url=https://donortracker.org/donor_profiles/canada#:~:text=How%20much%20ODA%20does%20Canada,at%200.34%25%20ODA%2FGNI%20. | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> Canada provides substantial development assistance, primarily through [[Official development assistance|Official Development Assistance]]  with the goals of reducing  global poverty and sustainable development.<ref name="x923">{{cite web | title=Official Development Assistance Accountability Act | website=Site Web de la législation (Justice) | date=2022-04-01 | url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/O-2.8/page-1.html#:~:text=4%20(1)%20Official%20development%20assistance,with%20international%20human%20rights%20standards. | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> In 2024, Canada's ODA reached approximately CAD$9.6 billion (US$7.4 billion), representing 0.34% of its GNI,<ref name="r452">{{cite web | title=Development Co-operation Profiles: Canada | website=OECD | date=2025-06-11 | url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/development-co-operation-profiles_04b376d7-en/canada_0c742aaa-en.html#:~:text=Canada%20provided%20USD%207.4%20billion,third%20provider%20to%20the%20region. | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> making it a significant donor among OECD countries.<ref name="h139">{{cite web | title=Development Co-operation Profiles: Canada | website=OECD | date=2025-06-11 | url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/2025/06/development-co-operation-profiles_02ffa45c/canada_6bb3f409.html | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref>

A 2024 survey by [[Abacus Data]] indicated that Canadians generally support Canada's global engagement, particularly in providing international assistance.<ref name="b139">{{cite web | last=Sheppard | first=Eddie | title=The Canadian Public Outlook for the Rest of 2024: Housing, Personal Finances, and Geopolitics | website=Abacus Data | date=2024-03-15 | url=https://abacusdata.ca/building-a-better-future-for-canadians-policy-imperatives/ | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref> A separate poll by [[CanWaCH]] found that 81% of Canadians support Canada providing Official Development Assistance funding.<ref name="m585"/> Furthermore, 77% of Canadians believe it's important for Canada to help other countries in need.<ref name="m585">{{cite web | last=Mwalagho | first=Hudson Biko | title=Nine in 10 Canadians strongly support Canada's role on the global stage, new survey finds | website=CanWaCH | date=2024-11-01 | url=https://canwach.ca/article/nine-in-10-canadians-strongly-support-canadas-role-on-the-global-stage/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CDespite%20the%20focus%20on%20domestic,contribute%20to%20solving%20global%20challenges.%E2%80%9D | language=fr | access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref>

==Federalism and foreign relations==
The provinces have a high level of freedom to operate internationally, dating to 1886 and [[Quebec]]'s first representative to France, [[Hector Fabre]].  Alberta has had representatives abroad, starting with Alberta House in London (37 Hill Street), since 1948, and British Columbia around 25 years before that.<ref>{{cite book |first=Alfred |last=Hooke |authorlink=Alfred Hooke |chapter=Chapter Sixteen |title=30+5: I Know, I was There |url=http://douglassocialcredit.com/resources/resources/alf_hooke_ch16.pdf |access-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722095432/http://douglassocialcredit.com/resources/resources/alf_hooke_ch16.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 1984, Quebec had offices in ten countries including eight in the United States and three in other Canadian provinces while Ontario had thirteen delegations in seven countries.<ref>{{cite journal
 |title=The Impact of Federalism on the Organization of Canadian Foreign Policy
 |author=Elliot J. Feldman and Lily Gardner Feldman
 |journal=Publius |volume=14|issue=4, Federated States and International Relations (Autumn, 1984) |pages=33–59}}</ref>

== Diplomatic relations ==
List of countries which Canada maintains diplomatic relations with:
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
! colspan="3" |[[File:Diplomatic relations of Canada.svg|frameless|upright=1.5|center]]
|-
!#
!Country
!Date<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linwood |first=DeLong |date=January 2020 |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
|1
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|{{dts|1 July 1926}}{{citation needed|reason=The general citation does not state when Canada and the United Kingdom established diplomatic relations.|date=June 2025}}
|-
|2
|{{flag|United States}}
|{{dts|18 February 1927}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Canada |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/canada |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref>
|-
|3
|{{flag|France}}
|{{dts|31 January 1928}}
|-
|4
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{dts|31 January 1928}}
|-
|5
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{dts|3 January 1939}}
|-
|6
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{dts|3 January 1939}}
|-
|7
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{dts|11 September 1939}}
|-
|8
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{dts|11 September 1939}}
|-
|9
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{dts|11 September 1939}}
|-
|10
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{dts|2 November 1939}}
|-
|11
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|{{dts|14 November 1940}}
|-
|12
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{dts|14 November 1940}}
|-
|13
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{dts|9 October 1941}}
|-
|14
|{{flag|Serbia}}
|{{dts|9 February 1942}}
|-
|15
|{{flag|Norway}}
|{{dts|9 February 1942}}
|-
|16
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{dts|9 February 1942}}
|-
|17
|{{flag|Russia}}
|{{dts|12 June 1942}}
|-
|18
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{dts|5 November 1942}}
|-
|19
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{dts|5 November 1942}}
|-
|20
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|{{dts|2 July 1943}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=2023 marks the 80th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Canada and Sweden. Our two countries established diplomatic relations on July 2, 1943! |url=https://x.com/CanadaSweden/status/1674728323912462336 |access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Embassy of Canada to Sweden}}</ref>
|-
|21
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{dts|30 January 1944}}
|-
|22
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{dts|30 January 1944}}
|-
|23
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{dts|4 August 1944}}
|-
|24
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{dts|3 January 1945}}
|-
|25
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{dts|16 March 1945}}
|-
|26
|{{flag|India}}
|{{dts|6 April 1945}}
|-
|27
|{{flag|Switzerland}}
|{{dts|24 June 1945}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=As part of the celebrations of 75 years of diplomatic relations ... |url=https://m.facebook.com/SwissConsulateMontreal/videos/afin-de-souligner-les-75-ans-de-relations-diplomatiques-entre-la-suisse-et-le-ca/1544046359101575/ |website=Swiss Consulate in Montreal on Facebook |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|28
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{dts|5 December 1945}}
|-
|29
|{{flag|Iceland}}
|{{dts|6 June 1947}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=1 August 2021 |website=Government of Iceland}}</ref>
|-
|30
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{dts|13 August 1947}}
|-
|31
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{dts|21 November 1947}}<ref name="ties">{{cite web |title=Countries and regions A–Z |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=March 30, 2018 |access-date=April 1, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|32
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{dts|4 December 1949}}
|-
|33
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{dts|8 December 1949}}
|-
|34
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{dts|27 February 1951}}
|-
|35
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{dts|8 November 1951}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanada: Steckbrief |url=https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/kanada-node/kanada-204872 |website=Auswärtiges Amt |access-date=6 March 2025 |language=de}}</ref>
|-
|36
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{dts|18 January 1952}}
|-
|37
|{{flag|Austria}}
|{{dts|9 August 1952}}
|-
|38
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
|{{dts|9 October 1952}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/bilateral_relations/ |title=Indonesia – Canada Relations |website=Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Ottawa, Canada |access-date=7 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207185829/http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/bilateral_relations/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|39
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|{{dts|6 November 1952}}
|-
|40
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{dts|22 November 1952}}
|-
|41
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{dts|21 February 1953}}
|-
|42
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|{{dts|20 August 1953}}
|-
|43
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{dts|22 April 1954}}
|-
|44
|{{flag|Haiti}}
|{{dts|12 May 1954}}
|-
|45
|{{flag|Egypt}}
|{{dts|28 July 1954}}
|-
|46
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{dts|28 July 1954}}
|-
|47
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|{{dts|26 August 1954}}
|-style="background:#D3D3D3"
|—
|{{flag|Iran}} (suspended)
|{{dts|9 January 1955}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Timeline: Canada's diplomatic relationship with Iran |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6389129/timeline-canada-iran-relationship/ |website=Global News |access-date=4 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|48
|{{flag|Tunisia}}
|{{dts|9 September 1957}}
|-
|49
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{dts|30 October 1957}}
|-
|50
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{dts|29 March 1958}}
|-
|51
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{dts|9 August 1958}}
|-
|52
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|{{dts|1 October 1960}}
|-
|53
|{{flag|Costa Rica}}
|{{dts|20 January 1961}}
|-
|54
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{dts|5 February 1961}}
|-
|55
|{{flag|Ecuador}}
|{{dts|March 1961}}
|-
|56
|{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
|{{dts|27 April 1961}}
|-
|57
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{dts|29 May 1961}}
|-
|58
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|{{dts|May 1961}}
|-
|59
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{dts|27 June 1961}}
|-
|60
|{{flag|Honduras}}
|{{dts|June 1961}}
|-
|61
|{{flag|Nicaragua}}
|{{dts|June 1961}}
|-
|62
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{dts|11 August 1961}}<ref name="date2">{{cite web |title=RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ |language=es |trans-title=Diplomatic Relations of the Republic of Panama |url=http://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=30 November 2021 |page=195}}</ref>
|-
|63
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{dts|14 August 1961}}
|-
|64
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{dts|16 September 1961}}
|-
|65
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{dts|8 November 1961}}
|-
|66
|{{flag|Cameroon}}
|{{dts|7 December 1961}}
|-
|67
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|{{dts|9 December 1961}}
|-
|68
|{{flag|El Salvador}}
|{{dts|29 December 1961}}
|-
|69
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{dts|12 February 1962}}
|-
|70
|{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|February 1962}}
|-
|71
|{{flag|Gabon}}
|{{dts|February 1962}}
|-
|72
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{dts|28 March 1962}}
|-
|73
|{{flag|Benin}}
|{{dts|27 April 1962}}
|-
|74
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{dts|27 April 1962}}
|-
|75
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|{{dts|27 April 1962}}
|-
|76
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{dts|27 April 1962}}
|-
|77
|{{flag|Morocco}}
|{{dts|17 May 1962}}
|-
|78
|{{flag|Senegal}}
|{{dts|1 June 1962}}
|-
|79
|{{flag|Togo}}
|{{dts|7 June 1962}}
|-
|80
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|{{dts|12 June 1962}}
|-
|81
|{{flag|Central African Republic}}
|{{dts|13 June 1962}}
|-
|82
|{{flag|Jamaica}}
|{{dts|2 August 1962}}<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2021 |title=Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations |url=http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=8 March 2016 |access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref>
|-
|83
|{{flag|Uganda}}
|{{dts|9 October 1962}}
|-
|84
|{{flag|Mali}}
|{{dts|7 January 1963}}
|-
|85
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{dts|14 January 1963}}
|-
|86
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|{{dts|28 February 1963}}
|-
|87
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|{{dts|November 1963}}
|-
|88
|{{flag|Kenya}}
|{{dts|5 May 1964}}
|-
|89
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{dts|11 June 1964}}
|-
|90
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|{{dts|24 October 1964}}
|-
|91
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{dts|23 December 1964}}
|-
|92
|{{flag|Malta}}
|{{dts|23 December 1964}}
|-
|93
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|{{dts|7 January 1965}}
|-
|94
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{dts|18 January 1965}}
|-
|95
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{dts|27 April 1965}}
|-
|96
|{{flag|Syria}}
|{{dts|20 May 1965}}
|-
|97
|{{flag|Ethiopia}}
|{{dts|13 October 1965}}
|-
|98
|{{flag|Algeria}}
|{{dts|12 November 1965}}
|-
|99
|{{flag|Rwanda}}
|{{dts|23 November 1965}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/31761115515280/page/n15/mode/1up?q=Celestin+Kabanda |title=Diplomatic Corps |publisher=Department of External Affairs, Ottawa |year=1966 |pages=8}}</ref>
|-
|100
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{dts|7 March 1966}}
|-
|101
|{{flag|Guyana}}
|{{dts|26 May 1966}}
|-
|102
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|{{dts|4 July 1966}}
|-
|103
|{{flag|Gambia}}
|{{dts|24 August 1966}}
|-
|104
|{{flag|Barbados}}
|{{dts|30 November 1966}}
|-
|105
|{{flag|Romania}}
|{{dts|4 April 1967}}
|-
|106
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|{{dts|27 April 1967}}
|-
|107
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|{{dts|27 August 1967}}
|-
|108
|{{flag|Somalia}}
|{{dts|23 June 1968}}
|-
|109
|{{flag|Afghanistan|2013}}
|{{dts|17 July 1968}}
|-
|110
|{{flag|Libya}}
|{{dts|26 October 1968}}
|-
|111
|{{flag|Eswatini}}
|{{dts|29 October 1968}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/31761115514788/page/n14/mode/1up?q=Swaziland |title=Diplomatic Corps and Consular and other Representatives in Canada |date=June 1969 |pages=11 |language=en, fr}}</ref>
|-
|112
|{{flag|Mauritania}}
|{{dts|12 December 1968}}
|-
|113
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{dts|19 December 1968}}
|-
|114
|{{flag|Burundi}}
|{{dts|27 March 1969}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diplomatic Corps and Consular and Other Representatives in Canada |publisher=Canada. Dept. of External Affairs |year=1970 |pages=11 |language=en, fr |quote=BURUNDI  S.Exc. M. Térence NSANZE 27 March/mars 1969}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Holy See}}
|{{dts|15 October 1969}}
|-
|115
|{{flag|Fiji}}
|{{DTS|10 October 1970}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Formal diplomatic relations list |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827171052/http://www.foreignaffairs.gov.fj/images/FDR_LIST_version_of_6_June_2016.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|116
|{{flag|China}}
|{{dts|13 October 1970}}
|-
|117
|{{flag|Liberia}}
|{{dts|24 February 1971}}
|-
|118
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{dts|11 June 1971}}
|-
|119
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{dts|11 June 1971}}
|-
|120
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{dts|14 February 1972}}
|-
|121
|{{flag|Bahamas}}
|{{dts|23 November 1972}}
|-
|122
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|{{dts|2 February 1973}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=CCC marks 50th anniversary of Canada-Bahrain diplomatic relations |url=https://www.ccc.ca/en/announcements/ccc-marks-50th-anniversary-of-canada-bahrain-diplomatic-relations/ |website=[[Canadian Commercial Corporation]] |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|123
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{dts|8 May 1973}}
|-
|124
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{dts|21 August 1973}}
|-
|125
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{dts|30 November 1973}}
|-
|126
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{dts|2 February 1974}}
|-
|127
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{dts|2 February 1974}}
|-
|128
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|{{dts|2 February 1974}}
|-
|129
|{{flag|Grenada}}
|{{dts|7 February 1974}}
|-
|130
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{dts|15 June 1974}}
|-
|131
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|{{dts|25 June 1975}}
|-
|132
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{dts|16 September 1975}}
|-
|133
|{{flag|Yemen}}
|{{dts|30 December 1975}}
|-
|134
|{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
|{{dts|26 March 1976}}
|-
|135
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|{{dts|29 June 1976}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2023 |title=Accreditation of the New High Commissioner of the Republic of Seychelles to Canada |url=https://mfa.gov.sc/news/accreditation-of-the-new-high-commissioner-of-the-republic-of-seychelles-to-canada/ |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=mfa.gov.sc}}</ref>
|-
|136
|{{flag|Cape Verde}}
|{{dts|20 July 1976}}
|-
|137
|{{flag|Suriname}}
|{{dts|2 November 1976}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten |url=http://www.gov.sr/media/12102008/lijst-van-diplomatieke-betrekkingen-en-visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416134520/http://www.gov.sr/media/12102008/lijst-van-diplomatieke-betrekkingen-en-visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=22 December 2021 |website=gov.sr |language=nl |trans-title=List of Diplomatic Relations and Visa Abolition Agreements }}</ref>
|-
|138
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{dts|16 June 1977}}
|-
|139
|{{flag|Angola}}
|{{dts|3 February 1978}}
|-
|140
|{{flag|Djibouti}}
|{{dts|13 June 1978}}
|-
|141
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{dts|7 July 1978}}
|-
|142
|{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|{{dts|13 December 1978}}
|-
|143
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{dts|21 December 1978}}
|-
|144
|{{flag|Saint Lucia}}
|{{dts|22 February 1979}}
|-
|145
|{{flag|Kiribati}}
|{{dts|12 July 1979}}
|-
|146
|{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|{{dts|19 September 1979}}
|-
|147
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|{{dts|19 April 1980}}
|-
|148
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{dts|30 July 1980}}
|-
|149
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{dts|20 August 1980}}
|-
|150
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|{{dts|23 September 1980}}
|-
|151
|{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|{{dts|1 November 1981}}
|-
|152
|{{flag|Belize}}
|{{dts|24 November 1981}}<ref name=":05">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230194831/http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/DIPLOMATIC%20RELATIONS.pdf |archive-date=30 December 2017 |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
|153
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{dts|14 December 1981}}
|-
|154
|{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|{{dts|11 October 1983}}<ref name=":04">{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.foreign.gov.kn/2906-2/ |access-date=1 April 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis}}</ref>
|-
|155
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|{{dts|7 May 1984}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Ambra Dickie, High Commissioner for Canada in Brunei Darussalam |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/brunei_darussalam/bandar_seri_begawan-rep.aspx?lang=eng |website=Government of Canada |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|156
|{{flag|Albania}}
|{{dts|10 September 1987}}
|-
|157
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|{{dts|21 March 1990}}
|-
|158
|{{flag|Estonia}}
|{{dts|26 August 1991}}
|-
|159
|{{flag|Latvia}}
|{{dts|26 August 1991}}
|-
|160
|{{flag|Lithuania}}
|{{dts|26 August 1991}}
|-
|161
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|{{dts|25 November 1991}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA |url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/page/2021-02-10-LIST-OF-MEMBER-STATES-OF-THE-UNITED-NATIONS--193--HAVING-DIPLOMATIC-RELATIONS-WITH-CAMBOIDA |access-date=2 October 2021 |website=mfaic.gov.kh}}</ref>
|-
|162
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|{{dts|7 January 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |access-date=5 February 2022 |page=8 |language=sl |trans-title=Acknowledgements of independent Slovenia |archive-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212090107/https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|163
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{dts|27 January 1992}}
|-
|164
|{{flag|Armenia}}
|{{dts|31 January 1992}}
|-
|165
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{dts|17 February 1992}}
|-
|166
|{{flag|Moldova}}
|{{dts|20 February 1992}}
|-
|167
|{{flag|Tajikistan}}
|{{dts|28 March 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfa.tj/uploads/main/2022/12/12-12-2022-11-21.pdf |access-date=6 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|168
|{{flag|Belarus}}
|{{dts|21 May 1992}}
|-
|169
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|{{dts|21 May 1992}}
|-
|170
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{dts|21 May 1992}}
|-
|171
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{dts|21 May 1992}}
|-
|172
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{dts|10 July 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign policy - bilateral relations |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/category/bilateral-relations |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
|173
|{{flag|Georgia}}
|{{dts|23 July 1992}}
|-
|174
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|{{dts|1 January 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Štáty a teritóriá |url=https://www.mzv.sk/staty |access-date=26 May 2023 |language=sk}}</ref>
|-
|175
|{{flag|Croatia}}
|{{dts|14 April 1993}}
|-
|176
|{{flag|Eritrea}}
|{{Dts|28 October 1993}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Eritrea Update, August 1993-2 |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada}}</ref>
|-
|177
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{dts|14 December 1995}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 |access-date=5 February 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia}}</ref>
|-
|178
|{{flag|Andorra}}
|{{dts|14 February 1996}}
|-
|179
|{{flag|Liechtenstein}}
|{{dts|12 March 1996}}
|-
|180
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}
|{{dts|4 July 1996}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930040551/http://www.mfa.gov.mk/default1.aspx?ItemID=310 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia}}</ref>
|-
|181
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{dts|14 August 1997}}
|-
|182
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{dts|27 August 1997}}
|-
|183
|{{flag|Nauru}}
|{{dts|11 September 1997}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Canada-Nauru relations |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/nauru/relations.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=international.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|184
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{dts|24 November 1997}}<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino |url=https://www.esteri.sm/pub2/EsteriSM/Relazioni-Internazionali/Rapporti-Bilaterali.html |access-date=15 December 2021 |language=it}}</ref>
|-
|185
|{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|{{dts|3 March 1998}}
|-style="background:#D3D3D3"
|—
|{{flag|North Korea}} (suspended)
|{{dts|6 February 2001}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=DPRK Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=NCNK |pages=8–9}}</ref>
|-
|186
|{{flag|Timor-Leste}}
|{{dts|May 2002}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Americas |url=https://mnec.gov.tl/index.php/node/32 |website=mnec.gov.tl |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|187
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{dts|25 June 2003}}<ref name="list">{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/?page_id=8824 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bhutan}}</ref>
|-
|188
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{dts|2006|9|5|format=dmy}}<ref name="mfa">{{cite web |title=Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa |url=https://mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213235103/https://mvp.gov.me/rubrike/bilateralni-odnosi/Tabela-priznanja-i-uspostavljanja-diplomatskih-odn |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=16 April 2021 |publisher=Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration}}</ref>
|-
|189
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|{{dts|13 March 2008}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Rapport de Politique Extérieure 2007 |url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/Publications/Rapports-de-Politique-Exterieure |accessdate=11 October 2020 |page=44 |language=fr}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Kosovo}}
|{{Date table sorting|7 April 2009}}<ref name="Visoka2">{{cite book |author1=Gëzim Visoka |title=Acting Like a State: Kosovo and the Everyday Making of Statehood |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138285330 |location=Abingdon |pages=219–221}}</ref>
|-
|190
|{{flag|South Sudan}}
|{{dts|22 December 2011}}<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=Canada - South Sudan Relations |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kenya/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/Canada-SouthSudanduSud.aspx?view=d |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415215331/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kenya/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/Canada-SouthSudanduSud.aspx?view=d |archive-date=15 April 2012 |access-date=2012-03-19 |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Cook Islands}}
|{{dts|20 May 2023}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=COOK ISLANDS AND CANADA ESTABLISH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfai.gov.ck/news-updates/cook-islands-and-canada-establish-diplomatic-relations |access-date=21 May 2023 |website=mfai.gov.ck}}</ref>
|-
|—
|{{flag|Niue}}
|{{dts|12 September 2023}}<ref>{{cite press release |title=Minister Joly speaks with Niue's Premier and Foreign Affairs Minister |quote=September 13, 2023 ... Yesterday, the Honourable Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, spoke with Niue’s Premier and Foreign Affairs Minister, the Honourable Dalton Tagelagi, to mark the establishment of diplomatic relations between Canada and Niue. |accessdate=2023-12-09 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/09/minister-joly-speaks-with-niues-premier-and-foreign-affairs-minister.html |date=2023-09-13 |publisher=Global Affairs Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2023 |title=Niue Formalises Diplomatic Relations With The Government Of Canada |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO2309/S00101/niue-formalises-diplomatic-relations-with-the-government-of-canada.htm |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Bilateral relations==
===Africa===
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Algeria}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1962}}||{{main|Algeria-Canada relations}}
Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}
* Algeria has an embassy in [[Ottawa]] and a consulate-general in [[Montreal]].
* Canada has an embassy in [[Algiers]].
* See also [[Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Algeria]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Angola}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1978}}||
* Angola had an [[Panet House|embassy in Ottawa]], which closed in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wright Allen |first=Samantha |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Angola to close embassy in Canada |url=https://www.hilltimes.com/story/2018/10/31/angola-close-embassy-canada/279784/  |work=[[Hill Times]] |access-date=January 5, 2024}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
* Canada is accredited to Angola from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
* See also [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Angola]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Burundi}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1969}}||
*Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kenya/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_burundi.aspx?lang=eng|title = Canada - Burundi Relations| newspaper=Gac |date = 20 November 2008 | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> 
*Both countries are full members of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Cameroon}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961-12-07}}||
Cameroon and Canada have established diplomatic ties on 7 December 1961<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019#Beginnings |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute}}</ref> with three agreements and four protocoles signed in 1965. Both countries share the use of English and French as the two official languages as well as memberships in the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] and [[The Commonwealth]].

* Cameroon has a high commission in [[Ottawa]].<ref>[https://www.hc-cameroon-ottawa.org High Commission of Cameroon in Ottawa]</ref>
* Canada has a high commission in Yaoundé.<ref>[http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/cameroon-cameroun/index.aspx?lang=eng High Commission of Canada in Yaoundé]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Cape Verde}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1976}}||
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/senegal/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_cabo-verde.aspx?lang=eng|title = Canada - Cabo Verde Relations|newspaper = Gac|date = 20 November 2008|last1 = Canada|first1 = Global Affairs}}</ref> 
* Canada is accredited to Cape Verde from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
* Cape Verde is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Comoros}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1977}}||

*Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1977.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/tanzania-tanzanie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_comoros-comores.aspx?lang=eng|title = Canada - Union of the Comoros Relations| newspaper=Gac |date = 18 November 2008 | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> 
* Canada is accredited to the Comoros from its high commission in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
* Comoros is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
*Both countries are full members of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1962}}||{{main|Canada–Ivory Coast relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Abidjan]].
* Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1960}}||{{main|Canada–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Kinshasa]].
* DR Congo has an embassy in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Egypt }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1954}}||{{main|Canada–Egypt relations}}
Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. 
* Canada has had an embassy in [[Cairo]]. 
* Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}||<!--Start Date-->{{Date table sorting|1968}}||

* Canada is accredited to Equatorial Guinea from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/nigeria/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada and Nigeria|first=Global Affairs|last=Canada|date=18 August 2021|website=GAC}}</ref>
* Equatorial Guinea is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the [[United Nations]] in [[New York City]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Eswatini }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1968}}||

* Canada is accredited to Eswatini from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_swaziland.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canada-Swaziland Relations |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111063318/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_swaziland.aspx?lang=eng |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
* Eswatini is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> 
* Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Ethiopia }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1956}}||{{main|Canada–Ethiopia relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
* Ethiopia has an embassy in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Kenya }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1965}}||{{main|Canada–Kenya relations}}

* Canada has a High Commission in [[Nairobi]].
* Kenya has a high commission in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Lesotho}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1966}}||{{main|Canada–Lesotho relations}}
*Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1966.<ref name="canadainternational.gc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/southafrica-afriquedusud/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_lesotho.aspx?lang=eng|title = Canada - Lesotho Relations| work=GAC |date = 20 November 2008 | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> 
* Canada accredited to Lesotho from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.<ref name="canadainternational.gc.ca"/> 
* Lesotho has a high commission in Ottawa<ref name="canadainternational.gc.ca"/>
*Both countries are full members of [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Madagascar }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1965}}||{{main|Canada–Madagascar relations}}

* Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/south_africa-afrique_sud/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada and South Africa|first=Global Affairs|last=Canada|date=27 August 2021|website=GAC}}</ref>
* Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madagascar-embassy.ca/web/homepage.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722154111/http://www.madagascar-embassy.ca/web/homepage.php|url-status=dead|title=Embassy of Madagascar in Canada|archivedate=22 July 2015}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Malawi}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1973}}||
*Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/mozambique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/malawi.aspx?menu_id=75&lang=eng|title = Canada-Malawi Relations|date = 17 November 2008}}</ref> 
* Canada is accredited to Malawi from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
* Malawi is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
*Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Mali }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1978}}||{{main|Canada–Mali relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Bamako]].
* Mali has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada has donated one billion dollars (US$, 2007) in [[official development assistance|bilateral development aid]] to Mali between 1962 and 2007, ranking it Mali's fifth-largest bilateral donor.  Canada's development work in Mali has been chiefly in the [[rail transport|railways]], [[telecommunications]] and [[hydropower|hydroelectricity]] sectors, in the management of [[government decentralization]], in education and health.
* Canada has contributed 9% towards the cost of the regional peace-keeping school, [[:fr:École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako|École de maintien de la paix Alioune Blondin Beye de Bamako]], and has provided Canadian trainers to the school.
* Two industrial, open-pit gold mines in Mali, [[Sadiola Gold Mine|Sadiola]] and [[Yatela Mine|Yatela]], are partly owned by Canadian mining company [[IAMGOLD|IAMGOLD Corporation]], and financed in part by Canada's public pension funds. Together, they contributed to one-half of Mali's industrial gold production during 1996–2007.
* In 2005, there were 73 Canadian-owned mining properties in Mali.  At least thirteen junior Canadian mining companies held exploration licences in Mali in 2009.
* Over the period 2001–2005, Canadian mining assets in Mali represented 31% of Mali's total stock of [[foreign direct investment]].
* Malian-Canadian immigrants made up 0.0027% of the Canadian population in 2006.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Morocco }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1956}}
|{{main|Canada–Morocco relations}}
* Canada has an embassy in [[Rabat]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rabat.gc.ca/menu-en.asp |title=Canadian embassy in Rabat |publisher=Rabat.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061025163247/http://www.rabat.gc.ca/menu-en.asp |archive-date=25 October 2006  }}</ref>
* Morocco has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambamaroc.ca/ |title=Moroccan embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ambamaroc.ca |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054054/http://www.ambamaroc.ca/ |archive-date=29 November 2014  }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]].
* There are 100,000 [[Moroccan Canadian|people of Moroccan descent]] living in Canada.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125175418/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/morocco-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Morocco]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Mozambique}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1975}}||{{main|Canada–Mozambique relations}}

* Canada has a high commission in [[Maputo]].
* Mozambique is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Namibia}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1977}}||{{main|Canada–Namibia relations}}

* Canada is accredited to Namibia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
* Namibia is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Nigeria }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1960-10-01}}
|
* Canada has a high commission in [[Abuja]] and a deputy high commission on [[Lagos]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/nigeria/splash.aspx |title=Canadian high commission in Abuja |newspaper=Gac |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011 |last1=Canada |first1=Global Affairs }}</ref>
* Nigeria has a high commission in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nigeriahcottawa.com/ |title=Nigerian high commission in Ottawa |publisher=Nigeriahcottawa.com |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125192045/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/nigeria-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Nigeria]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Senegal}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1962}}||{{main|Canada–Senegal relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Dakar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/senegal/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=Embassy of Canada to Senegal|first=Global Affairs|last=Canada|date=9 September 2013|website=GAC}}</ref>
* Senegal has an embassy in Ottawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ambsencanada.org/|title=Accueil|website=Ambassade de la République du Sénégal à Ottawa}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|South Africa }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1939}}
|{{main|Canada–South Africa relations}}
Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as [[World War II]] broke out.
* Canada has a high commission in [[Pretoria]].
* South Africa has a high commission in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Tunisia }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1957}}
|
* Since May 1966, Canada has an embassy in [[Tunis]].
* Since September 1969, Tunisia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Montreal.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Francophonie]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090529030953/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/tunisia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Tunisia]
* [http://www.diplomatie.gov.tn/site/index.php?a=article&id=473 Tunisian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada (in French only)]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|--valign="top"
|{{flag|Zambia}}||{{Date table sorting|1964}}
|
* Canada has an office of the high commission in [[Lusaka]].
* Zambia has a high commission in Ottawa.
Canada currently has a development assistance program in Zambia, which is focused on the health sector to provide Zambians with equal access to quality health care.  Canada and Zambia are currently in the process of negotiating a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.<ref>{{cite web
 |url= http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/tanzania-tanzanie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_Zambia-Zambie.aspx
 |publisher=Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 |title=Canada-Zambia relations
 |date=17 May 2012
 |access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref>
|}

===Americas===
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Argentina }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1940-04}}
|See [[Argentina–Canada relations]]
Canada's first ambassador to [[Buenos Aires]], began his assignment in 1945. In 2011 Canada's largest imports were decorative items [[gold]], [[wine]]s and Iron and steel pipes.<ref name="IECA">{{cite web|title=Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada Argentina|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/ResearchPublications/2012-56-e.htm|website=Parliament of Canada|publisher=Library of Parliament (Canada)|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314114201/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/ResearchPublications/2012-56-e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Canada's largest exports to Argentina were [[Energy-related products]]; telephones sets, and [[fertilizer]]s.<ref name="IECA"/> Bilateral trade in 2014 was $2.19 billion.<ref name="BT2014">{{cite web|title=Embassy of Canada to Argentina and Paraguay|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/argentina-argentine/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_argentina-argentine.aspx?lang=eng|website=Canada International|date = 20 November 2008|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=14 March 2016 | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> Both countries are members of the [[Organization of American States]] and the [[Cairns Group]].
* Argentina has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Buenos Aires]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1981}}
|
Antigua & Barbuda and Canada are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/antigua_barbuda/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada and Antigua and Barbuda|first=Global Affairs Canada|last=Government of Canada|website=International.gc.ca|date=16 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://international.gc.ca/world-monde/antigua_barbuda/relations.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada and Antigua and Barbuda relations|first=Global Affairs Canada|last=Government of Canada|website=International.gc.ca|date=16 September 2019}}</ref>
* Antigua and Barbuda is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and has a consulate-general in Toronto.
* The Canadian High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda.<ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/barbados-barbade/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_antigua-barbuda.aspx?menu_id=9&menu=L  |title=Canada – Antigua and Barbuda Relations  |access-date=22 April 2013  |archive-date=16 May 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516025137/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/barbados-barbade/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_antigua-barbuda.aspx?menu_id=9&menu=L  |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|The Bahamas}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1973}}
|The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and Canada are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* The Canadian High Commission in Kingston, Jamaica is accredited to The Bahamas.  Canada has an honorary consul in [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]].
* The Bahamas is represented by their High Commission in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/jamaica-jamaique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_bahamas.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=56&menu=L&view=d/  |title=Canada – Bahamas Relations |work=GAC |date=20 November 2008 |access-date=14 December 2012 |last1=Canada |first1=Global Affairs }}</ref>
* [http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/jamaica-jamaique/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_bahamas.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=56&menu=L&view=d Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with The Bahamas]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Barbados }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1966-11-30}}
||{{main|Barbados–Canada relations}}
Barbados and Canada are both members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a [[Trade Commissioner Service]] to the Caribbean region located in [[Bridgetown, Barbados]]. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the [[High Commission of Canada in Bridgetown|Canadian High Commission]] was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a [[High Commission of Barbados in Ottawa|Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa]] and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of [[Canada–Caribbean relations]].
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Belize }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1981-09-21}}||
The nations of Belize and Canada are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* Belize is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
* Canada is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Guatemala, City, Guatemala.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Brazil }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1941-05}}||{{main|Brazil–Canada relations}}

* Brazil has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Brasília]] and consulates-general in [[Rio de Janeiro]] and [[São Paulo]].
* See also [[Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa]], [[List of Brazilian ambassadors to Canada]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Chile }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1941}}||{{main|Canada–Chile relations}}
Canada and Chile are both members of: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the [[Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement]], Chile's first full [[free trade agreement]] and Canada's first with a [[Latin America]]n nation.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Parraguez | first = Maria-Luisa | title = Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America| journal = Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA| date =  26 March 2008 | url = http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p254561_index.html}}</ref>
* Canada has an embassy in [[Santiago]].
* Chile has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Colombia }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1953-01}}||{{main|Canada–Colombia relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Bogotá]].
* Colombia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization of American States]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Cuba }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1945}}||{{main|Canada–Cuba relations}}
Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Havana]] and honorary consuls in [[Varadero]] and [[Guardalavaca]].
* Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates in Montreal and Toronto.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Dominica }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1979}}||
Canada and the Commonwealth of Dominica are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], and the United Nations.
* Canada is accredited to Dominica from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
* Dominica is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|El Salvador }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961-12-29}}||{{main|Canada–El Salvador relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[San Salvador]].
* El Salvador has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Greenland }}||<!--Date started-->||{{further|Canada-Denmark relations}}
Greenland (within the [[Kingdom of Denmark]]), and Canada are connected through indigenous culture and language, which is shared by the Inuit across Arctic Canada and also Alaska.<ref>[https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/About-government-of-greenland International relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628022921/https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/About-government-of-greenland |date=28 June 2021 }}, GoG.</ref>
Both nations maintain cooperation and good relations through the [[Arctic Council]] and under the auspices of the [[Arctic Coastal States]]. In addition, both act as close partners at: [[Inuit Circumpolar Conference]] (ICC), [[Nordic Council]], [[Nordic Atlantic Cooperation]], and the [[West Nordic Foundation]].
Through the expansion of self-government in Greenland since 1979 both nations, but especially the administration at [[Nuuk]] have attached strategic importance to their bilateral relations with Canada in the areas of the politics, economic and trade relations and in the fields of education, science and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://naalakkersuisut.gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Groenlands-repraesentation-Washington|title=Greenland Representation in Washington, D.C.}}</ref>
* Canada maintains an embassy in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark, and a consulate in capital city [[Nuuk]].
* Greenland maintains a non-resident office in Washington, D.C., with a Head of Representation.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Grenada }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1974-02-07}}||{{main|Canada–Grenada relations}}
Canada and Grenada are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* Canada is accredited to Grenada from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
* Grenada is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Guatemala }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961-09-16}}||{{main|Canada–Guatemala relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Guatemala City]].
* Guatemala has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Guyana }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1964}}||{{main|Canada–Guyana relations}}
Canada and the Co-Operative Republic of Guyana are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* In 1964 Canada opened the Commission of Canada in [[Georgetown, Guyana]]. In 1966 it became a Canadian High Commission.
* There is a Guyanese High Commission in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
* Canada and Guyana have strong ties through the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* The [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and the Guyanese police work closely to help with [[Illegal drug trade|drug]], and [[People smuggling|human]] smuggling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karygiannismp.com/guyanaspopulationatrisk.pdf |title=Guyana's population at risk |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713135648/http://www.karygiannismp.com/guyanaspopulationatrisk.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2008/10/31/business/guyana’s-exports-to-canada-enjoyed-mixed-blessings-in-last-five-years/|title=Guyana's exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years|date=31 October 2008}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Haiti }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1954}}||{{main|Canada–Haiti relations}}
Canada and Haiti are both members of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Port-au-Prince]].
* Haiti has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Honduras}}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961}}||

* Canada has an embassy in [[Tegucigalpa]].
* Honduras has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Jamaica }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1962}}||{{main|Canada–Jamaica relations}}
Canada and Jamaica are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.
* Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a high commission in [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]].
* Jamaica has a high commission in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Mexico }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1944-01}}||{{main|Canada–Mexico relations}}

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]. Although on different sides of the [[Cold War]] spectrum (Canada was a member of [[NATO]] while Mexico was in the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the two countries were still allies in [[World War II]].)
* Canada has an embassy in [[Mexico City]], a consulate-general in [[Monterrey]] and a consulate in [[Guadalajara]], plus consular agency offices in seven resort communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/mexico-mexique/mexico_city-mexico.aspx?lang=eng|title=Welcome to the website of the Embassy of Canada in Mexico|date=7 December 2009|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* Mexico has an embassy in Ottawa, with consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and consulates in Calgary and [[Leamington, Ontario|Leamington]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/canada/index.php/es/|title=Embassy of Mexico in Canada|access-date=1 November 2025}}</ref>
* Both countries are members of [[United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement|USMCA]], [[APEC]], [[OECD]] and the [[G20]].
* See also [[Embassy of Mexico, Ottawa]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Mexico]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Panama }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961}}||{{main|Canada–Panama relations}}
* Canada has an embassy in [[Panama City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/panama/ |title=Canadian embassy in Panama City |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Panama has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofpanama.ca/ |title=Panamean embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Embassyofpanama.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization of American States]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125195048/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/panama-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Panama]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Paraguay }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1961}}
|
* Canada is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina and maintains an honorary consul in [[Asunción]].
* Paraguay has an embassy in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofparaguay.ca/ |title=Paraguayan embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Embassyofparaguay.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Cairns Group]] and the [[Organization of American States]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528010456/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/paraguay-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Paraguay]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090504001925/http://www.mre.gov.py/paginas/representaciones/Embajadas.asp?CodRepresentacion=28&tipo=1 Paraguayan Ministry of Foreign Relations about relations with Canada]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Peru }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1944-10-21}}
|{{main|Canada–Peru relations}}
* Canada has an embassy in [[Lima]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/latin-america/peru/ |title=Canadian embassy in Lima |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210133219/http://geo.international.gc.ca/latin-america/peru/ |archive-date=10 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Peru has an embassy in Ottawa and three consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]], of the [[Cairns Group]] and of the [[Organization of American States]].
* The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Peru to its list of preferred countries to receive [[foreign aid]]. This list includes 18 countries and the [[West Bank]] and [[Caribbean]].<ref name="canadaeast.com"/>
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090125175434/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/peru-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Peru]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526200525/http://www.rree.gob.pe/portal/Pbilateral.nsf/PaisTipo/DAABB39D37D1975105256C59006E2A73?OpenDocument Peruvian Ministry of Foreign Relations about the relation with Canada (in Spanish only)]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1962-08-31}}||{{main|Canada–Trinidad and Tobago relations}}
Canada and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the United Nations.

* Canada has a high commission in [[Port of Spain]].
* Trinidad and Tobago has a high commission in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|United States }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1927-02-18}}
|{{main|Canada–United States relations}}

Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared [[British colonization of the Americas|British colonial heritage]], conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the [[War of 1812]], which saw an American invasion of then [[British North America]] and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the [[World war|World Wars]] and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbour, which is ten times larger in population, wealth and debt.<ref>James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed." Tagg, "'And, We Burned down the White House, Too': American History, Canadian Undergraduates, and Nationalism," ''The History Teacher,'' Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2004), pp. 309–334  [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1555672 in JSTOR]; J. L. Granatstein. ''Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism'' (1997).</ref>

Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share [[Canada–United States border|the world's longest shared border]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long263.html|title=The world's longest border|access-date=1 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704012434/http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long263.html|archive-date=4 July 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and have significant interoperability within the defence sphere.
* See also [[Embassy of the United States in Ottawa]], [[Embassy of Canada in Washington]], [[United States Ambassador to Canada]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to the United States]]
|-valign="top"
|{{Flag|Uruguay }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1953-01}}||{{main|Canada–Uruguay relations}}

* Canada has an embassy in [[Montevideo]].
* Uruguay has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Montreal and Toronto, and an honorary consul in Vancouver.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Venezuela }}||<!--Date started-->{{Date table sorting|1953-01}}||{{main|Canada–Venezuela relations}}

In February 1948 there was a Canadian consulate-general in [[Caracas]] and a Venezuelan consulate-general in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a [[rapprochement]] with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries;<ref>''Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada'' [http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=11327 Documents on Canadian External Relations]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref> but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel to staff a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.<ref>''Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada'' [http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=11328 Documents on Canadian External Relations]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref>

In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions.<ref>''Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada'' [http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history/dcer/details-en.asp?intRefid=3536 Documents on Canadian External Relations]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref> Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.<ref>''The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela'' [http://geo.international.gc.ca/latin-america/caracas/geo/venezuela-bb-en.aspx Bilateral Relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503100742/http://geo.international.gc.ca/latin-america/caracas/geo/venezuela-bb-en.aspx |date=3 May 2008 }}. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</ref>

Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952.<ref>''Embassy of Venezuela in Canada'' {{cite web |url=http://www.misionvenezuela.org/ingles/embajada.htm |title=Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela in Canada |access-date=18 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071207023231/http://www.misionvenezuela.org/ingles/embajada.htm |archive-date=7 December 2007  }}. Retrieved 18 December 2007.</ref> Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others. In June 2019, Canada closed its embassy in [[Caracas]] due to diplomatic visas unable to be renewed under President Maduro's government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada closes its embassy in Venezuela |date=2019-06-02 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402035128/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-venezuela-embassy-1.5159498 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-venezuela-embassy-1.5159498}}</ref>

* Venezuela has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
|}

===Asia===
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}||1960s<br />1968 (officially)||See [[Afghanistan–Canada relations]]

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive [[foreign aid]].<ref name="canadaeast.com">Alexander Panetta, [http://www.canadaeast.com/front/article/581880 "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries"], Canada East website. Retrieved 3 March 2009.</ref>

* Afghanistan has an [[Embassy of Afghanistan in Ottawa|embassy in Ottawa]].
* Canada had an [[Embassy of Canada, Kabul|embassy in Kabul]].
See also: [[Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan|War in Afghanistan]], [[Embassy of Canada in Kabul]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Afghanistan]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Armenia}}||<!--Date started-->1992
|See [[Armenia–Canada relations]]

* Armenia has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Yerevan]].<ref>[https://news.am/eng/news/788882.html Canada opens embassy in Armenia]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}}||<!--Date started-->1992
|See [[Azerbaijan–Canada relations]]
* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Canada is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Bangladesh}}||<!--Date started-->1972
|See [[Bangladesh–Canada relations]]

* Bangladesh has a high commission in Ottawa.
* Canada has a high commission in [[Dhaka]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Brunei}}||<!--Date started-->1984-05-07||See [[Brunei–Canada relations]]

* Brunei has its high commission in Ottawa.
* Canada has its high commission in [[Bandar Seri Begawan]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|China }}||<!--Date started-->1970-10-13||See [[Canada–China relations]]

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade.  According to a recent study by the [[Fraser Institute]], China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totalled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fraserinstitute.org/Commerce.Web/product_files/CanadaEconomicRelationsChina.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306094527/http://www.fraserinstitute.org/Commerce.Web/product_files/CanadaEconomicRelationsChina.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Canada's Economic Relations with China|archivedate=6 March 2009}}</ref> Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007-12/15/content_6323535.htm |title=China becomes Canada's 2nd-largest trade partner |publisher=Chinadaily.com.cn |date=15 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>

Trade tariffs and other incidents in 2019, including the arrest of top [[Huawei]] executive [[Meng Wanzhou]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/huawei-meng-timeline-1.4989139| title = Huawei arrest: What's happening between Canada and China? {{!}} CBC News}}</ref> have frozen relations between the two countries.

In July 2019, the UN ambassadors from 22 nations, including Canada, signed a joint letter to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council|UNHRC]] condemning China's [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|mistreatment of the Uyghurs]] as well as its mistreatment of other minority groups, urging the Chinese government to close the [[Xinjiang internment camps]].<ref>{{cite web |title=More than 20 ambassadors condemn China's treatment of Uighurs in Xinjiang  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/11/more-than-20-ambassadors-condemn-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs-in-xinjiang |work=The Guardian|date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

* Canada has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Chongqing]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hong Kong]] and [[Shanghai]].
* China has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also [[Embassy of China in Ottawa]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to China]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Georgia }}||<!--Date started-->1992-07-23
|See [[Canada–Georgia relations]]
* Canada is accredited to Georgia from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey and maintains an honorary consul in [[Tbilisi]].
* Georgia has an embassy in Ottawa.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090125193751/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/georgia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Georgia]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111116053319/http://mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=382&lang_id=ENG Georgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Canada]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|India }}||<!--Date started-->1947-08-15||See [[Canada–India relations]]

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about [[Canadian dollar|C$]]2.45 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/trade-relations/india-canada/ |title=India Canada Trade Relations |publisher=Maps of India |access-date=11 June 2008}}</ref> However, India's [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the [[Colombo Plan]].<ref name="FICCI Economic Relations">{{cite web|url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/canada/canada-commercialrelations.htm |title=India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations |publisher=[[FICCI]] |access-date=11 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080525065354/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/canada/canada-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=25 May 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Although [[Jean Chrétien]] and [[Roméo LeBlanc]] both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the [[Pokhran-II]] tests.<ref name="FICCI Economic Relations"/>
In 2023, [[Justin Trudeau]] accused the Indian government of involvement in the killing of a Sikh-Canadian leader, [[Hardeep Singh Nijjar]] on Canadian soil. “Any involvement of a foreign government in the killing of a Canadian citizen on Canadian soil is an unacceptable violation of our sovereignty,” the Prime Minister stated to the House of Commons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/18/world/canada/canada-india-sikh-killing.html |title=Justin Trudeau Accuses India of a Killing on Canadian Soil |work=[[New York Times]] |date=18 September 2023|access-date=19 September 2023}}</ref> 
* Canada has a high commission in [[New Delhi]] and has a consulate-general in [[Mumbai]].
* India has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Indonesia }}||<!--Date started-->1952||See [[Canada–Indonesia relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/jakarta/menu-en.asp |title=Canadian embassy in Jakarta |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505233437/http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/jakarta/menu-en.asp |archive-date=5 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Indonesia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/ |title=Indonesian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Indonesia-ottawa.org |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041122/http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[G-20 major economies]], of the [[Cairns Group]] and of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090624030847/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/indonesia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Indonesia]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Iran }}||<!--Date started-->1955 ended 2012||See [[Canada–Iran relations]]
Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in [[Tehran]] in 1959 and raised to embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the [[Iranian Revolution]], Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on [[Roosevelt Avenue]] in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012, Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights and belligerent foreign policy. The [[CRGI]] is designated a terrorist organization in 2024.
* Canada has an interest section in [[Tehran]].
* Iran has an interest section in Ottawa.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Iraq}}||<!--Date started-->1961-02 to 1991–12<br />2005–06
|See [[Canada–Iraq relations]], [[Canada and the Iraq War]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Baghdad]] and a consulate-general in [[Erbil]].
* Iraq has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in [[Montreal]] and [[Mississauga]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Israel }}||<!--Date started-->1950||See [[Canada–Israel relations]]

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full [[de jure]] recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, [[Avraham Harman]] became Israel's first consul general in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, [[Michael Comay]], was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

* Canada has an embassy in [[Tel Aviv]].
* Israel has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto.
* See also: [[Embassy of Israel in Ottawa]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Israel]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Japan }}||<!--Date started-->1928-12||See [[Canada–Japan relations]]

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa.  In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia;<ref>Ambassade du Japon au Canada: [http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/Index.html  ''80ième anniversaire des relations diplomatiques nippo-canadiennes.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501200418/http://www.ca.emb-japan.go.jp/canada_f/80e%20anniversaire/Index.html |date=1 May 2008 }}</ref> and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.<ref name="mofa1">Foreign Ministry of Japan: [http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/n-america/canada/episode.html#4  ''Episodes in Japan-Canada Relations.'']</ref>

* Canada has an embassy in [[Tokyo]] and a consulate-general in [[Nagoya]].
* Japan has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: [[Embassy of Japan in Ottawa]], [[Embassy of Canada in Tokyo]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to Japan]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Kazakhstan }}||<!--Date started-->1992||See [[Canada–Kazakhstan relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Astana]] and a consulate in [[Almaty]].
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
* Canada has designated Kazakhstan as a priority emerging market for bilateral trade.<ref name="CAkz">{{cite web|title=Canada|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kazakhstan/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_kazakhstan.aspx?lang=eng|website=Embassy of Canada Bilateral Relations|date = 20 November 2008|publisher=Government of Canada | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> 
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}||<!--Date started-->1992||
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/kazakhstan/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_kyrgyz-kirghizie.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=303|title = Canada - Kyrgyz Republic relations| work=GAC |date = 20 November 2008 | last1=Canada | first1=Global Affairs }}</ref> 
* Canada is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
* Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Lebanon }}||<!--Date started-->1954||See [[Canada–Lebanon relations]]

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first ambassador. The embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A consulate-general replaced the consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Beirut]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/lebanon-liban/index.aspx?lang=eng |title=Embassy of Canada in Lebanon |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119215514/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/lebanon-liban/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=19 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lebanon has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Montreal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lebanonembassy.ca/|title=Embassy of Lebanon, Ottawa, Canada|website=lebanonembassy.ca}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Malaysia }}||<!--Date started-->1957-08-31<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/malaysia-malaisie/index.aspx?lang=eng&view=d|title=High Commission of Canada to Malaysia|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref>||See [[Canada–Malaysia relations]]

* Canada has a High Commission in [[Kuala Lumpur]]
* Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/malaysia-malaisie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada-malaysia-malaisie.aspx?lang=eng&view=d|title=Canada-Malaysia Relations|work=GAC |date=6 March 2009|access-date=9 January 2013|publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |last1=Canada |first1=Global Affairs }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Mongolia }}||<!--Date started-->1973-11-30||See [[Canada–Mongolia relations]]

* Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in [[Ulaanbaatar]].
* Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ''ad hoc'' linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980.  When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the [[International Development Research Centre]], [[Canadian International Development Agency]] and several non-governmental organizations.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mongolian-Canadian Education, Training and Research Cooperation: A Brief History, 1973–2000 |first=Wayne |last=Nelles |journal=Canadian and International Education |volume=29 |issue=2 |page=91 |date=December 2000 |url=http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/en/cie/2902/2902091.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219074525/http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/en/cie/2902/2902091.htm |archive-date=19 December 2007  }}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|North Korea }}||<!--Date started-->2001-02-06 to 2010-03-26||See [[Canada–North Korea relations]]

Canada and [[North Korea]] share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the [[Asia Pacific]] region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in [[Seoul]], and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Pakistan }}||<!--Date started-->1947-08-15||See [[Canada–Pakistan relations]]

* Canada has a high commission in [[Islamabad]] and consulate in [[Karachi]].
* Pakistan has a high commission in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacific.ca/sites/default/files/filefield/CanPak_Conference.pdf |title=Introduction |access-date=31 January 2011}}</ref>
* There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/pakistan/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=10&menu=L |title=Canada-Pakistan Relations |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca |date=3 July 2009 |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510063323/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/pakistan/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=10&menu=L |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
See also [[Pakistani Canadian]], [[High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Philippines}}||<!--Date started-->1949||See [[Canada–Philippines relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Manila]] and an honorary consul in [[Cebu City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/philippines/ |title=Canadian embassy in Manila |publisher=Canadainternational.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Philippines has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates general in Toronto and Vancouver, and honorary consuls (from west to east) in [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Charlottetown]], [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippineembassy.ca/|title=Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Cairns Group]] and of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].
* There are 411,000 [[Filipino Canadian|people of Filipino descent]] living in Canada.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025015415/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/philippines-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Philippines]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Qatar }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Canada–Qatar relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Doha]].<ref>[https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/qatar/doha.aspx?lang=eng Embassy of Canada in Doha]</ref>
* Qatar has an embassy in Ottawa.<ref>[https://ottawa.embassy.qa/en Embassy of Qatar in Ottawa]</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia }}||<!--Date started-->1973-05||See [[Canada–Saudi Arabia relations]]

Saudi Arabia is Canada's second largest trade partner among the seven countries of the [[Arabian Peninsula]],<ref name="CSAR">{{cite web|title=Canada-Saudi Arabia Relations|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/saudi_arabia-arabie_saoudite/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada-saudi_arabia-arabie_saoudite.aspx?lang=eng|website=Canada International|date = 22 May 2009|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> totalling more than $2 billion in trade in 2005,<ref name="dfait">{{cite web|date=9 May 2007 |url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/middle_east/saudi_arabia_relations-en.asp |title=Canada-saudi arabia relations |publisher=[[Canada|Canadian Government]] |access-date=4 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090311060636/http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/middle_east/saudi_arabia_relations-en.asp |archive-date=11 March 2009 }}</ref> nearly double its value in 2002, trade totalled $3.8 in 2014.<ref name="TradeCSA">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet; Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/saudi_arabia-arabie_saoudite/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada-saudi_arabia_fs-arabie_saoudite_fd.aspx?lang=eng|website=Canada International|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> Canada chiefly imports petroleum, and oil from Saudi Arabia, while The largest exporting good are such as [[cereal]]s, [[Rail transport|railway]]/[[Tramway (industrial)|tramway]] equipment; [[Machine (mechanical)|machinery equipment]] and [[paper]] in 2010.<ref name="CSAT2010">{{cite web|title=Canadian Trade and Investment Activity: Canada-Saudi Arabia|url=http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/ResearchPublications/2011-147-p-e.htm|website=Parliament of Canada|publisher=Library of Parliament; Canada|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314160454/http://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/ResearchPublications/2011-147-p-e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Canada has an embassy in [[Riyadh]].
* Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Ottawa.
* See also [[Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa]]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Singapore }}||<!--Date started-->1965-12-15
|See [[Canada–Singapore relations]]
* Canada has a high commission in [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/singapore/menu-en.aspx |title=Canadian a high commission in Singapore |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228203348/http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/singapore/menu-en.aspx |archive-date=28 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Singapore is represented in Canada through its embassy to the United Nations in New York City and through a consulate-general in Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] and of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090310005033/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/singapore-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Singapore]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|South Korea }}||<!--Date started-->1963-01-14<ref name="mofa.go.kr">{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/northamerica/countries/20070803/1_24559.jsp?menu=m_30_20 |title=Countries and Regions |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>||See [[Canada–South Korea relations]]
* Canadian soldiers participated in the defence of South Korea during the [[Korean War]].
* Canada has an embassy in [[Seoul]].
* South Korea has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the [[APEC]], the [[OECD]] and the [[G20]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}||<!--Date started-->1949–1970 official<br />1991-quasi-official
|
* See [[Canada–Taiwan relations]]
* The Government of Canada has a representative office in [[Taipei]] dealing with quasi-official affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://canada.org.tw/taiwan/index.aspx?lang=eng |title=Canadian Trade Office in Taipei |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903103108/http://www.canada.org.tw/taiwan/index.aspx?lang=eng |archive-date=3 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Taiwan has an Economic and Cultural Office in Canada in Ottawa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taiwanembassy.org/ca/index.html|title=首頁 - 駐加拿大台北經濟文化代表處 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada|website=www.taiwanembassy.org}}</ref> consulate offices in Toronto<ref>[http://www.taiwanembassy.org/mp.asp?mp=87 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vancouver OFFICIAL WEBSITE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417182826/http://www.taiwanembassy.org/mp.asp?mp=87 |date=17 April 2015 }}</ref> and Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roc-taiwan.org/cayyz/index.html|title=首頁 - 駐多倫多台北經濟文化辦事處 Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Toronto|website=www.roc-taiwan.org}}</ref> [[Taiwan External Trade Development Council]] also has offices in Toronto and Vancouver.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://taipei.taiwantrade.com.tw/flash/big/unitList.jsp?lang=en_US#N-AMERICA_C |title=TAITRA overseas offices |access-date=9 September 2015 |archive-date=28 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028054842/http://taipei.taiwantrade.com.tw/flash/big/unitList.jsp?lang=en_US#N-AMERICA_C |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}||<!--Date started-->1992
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.
* Canada is accredited to Tajikistan from its embassy in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
* Tajikistan is accredited to Canada from it embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Thailand }}||<!--Date started-->1947
|See [[Canada–Thailand relations|Canada-Thailand relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Bangkok]] and a consulate in [[Chiang Mai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thailand.gc.ca |title=Embassy of Canada in Bangkok |publisher=Thailand.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Thailand has an embassy in Ottawa, consulates general in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Montreal, and Thai Trade Centre Offices in Vancouver and Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~thaiott/mainpage.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901224852/http://www.magma.ca/~thaiott/mainpage.htm|url-status=dead|title=Royal Thai Embassy in Ottawa|archivedate=1 September 2009}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] and Canada is a member of the [[ASEAN]] Regional Forum.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080527030117/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/thailand-en.aspx Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Thailand]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->1943<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">{{cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-canada.en.mfa| title=Relations between Turkey and Canada}}</ref>||See [[Canada–Turkey relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Ankara]] and a Consulate General in [[Istanbul]].
* Turkey has an embassy in [[Ottawa]] and Consulate Generals in [[Montreal]], [[Toronto]] and [[Vancouver]]. 
*Both countries are members of [[OECD]], [[G20]], [[NATO]] and [[WTO]]. 
*There are direct flights from [[Istanbul]]  to [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]] and [[Vancouver]] (starting in December 2020).<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
*Around 65,000 people of Turkish origin live in Canada.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
*Trade volume between the two countries was US$2.46 billion in 2019.<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/>
|- valign="top"

|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Canada–United Arab Emirates relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Abu Dhabi]] and a consulate-general in [[Dubai]].
* United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Vietnam}}||<!--Date started-->1973-08-21
|See [[Canada–Vietnam relations]]
* Since 1994, Canada has an embassy in [[Hanoi]] and since 1997 a general consulate in [[Ho Chi Minh City]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/vietnam/menu-en.asp |title=Canadian embassy in Hanoi |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007113743/http://geo.international.gc.ca/asia/vietnam/menu-en.asp |archive-date=7 October 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Vietnam has an embassy in Ottawa.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Francophonie]] and of the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].
* There are 152,000 people of [[Vietnamese Canadian|people of Vietnamese descent]] living in Canada.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420175258/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/vietnam-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Vietnam]
* [http://www.mofa.gov.vn/en/cn_vakv/america/nr040819113843 Vietnamese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada]
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Yemen}}||<!--Date started-->1975-12 (North Yemen)<br />1976-05 (South Yemen)<br />1989-09 (united Yemen)
|
* Canada is represented in Yemen by its embassy in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]].
* Yemen has an embassy in Ottawa.
* [http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/saudi_arabia-arabie_saoudite/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada-yemen.aspx?lang=eng Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Yemen]
|}

===Europe===
{{See also|Canada–European Union relations}}
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Albania}}||<!--Date started-->1987-09-10
|See [[Albania–Canada relations]]
* The Canadian embassy in Rome is accredited to Albania.  Canada has an honorary consul in [[Tirana]].
* Albania is represented by their embassy in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/italy-italie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_albania-albanie.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=9&view=d  |title=Canada – Albania Relations |date=29 July 2009 |access-date=14 December 2012}}</ref>
* [http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/italy-italie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_albania-albanie.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=9&view=d Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Albania]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Belarus }}||<!--Date started-->15 April 1992<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.by/en/courtiers/america/|title=USA and Canada|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus|access-date=2018-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192600/http://mfa.gov.by/en/courtiers/america/|archive-date=15 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>||

* Belarus had an embassy in [[Ottawa]] but was closed as of September 1, 2021, as a result of Canada's condemnation of the forced grounding of [[Ryanair Flight 4978]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/belarus-closing-canadian-embassy-as-pm-trudeau-condemns-regime/|title=Belarus closing Canadian embassy as PM Trudeau condemns regime|website=CTV News|date=25 May 2021|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canada.mfa.gov.by/en/embassy/news/a6d64eb575392127.html|title=Closure of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Canada Source|website=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Canada|access-date=2021-05-25|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525231141/https://canada.mfa.gov.by/en/embassy/news/a6d64eb575392127.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Canada is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Belgium}}||<!--Date started-->1939-01||See [[Belgium–Canada relations]]
* Belgium has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates (in Montreal and Toronto), and four honorary consuls (in Edmonton, Halifax, Vancouver and Winnipeg) located in Canada. Belgium's three regions ([[Wallonia]], [[Flanders]] and [[Brussels]]) each have their own offices in the Montreal consulate. Wallonia also has a second office in the Toronto consulate, which also represents Flanders and Brussels.
* Canada has an embassy in Brussels. Canada also has an honorary consulate in [[Antwerp]], and [[Quebec]] maintains its own separate delegation in Brussels. The Canadian delegations to the European Union and the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] are located in Belgium, as Belgium houses the headquarters of each. Luxembourg is often dealt with in tandem to Belgium.
*Belgium and Canada are member states of a variety of international organizations. They include: the United Nations, NATO, [[La Francophonie]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], and the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-europa/brussels/canada_belgium-en.asp |title=Welcome Page &#124; Page d'accueil |publisher=Dfait-maeci.gc.ca |access-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616004057/http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canada-europa/brussels/canada_belgium-en.asp |archive-date=16 June 2008  }}</ref>

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Bulgaria}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Bulgaria–Canada relations]]
* Bulgaria has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.<ref>[http://www.bgembassy.ca/indexeng.htm Bulgarian embassy in Ottawa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202174722/http://www.bgembassy.ca/indexeng.htm |date=2 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bgconsultor.com/ |title=Bulgarian consulate in Toronto |publisher=Bgconsultor.com |date=4 January 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Canada has an honorary consul in [[Sofia]], and is represented through its embassy in [[Bucharest]] ([[Romania]]) for diplomatic matters. Both countries are members of [[NATO]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125175318/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/bulgaria-en.aspx Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about the relations with Bulgaria]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Croatia }}||<!--Date started-->1993-04-14
|See [[Canada–Croatia relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/croatia/menu-en.asp |title=Canadian embassy in Zagreb |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812034207/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/croatia/menu-en.asp |archive-date=12 August 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Croatia has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general (in [[Mississauga, Ontario]]) and an honorary consul (in Montreal).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ca.mfa.hr/?mv=2158&mh=370 |title=Croatian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ca.mfa.hr |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=4 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904035402/http://ca.mfa.hr/?mv=2158&mh=370 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In September 1993 Canadian [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]] in [[the Balkans]] encountered Croatian forces engaged in campaign against [[Serbs in Croatia]] called ''[[Operation Medak Pocket]]'', and claim to have engaged them in a [[Battle|firefight]].  This version of events is disputed by Croatian media outlets.
* See also [[Embassy of Croatia in Ottawa]], [[Canadians of Croatian ancestry]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090125191905/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/croatia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relations with Croatia]
*[https://archive.today/20130217155821/http://www.mvpei.hr/CustomPages/Static/HRV//templates/_frt_bilateralni_odnosi_po_drzavama_en.asp?id=107 Croatian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Canada]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Cyprus }}||<!--Date started-->1960-08-16||See [[Canada–Cyprus relations]]

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to [[UNFICYP]]. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, [[G8]] and others to resolve the island's divided status. 
* Canada has an honorary consul in Nicosia.
* Cyprus has a high commission in Ottawa.

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Czech Republic }}||<!--Date started-->1993||See [[Canada–Czech Republic relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Prague]]. 
* Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Denmark }}||<!--Date started-->1949-10-14||See [[Canada–Denmark relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Copenhagen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/denmark/menu-en.aspx |title=Canadian embassy in Copenhagen |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213024316/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/denmark/menu-en.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Denmark has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambottawa.um.dk/ |title=Danish embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ambottawa.um.dk |date=14 January 2008 |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605145138/https://canada.um.dk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]] and of the [[Arctic Council]].
* There are more than 200,000 Canadians with Danish ancestry.
* Recent issues between Canada and Denmark involve the claim of [[Hans Island]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125193725/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/denmark-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Denmark]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Estonia }}||<!--Date started-->1922||See [[Canada–Estonia relations]]
[[File:Canadian embassy Tallinn.jpg|thumb|Office of the Embassy of Canada to Estonia in Riga]]
* Canada recognised Estonia in 1922 and re-recognised Estonia on 26 August 1991.
* Canada is represented in Estonia through its embassy in [[Riga]] ([[Latvia]]) and an honorary consul in [[Tallinn]].
* Estonia has an embassy in Ottawa and four honorary consuls (in Montreal, Vancouver, and two in Toronto).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.estemb.ca/ |title=Estonian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Estemb.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* There are around 22,000 Canadians of [[Ethnic groups in Canada|Estonian descent]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125191919/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/estonia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Estonia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070718101658/http://www.vm.ee/eng/kat_176/4726.html Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Finland }}||<!--Date started-->1947-11-21||See [[Canada–Finland relations]]
[[File:Pohjoiseplanadi IMG 2324.jpg|thumbnail|Office of the Embassy of Canada to Finland in Helsinki]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Helsinki]].
* Finland has an embassy in Ottawa and 13 honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], Winnipeg, [[Thunder Bay, Ontario|Thunder Bay]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario|Sault Ste. Marie]], [[Timmins, Ontario|Timmins]], [[Greater Sudbury|Sudbury]], Toronto,  Montreal, Quebec City and Halifax.
* With their 13 [[consulates]] across Canada, Finland is the most represented foreign country in Canada.
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and the [[Arctic Council]]. 
* Canada fully supported Finland's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 4 April 2023.
* There are around 143,645 [[Finnish Canadians]]. 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080525142453/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/finland-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Finland]
* [http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17225&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about relations with Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006035455/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17225&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |date=6 October 2016 }}

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|France }}||<!--Date started-->1882||See [[Canada–France relations]]
Canada and the Republic of France are members of: the [[Canada-France Inter-Parliamentary Association]], the [[Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement]] (CETA), the [[G8]], the [[G20]], NATO, the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], and the United Nations.
In the 2007 and 2008, French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]],<ref name="canada.com">{{cite web|last=Gazette |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=079abc91-ed93-41c2-bce4-0579af73ea32&p=1 |title=Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada |publisher=Canada.com |date=18 October 2008 |access-date=31 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210643/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=079abc91-ed93-41c2-bce4-0579af73ea32&p=1 |archive-date=4 March 2016  }}</ref> Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]], and Quebec Premier [[Jean Charest]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Paul Wells |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canada-and-quebec-unite-on-eu-free-trade-accord |title=Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |date=30 July 2007 |access-date=31 January 2011 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926051959/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0013123 |url-status=live}}</ref> all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement.  In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the [[National Assembly of Quebec]].  In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada.  He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.<ref name="canada.com"/>

* Canada has an embassy in [[Paris]].
* France has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in [[Moncton]], Montreal, [[Quebec City]], Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: [[Embassy of France in Ottawa]], [[Embassy of Canada in Paris]], [[List of French ambassadors to Canada]], [[List of ambassadors of Canada to France]]

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|{{Flag|Germany }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Canada–Germany relations]]

* Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in [[Bonn]], but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in [[Berlin]].  Canada also operates consulates in [[Munich]], [[Düsseldorf]] and [[Hamburg]].
* The provinces of [[Ontario]] and [[Alberta]] have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. [[Quebec]] runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an "antenne culturelle" office in Berlin.
* In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
* See also: [[Embassy of Canada in Berlin]], [[Embassy of Germany in Ottawa]]

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|{{Flag|Greece }}||<!--Date started-->1937||See also [[Canada–Greece relations]]

* The nations first exchanged ambassadors in 1942.
* Both countries are members of the United Nations, the Human Security Network, the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], and [[NATO]].
* Greece has an embassy in Ottawa, as well as consulates general in Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greekembassy.ca/ |title=Greek embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Greekembassy.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Canada has an embassy in [[Athens]] and an honorary consul in [[Thessaloniki]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/greece/ |title=Canadian embassy in Athens |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211022408/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/greece/ |archive-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* See also: [[Embassy of Greece in Ottawa]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080801085129/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/greece-bb-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Greece]
* [http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/North+America/Canada/  Greek Ministry of Foreign Affaires about relations with Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212184325/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/en-US/Policy/Geographic+Regions/North+America/Canada/ |date=12 December 2009 }}

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|{{Flag|Holy See }}||<!--Date started-->1969||See [[Canada–Holy See relations]]

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territoriality established in Canada since the founding of [[New France]] in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of [[Paul VI]] in the 1960s. 
* Canada has an embassy in Rome accredited to the Holy See.
* Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Ottawa.
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|{{Flag|Hungary }}||<!--Date started-->1964
|See [[Canada–Hungary relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Budapest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/hungary/ |title=Canadian embassy in Budapest |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131153748/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/hungary/ |archive-date=31 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Hungary has an embassy in Ottawa, a consulate general in Toronto and six honorary consuls (from west to east) in Vancouver (two), Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/CA/en/mainpage.htm |title=Hungarian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Mfa.gov.hu |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040805/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/CA/en/mainpage.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/Toronto/en/mainpage.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804185422/http://www.mfa.gov.hu/kulkepviselet/Toronto/en/mainpage.htm|url-status=dead|title=Hungarian consulate in Toronto|archivedate=4 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hungarianconsulatebc.com/ |title=Hungarian honorary consulate in Vancouver |publisher=Hungarianconsulatebc.com |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712231513/http://www.hungarianconsulatebc.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125191942/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/hungary-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Hungary]

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|{{Flag|Iceland }}||<!--Date started-->1942
|See [[Canada–Iceland relations]]
* Iceland's first honorary consulate was established in Winnipeg, [[Manitoba]] in 1942. In May 2001, Iceland opened an embassy in Ottawa and upgrade its Winnipeg mission to an official consulate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.org/ca |title=Iceland embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Iceland.org |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/ca/win |title=Iceland Consulate General in Winnipeg |publisher=Iceland.org |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523101038/http://www.iceland.org/ca/win |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* In November 2001, Canada opened an embassy in [[Reykjavík]], before then it was represented by their embassy in [[Oslo]] (Norway) and an honorary consul in Reykjavík.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/iceland/ |title=Canada embassy in Reykjavík |access-date=22 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219040104/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/iceland/ |archive-date=19 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]] and of the [[Arctic Council]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125191946/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/iceland-en.aspx Canada Foreign Affairs and International Trade Ministry about relations with Iceland]

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|{{Flag|Ireland }}||<!--Date started-->1929-12-28||See [[Canada–Ireland relations]]

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of [[Irish Canadian|Irish migration to Canada]].  Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Dublin]].
* Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver.
* See also: [[Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa]], [[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of Canada to Ireland]]

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|{{Flag|Italy }}||<!--Date started-->1947
|See [[Canada–Italy relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in Rome, and honorary consuls (in [[Milan]] and [[Udine]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/italy/ |title=Canadian embassy in Rome |publisher=International.gc.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Italy has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ambottawa.esteri.it/ambasciata_ottawa |title=Italian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ambottawa.esteri.it |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.constoronto.esteri.it/Consolato_Toronto |title=Italian general consulates in Toronto |publisher=Constoronto.esteri.it |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714190950/http://www.constoronto.esteri.it/Consolato_Toronto |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consvancouver.esteri.it/Consolato_Vancouver |title=Italian general consulates in Vancouver |publisher=Consvancouver.esteri.it |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007112643/http://www.consvancouver.esteri.it/Consolato_Vancouver |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the [[G8]], and [[NATO]]. There are around 1,500,000 people of [[Italians|Italian descent]] living in Canada.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090206142721/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/italy-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about the relation with Italy]

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|{{Flag|Kosovo}}||<!--Date started-->2009-04-07
|See also [[Canada–Kosovo relations]]

Canada [[International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|recognized]] Kosovo on 18 March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&publication_id=385954&language=E&docnumber=59|title=Canada joins international recognition of Kosovo|publisher=Canadian Foreign Ministry|date=18 March 2008|access-date=18 March 2008|archive-date=11 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911205011/http://www.international.gc.ca/media/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Canada is accredited to Kosovo from its embassy in Zagreb, Croatia.
* Kosovo has an embassy in Ottawa.
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|{{Flag|Latvia }}||<!--Date started-->1921||See [[Canada–Latvia relations]]

* Canada re-recognized Latvia's independence on 26 August 1991. Restored relations on 3 September 1991.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Riga]].
* Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Quebec City and Toronto.
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|{{Flag|Lithuania }}||<!--Date started-->1921||See [[Canada–Lithuania relations]]
* Canada has an embassy office in [[Vilnius]], but that reports to the embassy in [[Riga]] ([[Latvia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/missions/balticstates-paysbaltes/menu.asp |title=Canadian embassy office in Vilnius |publisher=International.gc.ca |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226214114/http://www.international.gc.ca/missions/balticstates-paysbaltes/menu.asp |archive-date=26 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Lithuania has an embassy in Ottawa and honorary consuls in Montreal and Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.mfa.lt/ |title=Lithuanian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ca.mfa.lt |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and of [[NATO]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125192017/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/lithuania-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Lithuania]
* [http://www.urm.lt/index.php?339167781 Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list bilateral treaties with Canada in Lithuanian only] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216130047/http://www.urm.lt/index.php?339167781 |date=16 February 2012 }}

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|{{Flag|Luxembourg}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Canada–Luxembourg relations]]
* Canada is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in [[Brussels]] (Belgium)and an honorary consul in Luxembourg City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/canada%2Deuropa/brussels/ |title=Canadian embassy in Brussels (also accredited to Luxembourg) |publisher=International.gc.ca |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Luxembourg is represented in Canada through its embassy in Washington, D.C. (US), and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver).<ref>[http://www.luxembourg-usa.org/  Luxembourg embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322023425/http://www.luxembourg-usa.org/ |date=22 March 2009 }}</ref>
* Canada's Luxembourg relations are conducted through Canada's embassy in Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Global Affairs |date=2019-10-01 |title=Canada-Luxembourg relations |url=https://www.international.gc.ca/country-pays/luxembourg/relations.aspx?lang=eng |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=GAC}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] and of [[NATO]].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080523210245/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/luxembourg-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg]

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|{{Flag|Malta }}||<!--Date started-->1964||See [[Canada–Malta relations]]
* Canada is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consul in Valletta.
* Malta is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States. The Ambassador of Malta to the United States also serves as [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] of Malta to Canada.
* Malta has a consulate general in Toronto and four honorary consuls in (from west to east) Vancouver, Edmonton, [[Laval, Quebec|Laval]] and [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Maltese Consular Representations Overseas: Canada |url=https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Pages/Maltese%20Consular%20Representations%20Overseas/Canada.aspx |website=Ministry for Foreign and European Affairs |publisher=Government of Malta |access-date=12 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* Canada hosts a large Maltese immigrant community.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081016102536/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/Malta-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Malta]

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|{{Flag|Netherlands }}||<!--Date started-->1939-01||See [[Canada–Netherlands relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[The Hague]].
* The Netherlands has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver.

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|{{Flag|North Macedonia}}||<!--Date started-->1995||See [[Canada–North Macedonia relations]]

*[[North Macedonia]] and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
* Canada is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
* North Macedonia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

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|{{Flag|Norway }}||<!--Date started-->1942||See [[Canada–Norway relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Oslo]].
* Norway has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
* Both countries are full members of the [[Arctic Council]], of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], of [[NATO]] and of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].

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|{{Flag|Poland }}||<!--Date started-->1935||See [[Canada–Poland relations]]

* The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Warsaw]].
* Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
* There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada.
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]] and [[OECD]].

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|{{flag|Portugal }}||<!--Date started-->January 1952||See [[Canada–Portugal relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Lisbon]].
* Portugal has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.

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|{{Flag|Romania }}||<!--Date started-->1967-04-03
|See [[Canada–Romania relations]]
* Canada sent its first resident ambassador in December 1976, and has an embassy in [[Bucharest]].<ref>[http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/romania/menu-en.asp Canadian embassy in Bucharest] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827080617/http://geo.international.gc.ca/canada-europa/romania/menu-en.asp |date=27 August 2008 }}</ref>
* Romania has an embassy in Ottawa, opened in 1967, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.romaniacanada.com/ |title=Romanian Consulate General in Toronto |publisher=Romaniacanada.com |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are members of [[NATO]].
* See also: [[Canadians of Romanian descent]], [[Embassy of Canada in Bucharest]], [[Embassy of Romania in Ottawa]]
* [https://archive.today/20070731040928/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/romania-bb-en.aspx Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Office about relations with Romania]
* [http://www.mae.ro/index.php?unde=doc&id=5520&idlnk=1&cat=3 Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada]

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|{{Flag|Russia }}||<!--Date started-->1942-06-12||See [[Canada–Russia relations]]

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Moscow]].
* Russia has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal and Toronto

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|{{Flag|Serbia }}||<!--Date started-->
|See [[Canada–Serbia relations]]
* Canada has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.gc.ca/missions/serbia-serbie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124032321/http://www.international.gc.ca/missions/serbia-serbie/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2011 |title=Canadian embassy in Belgrade |publisher=International.gc.ca |access-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>
* Serbia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate general in Toronto and honorary consuls (in Montreal and Vancouver).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.serbianembassy.ca/index_files/index_e.htm |title=Serbian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Serbianembassy.ca |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706202853/http://www.serbianembassy.ca/index_files/index_e.htm |archive-date=6 July 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gktoronto.com/ |title=Serbian general consulate in Toronto |publisher=Gktoronto.com |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* There are around 150,000 people of [[Serbian diaspora|Serbian descent]] living in Canada.
* [http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/serbia-serbie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_serbia-serbie.aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=36&menu=L Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Serbia]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/Canada/index_e.html Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada]

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|{{Flag|Slovakia }}||<!--Date started-->1993-01-01
|
* Canada is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Prague, Czech Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.cz/ |title=Canadian embassy in Prague (also accredited to Slovakia) |publisher=Canada.cz |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Slovakia has an embassy in Ottawa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ottawa.mfa.sk/App/WCM/ZU/OttawaZU/main.nsf?Open |title=Slovak embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ottawa.mfa.sk |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110327140915/http://www.ottawa.mfa.sk/App/WCM/ZU/OttawaZU/main.nsf?Open |archive-date=27 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]].
* There are around 100,000 people of [[Slovaks|Slovak descent]] living in Canada.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080525142922/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/slovak-republic-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign affairs and Trade about the relation with Slovakia]

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|{{Flag|Slovenia }}||<!--Date started-->1992||See [[Canada–Slovenia relations]]

* Canada recognized Slovenian independence in January 1992, and established diplomatic relations a year later.
* Canada is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary, and through an honorary consul in [[Ljubljana]].
* Slovenia has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ottawa.embassy.si/en |title=Slovenian embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Ottawa.embassy.si |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* There are more than 35,000 Slovenes who live in Canada.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517133921/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/slovenia-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Slovenia]

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|{{Flag|Spain }}||<!--Date started-->1935||See [[Canada–Spain relations]]

* Canada has an embassy in [[Madrid]] and consulates in [[Barcelona]] and [[Málaga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/spain-espagne/contact-contactez.aspx?lang=eng|title=Contact Us|first=Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=18 September 2009|website=www.canadainternational.gc.ca}}</ref>
* Spain has an embassy in Ottawa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/Ottawa/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx|title=Embassy of Spain in Ottawa}}</ref> and consulates-general in Montreal<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Montreal/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx|title=Consulate-General of Spain in Montreal|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627074729/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/consulados/montreal/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/Toronto/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx|title=Consulate-General of Spain in Toronto|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=27 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627073439/http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/TORONTO/es/Paginas/inicio.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].
* There are 213,000 people of [[Hispanic|Spanish descent]] living in Canada.
* In 1995, a [[Turbot War|fishing dispute]] between the two countries broke out after Canadian Officials boarded a Spanish vessel in international waters.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090125175449/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/spain-en.aspx Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade about relations with Spain]
* [http://www.maec.es/es/MenuPpal/Paises/ArbolPaises/Canada/Monografia/Documents/Canadá.pdf Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation about relations with Canada (in Spanish only)]

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|{{Flag|Sweden }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Canada–Sweden relations]]

Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.{{Dubious|date=November 2012}} In additional, there are [[Swedish Canadian|more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=6 October 2010 |access-date=3 June 2011 |archive-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101151108/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 
* Canada has an embassy in [[Stockholm]] and honorary consulates in [[Gothenburg]] and [[Malmö]]. 
* Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and ten honorary consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, [[Fredericton]], Halifax, Montreal, [[Quebec City]], [[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]], Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.
* Both countries are full members of [[NATO]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and of the [[Arctic Council]]. 
* Canada fully supported Sweden's application to join NATO, which resulted in membership on 7 March 2024.
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|{{Flag|Switzerland }}||<!--Date started-->1945
|See [[Canada–Switzerland relations]]
* The first Swiss consulate opened in Montreal in 1875.
* Canada has an embassy in [[Bern]] and a United Nations mission in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bern.gc.ca/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214133226/http://www.bern.gc.ca/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2004 |title=Canadian embassy in Bern |publisher=Bern.gc.ca |date=17 December 2009 |access-date=3 June 2011 }}</ref>
* Switzerland has an embassy in Ottawa, and consulates general (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver) and honorary consuls (in Calgary, Halifax, Quebec City and Winnipeg).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/nameri/vcan/canott.html |title=Swiss embassy in Ottawa |publisher=Eda.admin.ch |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Francophonie]].
* [https://archive.today/20070731040928/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/switzerland-bb-en.aspx Canadian Foreign Affairs and International Trade Department about relations with Switzerland]
* [http://www.eda.admin.ch/eda/en/home/reps/nameri/vcan/bilkan.html Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Ukraine }}||<!--Date started-->1992||See [[Canada–Ukraine relations]], [[Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa]]

Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992.<ref>For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), ''Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.</ref> Canada opened its embassy in [[Kyiv]]<ref>The capital of Ukraine is officially recognized by both the Canadian and Ukrainian governments as ''Kyiv'' in all English communications (although not in French).</ref> In April 1992, and the [[Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa]] opened in October of that same year,<ref name="ukremb">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ua/canada/en/publication/content/7979.htm |title=Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs |publisher=Mfa.gov.ua |access-date=3 June 2011}}</ref> paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community.  Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993<ref name="ukremb"/><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.ua/canada/en/publication/content/7979.htm Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs],</ref> and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.<ref name="edmjournal">{{cite web |last=Edmonton |first=The |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/local/story.html?id=26c438a2-4fad-4bc8-ad0e-0f17d70225fa&k=66349 |title=Edmonton Journal |publisher=Canada.com |date=20 December 2007 |access-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103152320/http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/local/story.html?id=26c438a2-4fad-4bc8-ad0e-0f17d70225fa&k=66349 |archive-date=3 November 2012  }}</ref>

The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the [[Treaty of Friendship (disambiguation)|joint declaration of the "Special Partnership"]] between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.<ref name="ukremb"/>

* Canada has an embassy in [[Kyiv]] and a consulate in [[Lviv]].
* Ukraine has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto.

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}|| 1926
|See [[Canada–United Kingdom relations]]
[[File:Starmer and Carney 2025-03-17-18-44.jpg|thumb|right|[[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Mark Carney]] with [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime minister]] [[Keir Starmer]] in London, March 2025.]]
Canada established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] on 1 July 1926.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} Both countries are [[Commonwealth Realms]].
*Canada maintains a [[High Commission of Canada, London|high commission]] in London.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Diplomat Magazine|title=Canada|url=https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/north-america/canada/|date=2 February 2020|website=Diplomat Magazine|access-date=14 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513004044/https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/north-america/canada/|archive-date=13 May 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The United Kingdom is accredited to Canada through its [[High Commission of the United Kingdom, Ottawa|high commission]] in Ottawa, and consulate generals in Calgary, Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-ottawa|title=British High Commission Ottawa|website=[[gov.uk|GOV.UK]]|access-date=26 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425152637/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-ottawa|archive-date=25 April 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

The UK governed [[British North America|Canada]] from 1783 to 1931, when Canada achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,<ref>{{cite news|last=Politi|first=James|date=19 September 2023|title=US unveils Atlantic co-operation pact|website=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/56706df4-f39b-4ab5-8acf-b252176d172d|access-date=19 January 2024|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119085952/https://www.ft.com/content/56706df4-f39b-4ab5-8acf-b252176d172d|archive-date=19 January 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|CPTPP]], [[Five Eyes]], the [[G7]], the [[G20]], the [[International Criminal Court]], [[NATO]], the [[OECD]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[UKUSA Agreement]], the [[United Nations]], and the [[World Trade Organization]]. Bilaterally the two countries have a Double Taxation Convention,<ref>{{cite web|author=HM Revenue and Customs|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/canada-tax-treaties|date=25 January 2015|title=Canada: tax treaties|website=GOV.UK|access-date=14 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408171734/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/canada-tax-treaties|archive-date=8 April 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Canada–United Kingdom Trade Continuity Agreement|Trade Continuity Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cameron-Chileshe|first=Jasmine|website=Financial Times|location=London|title=UK and Canada seal rollover trade deal|url=https://www.ft.com/content/45d3f14f-3f1f-4155-b217-c6145bb88754|date=21 November 2020|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121175120/https://www.ft.com/content/45d3f14f-3f1f-4155-b217-c6145bb88754|archive-date=21 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Oceania ===
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable" 
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Country
! style="width:11%;"| Formal relations began
! style="width:74%;"| Notes

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Australia }}||<!--Date started-->1939-09-12||See [[Australia–Canada relations]]
The Commonwealth of Australia and Canada are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]], the G20, and the United Nations.
* Australia has a high commission in Ottawa and a consulate-general in Toronto and a consulate in Vancouver
* Canada has a high commission in [[Canberra]] and a consulate-general in [[Sydney]].
* See also [[High Commission of Australia in Ottawa]], [[High Commission of Canada in Australia]], [[List of high commissioners of Australia to Canada]], [[List of high commissioners of Canada to Australia]]

|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|New Zealand }}||<!--Date started-->1942||See [[Canada–New Zealand relations]]
Canada and New Zealand are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations, the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership]], the G20, and the United Nations.
New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common [[Head of State]], currently {{Current Canadian monarch |Charles III}}. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.
* Canada has a high commission in [[Wellington]] and a consulate in [[Auckland]].
* New Zealand has a high commission in Ottawa and a trade office in Vancouver.
* See also [[List of high commissioners of New Zealand to Canada]], [[List of high commissioners of Canada to New Zealand]]
|- valign="top"
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}||9 August 1976||

* Canada is accredited to Papua New Guinea from its High Commission in Canberra, Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/australia-australie/index.aspx?lang=eng|title=The High Commission of Canada in Australia|first=Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada|last=Government of Canada|website=GAC|date=9 September 2013|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
* Papua New Guinea is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref name="US">{{cite web|url=http://www.pngembassy.org/|title=Embassy of Papua New Guinea to the Americas, Washington, DC|website=www.pngembassy.org|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
|{{Flag|Solomon Islands }}||<!--Date started-->7 July 1978||
Canada and the Solomon Islands are two of fifteen [[commonwealth realms]], members of: the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.
*Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1978.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/australia-australie/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_solomons-salomons.aspx?lang=eng|title=Canada – Solomon Islands Relations|date=3 June 2009}}</ref> 
* Canada is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its high commission in Wellington, New Zealand.
* Solomon Islands is accredited to Canada from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, New York.
*Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].

|}

==Other bilateral and plurilateral relations==
One important difference between Canadian and American foreign policy has been in relations with [[communist]] governments. Canada established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (13 October 1970) long before the Americans did (1 January 1979). It also has maintained trade and diplomatic relations with communist [[Cuba]], despite pressures from the United States.

===Arms Control===
{{Main|Canadian Arms trade}}
[[File:Automatic Firearms Country Control List (AFCCL).png|thumb|350px|right|Countries on the Canadian Automatic Firearms Country Control List]]
Canadian Government guidance for export controls on weapons systems is published by Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-91-575/page-2.html#h-1|title = Consolidated federal laws of canada, Automatic Firearms Country Control List|date = 14 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/SOR-91-575.pdf |title=Automatic Firearms Country Control List SOR/91-575 |date=19 August 2022 |publisher=[[Minister of justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice]] }}</ref> Automatic Firearms Country Control List, comprises a list of approved export nations which include as of 2014; (Albania, Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States).

===Selected dates of diplomatic representation abroad===
*Australia – 1939 – first high commissioner [[Charles Jost Burchell|Charles Burchell]]
*Belgium – January 1939 – first ambassador [[Jean Désy]]
*China – 1943 – first ambassador General [[Victor Odlum]]
*France – 1882 – agent without diplomatic status [[Hector Fabre]]
*France – 1928 – first minister [[Philippe Roy]]
*France – 1944 – first ambassador [[George Philias Vanier]]
*International Criminal Court – 2003 – first Judge-President [[Philippe Kirsch]]
*Japan – May 1929 – first minister Sir [[Herbert Marler]]
*Mexico – January 1944 – first ambassador [[William Ferdinand Alphonse Turgeon]]
*Netherlands – January 1939 – first ambassador [[Jean Désy]]
*Newfoundland – 1941 – first high commissioner [[Charles Jost Burchell|Charles Burchell]]
*United Kingdom – 1880 – first high commissioner Sir [[Alexander Galt]]
*United Nations – first ambassador General [[Andrew McNaughton]]
*United States of America – 1926 – first minister [[Vincent Massey]]

==Multilateralism==
{{Further|Canadian peacekeeping}}
[[File:ANP officers and leaders move toward self-sufficiency DVIDS347314.jpg|thumb|Constable Lorant Haged, [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] and instructor at the leadership and management course, looks at a target after the [[Afghan National Police]] (ANP) ceased fire at a 9mm familirization range 3 Dec.. The ANP are attending a six-month Leadership and Management course where they will also take a criminal Investigation course, leadership and management classes and Rule of Law. The intent of the school is teach the ANP officers and leaders at an advanced level of training that will help them become more effective in running police sub-stations.]]
Canada is and has been a strong supporter of [[multilateralism]]. The country is one of the world's leading [[peacekeeping|peacekeepers]], sending soldiers under the U.N. authority around the world.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/cdnmilitary/peacekeeping.html
|title = The history of Canadian peacekeeping
|publisher = CBC
|access-date = 10 July 2012}}</ref> Canadian former Minister of Foreign Affairs and subsequent Prime Minister, [[Lester B. Pearson]], is credited for his contributions to modern international peacekeeping, for which he won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1957.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1957/pearson-bio.html
|title = Biography – Lester Bowles Pearson
|publisher = nobelprize.org
|access-date = 10 July 2012}}</ref> Canada is committed to disarmament, and is especially noted for its leadership in the [[Ottawa Convention|1997 Convention in Ottawa]] on the prohibition of the use, stockpiling, production and transfer of [[land mine|anti-personnel mines]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/CA826818C8330D2BC1257180004B1B2E?OpenDocument
|title = Disarmament – Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention
|publisher = The United Nations Office at Geneva
|access-date = 10 July 2012}}</ref>

In the last century Canada has made efforts to reach out to the rest of the world and promoting itself as a "[[middle power]]" able to work with large and small nations alike. This was demonstrated during the [[Suez Crisis]] when [[Lester B. Pearson]] mollified the tension by proposing [[peacekeeping]] efforts and the inception of the [[UN peacekeeping|United Nations Peacekeeping Force]]. In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in [[peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping efforts]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/peacefact
|title = Canada and International Peace Efforts
|publisher = Veterans Affairs Canada
|access-date = 10 July 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120712075654/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/teach_resources/peacefact
|archive-date = 12 July 2012
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Canada has long been reluctant to participate in military operations that are not sanctioned by the United Nations, such as the [[Vietnam War]] or the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 Invasion of Iraq]], but does join in sanctioned operations such as the first [[Gulf War]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Libya]].  It participated with its NATO and [[Organization of American States|OAS]] allies in the [[Kosovo Conflict]] and in [[Haiti]] respectively.

Despite Canada's track record as a liberal democracy that has embraced the values of the [[United Nations Declaration of Human Rights|UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], Canada has not been involved in any major plan for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council]]; although the Canadian government does support UN reform, in order to strengthen UN efficiency and effectiveness.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/prmny-mponu/canada_un-canada_onu/positions-orientations/un_reform-reforme_onu.aspx?lang=eng&view=d
|title = United Nations Reform
|publisher = Government of Canada
|access-date = 10 July 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150930132639/http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/prmny-mponu/canada_un-canada_onu/positions-orientations/un_reform-reforme_onu.aspx?lang=eng&view=d
|archive-date = 30 September 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

===Canada’s relations within the Americas===
Canada joined the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) in 1990 and has been an active member, hosting the OAS General Assembly in [[Windsor, Ontario]], in June 2000.

==== Canada–Caribbean relations ====
{{Main|Canada–Caribbean relations}}
Many [[Caribbean Community]] countries turn to Canada as a valued partner.<ref>{{cite news |title=Carrington: lauds Canada as 'special friend' of region |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2009/stories/10/11/carrington-lauds-canada-as-%E2%80%98special-friend%E2%80%99-of-region/ |newspaper=Stabroek Newspaper |quote=In brief remarks at the signing, Secretary-General Carrington expressed appreciation to the Government of Canada for its support, and pointed out that over the years "Canada had proven to be a "special friend" of the Caribbean at the regional and bilateral levels." "Our relations with the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) have grown to the extent that "it is now considered to be a highly valued international development partner for the region." Among the many important areas in which CIDA has provided grant assistance to the region has been that of trade and competitiveness, a most vital area as the region seeks to secure its place in the international economic and trading arena," the release quoted the Secretary-General as saying. }}</ref> Canadians, particularly Canadian banks and utility companies play an important economic role in the development of former [[British West Indies]] colonies. Efforts to improve trade have included the idea of concluding a free trade agreement to replace the 1986 bilateral [[CARIBCAN]] agreement. At various times, several Caribbean countries have also considered joining [[Canadian Confederation]] as [[provincial creationism|new provinces or territories]], although no Caribbean nation has implemented such a proposal. Note that many Caribbean countries are also involved in the Commonwealth of Nations, below.

=== Canada–Commonwealth of Nations ===
{{Main|Canada–United Kingdom relations|Canada–New Zealand relations||Australia–Canada relations}}
Canada maintains close links to the United Kingdom and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s, with which Canada has strong historic ties and shares a monarch. It also remains a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].

===Canada–Europe and Canada–European Union relations===
{{Main|Canada–European Union relations|Transatlantic relations}}Canada is an active participant in discussions stemming from the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE).

Two overseas territories of EU members, [[Greenland]] (Denmark) and [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] (France) lie adjacent to Canadian territorial waters.

===International organizations===
[[File:G7 summit 2015.jpg|right|thumb|Former Canadian Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] at [[41st G7 summit|2015 G7 summit]] with [[Shinzō Abe]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Angela Merkel]], [[François Hollande]], [[David Cameron]], and [[Matteo Renzi]] in [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]]]]
Canada is a member of the following organizations:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/ |title=CIA World Factbook – Canada |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=10 March 2011}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=26em}}
*[[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) (nonregional member)
*[[African Development Bank]] (AfDB) (nonregional member)
*[[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC)
*[[Arctic Council]]
*[[ASEAN Regional Forum]] (ARF)
*[[Association of Caribbean States]] (ACS) (observer and partner)
*[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) (dialogue partner)
*[[Australia Group]]
*[[Bank for International Settlements]] (BIS)
*[[Caribbean Development Bank]] (CDB) (nonregional member)
*[[Caribbean Postal Union]] (CPU)
*[[Commonwealth of Nations]]
*[[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] (EAPC)
*[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD)
*[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)
*[[Financial Action Task Force]] (FATF)
*[[Group of Seven]] (G7) –
*[[Group of Eight]] (G8)
*[[Group of Ten (economic)|Group of Ten]] (G-10)
*[[Group of Twenty]] (G-20)
*[[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB)
*[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)
*[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD) (also known as the World Bank)
*[[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
*[[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC)
*[[International Criminal Court]] (ICCt)
*[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] (ICRM)
*[[International Development Association]] (IDA)
*[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA)
*[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD)
*[[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC)
*[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS)
*[[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO)
*[[International Labour Organization]] (ILO)
*[[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF)
*[[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO)
*[[International Mobile Satellite Organization]] (IMSO)
*[[Interpol (organization)]] (Interpol)
*[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC)
*[[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM)
*[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU)
*[[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO)
*[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization]] (ITSO)
*[[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)
*[[International Trade Union Confederation]] (ITUC)
*[[Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency]] (MIGA)
*[[MINUSTAH]] (United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti)
*[[MONUSCO]] (United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)
*[[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA)
*[[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO)
*[[Nuclear Energy Agency]] (NEA)
*[[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] (NSG)
*[[Organization of American States]] (OAS)
*[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)
*[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], International Organisation of La Francophonie (OIF)
*[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW)
*[[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE)
*[[Paris Club]]
*[[ParlAmericas]]
*[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA)
*[[Pacific Islands Forum]] (PIF) (partner)
*[[Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal]]
*[[Southeast European Cooperative Initiative]] (SECI) (observer)
*[[United Nations]] (UN)
*[[United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur]] (UNAMID)
*[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD)
*[[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force]] (UNDOF)
*[[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO)
*[[United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus]] (UNFICYP)
*[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR)
*[[United Nations Mission in the Sudan]] (UNMIS)
*[[United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East]] (UNRWA)
*[[United Nations Truce Supervision Organization]] (UNTSO)
*[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO)
*[[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU)
*[[World Customs Organization]] (WCO)
*[[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU)
*[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
*[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)
*[[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO)
*[[World Trade Organization]] (WTO)
*[[Zangger Committee]]{{clear}}
{{Div col end}}
{{clear}}

===Relations with international groups===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Main article
! Mission of Canada
! Heads of mission from Canada
|-
| {{Flag|NATO|name=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}
| [[Canada–NATO relations]]
| Mission of Canada to the North Atlantic Council (Brussels)
| [[List of permanent representatives of Canada to NATO]]
|-
| {{Flag|Organization of American States}}
| [[Canada–Latin America relations]]
| Mission of Canada to the Organization of American States (Washington, D.C.)
| [[List of permanent representatives and observers of Canada to the Organization of American States]]
|-
| {{Flag|United Nations}}
| [[Canada and the United Nations]]
| Mission of Canada to: the UN in New York, the UN in Geneva, the UN in Nairobi,<br />UNESCO in Paris, the FAO in Rome, the ICAO in Montreal
| [[Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations|List of ambassadors of Canada to the United Nations]]
|}

====Organizations with headquarters in Canada====
*[[International Air Transport Association]]
*[[File:Flag of ICAO.svg|border|25px]] [[International Civil Aviation Organization]]
*[[Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization]]
*[[North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission]]
*[[United Nations Association in Canada]]

===Major treaties signed in Canada===
*[[Ottawa Treaty]] or ''Mine Ban Treaty'' (1997)
*[[Montreal Protocol]] on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
*[[Great Peace of Montreal]] (1701)

==Territorial and boundary disputes==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2017}}
{{further|Former colonies and territories in Canada}}
[[File:Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada.jpg|thumb|Secretary Kerry Chats With Arctic Council Chairman Leona Aglukkaq, Nunavut Territory Premier Peter Taptuna, and Northwest Territory Premier Robert McLeod in Iqaluit, Canada]]
Canada and the United States have negotiated the [[Canada–United States border|boundary]] between the countries over many years, with the last significant agreement having taken place in 1984 when the [[International Court of Justice]] ruled on the [[maritime boundary]] in the [[Gulf of Maine]].  Likewise, Canada and France had previously contested the maritime boundary surrounding the islands of [[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon|St. Pierre and Miquelon]], but accepted a 1992 [[International Court of Arbitration]] ruling.

Remaining disputes include managed maritime boundary disputes with the US ([[Dixon Entrance]], [[Beaufort Sea]], [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]], [[Machias Seal Island]]).

===Arctic disputes===
[[File:Northwest passage.jpg|thumb|320px|[[Northwest Passage]] routes]]
A long-simmering dispute between Canada and the U.S. involves the issue of Canadian sovereignty over the [[Northwest Passage]] (the sea passages through the Arctic Archipelago). Canada's assertion that the Northwest Passage represents internal (territorial) waters has been challenged by other countries, especially the U.S., which argue that these waters constitute an [[international strait]] (international waters). Canadians were incensed when Americans drove the reinforced oil tanker Manhattan through the Northwest Passage in 1969, followed by the icebreaker [[USCGC Polar Sea (WAGB-11)|Polar Sea]] in 1985, both without asking for Canadian permission.<ref name="Lasserre">{{cite journal |last=Lasserre |first=Frédéric |date=November 2011 |title=The Geopolitics of Arctic Passages and Continental Shelves |url=https://www.ggr.ulaval.ca/sites/default/files/documents/Lasserre/Publications/geopolitics.pdf |journal=Public Sector Digest }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0561-e.htm#BRelations |title=Relations With the United States from the Library of Parliament—Canadian Arctic Sovereignty |publisher=Political and Social Affairs Division, Canada Library of Parliament |date=January 26, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209140412/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0561-e.htm#BRelations |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=February 19, 2011}}</ref>  In 1970, the Canadian government enacted the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, which asserts Canadian regulatory control over pollution within a {{convert|100|nmi|km|adj=on}} zone.  In response, the Americans in 1970 stated, "We cannot accept the assertion of a Canadian claim that the Arctic waters are internal waters of Canada.... Such acceptance would jeopardize the freedom of navigation essential for United States naval activities worldwide." A compromise was reached in 1988, by an agreement on "Arctic Cooperation," which pledges that voyages of American icebreakers "will be undertaken with the consent of the Government of Canada."  However the agreement did not alter either country's basic legal position.  Essentially, the Americans agreed to ask for the consent of the Government of Canada without conceding that they were obliged to.  In January 2006, David Wilkins, the American ambassador to Canada, said his government opposes Stephen Harper's proposed plan to deploy military icebreakers in the Arctic to detect interlopers and assert Canadian sovereignty over those waters.<ref>Matthew Carnaghan, Allison Goody, "Canadian Arctic Sovereignty" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006) at [http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0561-e.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209140412/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/PRBpubs/prb0561-e.htm|date=9 February 2010}}; 2006 news at [https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/harper-brushes-off-u-s-criticism-of-arctic-plan-1.611471]</ref>

Along with other nations in the [[Arctic Council]], Canada, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Russia, the maritime boundaries in the far north will be decided after countries have completed their submissions, due in 2012. Russia has made an extensive claim based on the Russian position that everything that is an extension of the [[Lomonosov Ridge]] should be assigned to Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070921-arctic-russia.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011231749/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/09/070921-arctic-russia.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2007 |title=Russia's Arctic Claim Backed By Rocks, Officials Say |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070802-russia-pole.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012033912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/070802%2Drussia%2Dpole.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2007 |title=Russia Plants Underwater Flag, Claims Arctic Seafloor |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> Their submission had been rejected when first submitted by the United Nations in 2001.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/staking-claim-to-the-arctic-is-top-priority-for-russia-envoy-says-1.831948 | work=[[CBC News]] | title=Staking claim to the Arctic is top priority for Russia, envoy says | date=12 February 2009}}</ref>

In June 2019, the U.S. State Department spokesperson [[Morgan Ortagus]] said the US "view Canada’s claim that the waters of the Northwest Passage are internal waters of Canada as inconsistent with international law."<ref>{{cite news |title=The US is picking a fight with Canada over a thawing Arctic shipping route |url=https://qz.com/1653831/the-us-is-picking-a-fight-with-canada-over-an-arctic-shipping-route/ |work=Quartz |date=27 June 2019}}</ref>

In December 2024, Canada outlined plans to address growing global interest in the Arctic, driven by climate change and geopolitical tensions, including Russia's actions in Ukraine. Recognizing climate change as the central threat, Canada committed to strengthening regional alliances, particularly with the U.S., while enhancing military defenses and asserting sovereignty over the Northwest Passage. It also aimed to resolve territorial disputes with the U.S. and Denmark, revive the Arctic ambassador role, and expand diplomatic ties in Alaska and Greenland. Indigenous leaders, though supportive, stressed the urgent need for better infrastructure in Arctic communities to bolster sovereignty and resilience.<ref>{{cite news|last=Austen |first=Ian |title=Canada Moves to Protect Arctic From Threats by Russia and China |date=6 December 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/world/canada/canada-arctic-russia-china.html |website=NY Times |access-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Canada|Politics}}
*[[List of diplomatic missions in Canada]]
*[[List of diplomatic missions of Canada]]
*[[List of state and official visits by Canada]]{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|Foreign policy of the Justin Trudeau government|Foreign policy of the Stephen Harper government}}
{{refbegin}}
* Murray, Robert W. and Paul Gecelovsky, eds.  ''The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-67770-1 online]
*{{cite journal|last=Bernstein|first=Alan|title=Science Diplomacy as a Defining Role for Canada in the Twenty-First Century|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=June 2013|volume=2|issue=2|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2013/science-diplomacy-defining-role-for-canada-in-twenty-first-century}}
* Bothwell, Robert. ''Canada and the United States'' (1992) [https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00both online]
* Bothwell, Robert. ''The big chill: Canada and the Cold War'' (1998) [https://archive.org/details/bigchillcanadaan00both online]
* Bothwell, Robert. ''Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945-1984'' (2007) [https://archive.org/details/allianceillusion0000both online]
* Bothwell, Robert and Jean Daudelin eds. ''Canada Among Nations: 100 Years of Canadian Foreign Policy'' (2009)
* Boucher, Jean-Christophe. "Yearning for a progressive research program in Canadian foreign policy." ''International Journal'' 69.2 (2014): 213–228. [https://issforum.org/articlereviews/102-Canada online commentary H-DIPLO]
* Bouka, Yolande, et al. "Is Canada's Foreign Policy Really Feminist? Analysis and Recommendations." ''Policy'' 13 (2021). [https://ras-nsa.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Policy-Report-13-Is-Canadas-Foreign-Policy-Really-Feminist.pdf online]
* Bow, Brian, and Andrea Lane, eds. ''Canadian Foreign Policy: Reflections on a Field in Transition'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Canadian-Foreign-Policy-Reflections-Transition/dp/0774863471/ excerpt]
*{{cite book|author1=Bow, Brian J.|author2=Patrick Lennox|title=An independent foreign policy for Canada?: challenges and choices for the future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3BD6TsvtGQC|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9634-0}}
* Bugailiskis, Alex, and Andrés Rozental, eds. ''Canada Among Nations, 2011-2012: Canada and Mexico's Unfinished Agenda'' (2012) [http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=2843 further details]
* Carnaghan, Matthew, Allison Goody, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120905043227/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/caj/documents/vol_12/iss_2/CAJ_Vol12.2_08_e.pdf Canadian Arctic Sovereignty]" (Library of Parliament: Political and Social Affairs Division, 26 January 2006)
* Chapnick, Adam, and Christopher J. Kukucha, eds. ''The Harper Era in Canadian Foreign Policy: Parliament, Politics, and Canada’s Global Posture'' (UBC Press, 2016).
* Collins, Jeffrey F. "Defence Procurement and Canadian Foreign Policy." in ''The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp.&nbsp;275–295.
* Congressional Research Service. ''Canada-U.S. Relations'' (Congressional Research Service, 2021) [https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/96-397.pdf 2021 Report], by an agency of the U.S. government; not copyright; Updated February 10, 2021.
* Currie, Philip J., 'Canada and Ireland: A Political and Diplomatic History'' [Vancouver: UBC Press, 2020]
* Eayrs, James. ''In Defence of Canada''. (5 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1964–1983) the standard history
* Fox, Annette Baker. ''Canada in World Affairs'' (Michigan State University Press, 1996)
* {{citation |last = Froese |first = Marc D|year = 2010|title =Canada at the WTO: Trade Litigation and the Future of Public Policy
  |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tWZuCl2zhLoC&q=Canada&pg=PP1|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0138-3 }}
* Glazov, Jamie. ''Canadian Policy Toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union'' (2003).
* Granatstein, J. L., ed. ''Canadian foreign policy : historical readings'' (1986), excerpts from primary sources and scholars [https://archive.org/stream/canadianforeignp00gran#page/n5/mode/2up online free]
*{{cite book|last=Holloway|first=Steven Kendall|title=Canadian foreign policy: defining the national interest|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MSHy65g7M7wC&q=Canadian%20foreign%20policy%3A%20defining%20the%20national%20interest.&pg=PP1|isbn=1-55111-816-5}}
* Hampson, Fen Osler, and James A. Baker. ''Master of Persuasion: Brian Mulroney's Global Legacy'' (2018)
* Hawes, Michael K., and Christopher John Kirkey, eds. ''Canadian Foreign Policy in a Unipolar World'' (Oxford UP, 2017).
* Hillmer, Norman and Philippe Lagassé. ''Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy: Canada Among Nations 2017'' (2018)
* Holmes John W. ''The Shaping of Peace: Canada and the Search for World Order''. (2 vols. University of Toronto Press, 1979, 1982)
*{{cite book|author=Irwin, Rosalind |title=Ethics and security in Canadian foreign policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiWR5BFV2GMC&pg=PP1|year=2001|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-0863-7}}
* James, Patrick, Nelson Michaud, and Marc O'Reilly, eds. ''Handbook of Canadian foreign policy'' (Lexington Books, 2006), essays by experts; 610pp [https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Canadian-Foreign-Policy-Patrick-ebook/dp/B00E9Z13J4/  excerpt]
* James, Patrick. ''Canada and Conflict'' (Oxford University Press, 2012) [http://h-diplo.org/roundtables/PDF/Roundtable-XV-37.pdf H-DIPLO online reviews June 2014]
* Kirk, John M. and Peter McKenna; ''Canada-Cuba Relations: The Other Good Neighbor Policy'' UP of Florida (1997).
* Kirton, John and Don Munton, eds. ''Cases and Readings in Canadian Foreign Policy Since World War II'' (1992) 24 episodes discussed by experts
* Kukucha, Christopher J. "Neither adapting nor innovating: the limited transformation of Canadian foreign trade policy since 1984." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' (2018): 1–15.
* McCormick, James M. "Pivoting toward Asia: Comparing the Canadian and American Policy Shifts." ''American Review of Canadian Studies'' 46.4 (2016): 474–495.
* McCullough, Colin, and Robert Teigrob, eds. ''Canada and the United Nations: Legacies, Limits, Prospects'' (2017).
* Melnyk, George.  ''Canada and the New American Empire: War and Anti-War'' University of Calgary Press, 2004, highly critical 
* Michaud, Nelson. "Balancing Interests and Constraints: The Role of Provinces in the Shaping of Canadian Foreign Policy." in ''Political Turmoil in a Tumultuous World'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp.&nbsp;77–104.
* Miller, Ronnie. ''Following the Americans to the Persian Gulf: Canada, Australia, and the Development of the New World Order'' (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994)
* Molot, Maureen Appel. "Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature", ''International Journal of Canadian Studies'' (Spring-Fall 1990) 1#2 pp 77–96.
* Nossal, Kim Richard et al. ''International Policy and Politics in Canada'' (2010), university textbook; [https://archive.org/details/politicsofcanadi00noss/page/n7/mode/2up online 1989 edition]
* Paris, Roland. "Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era." ''International Journal'' 69.3 (2014): 274–307. [http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~rparis/libint2014.pdf online]
* Rochlin, James. ''Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America'' (University of British Columbia Press, 1994)
* Sarty, Keigh. “The Fragile Authoritarians: China, Russia and Canadian Foreign Policy.”  ''International Journal'' 75:4 (December 2020):  614–628.  DOI: [https://doi.org/10.1177/0020702020968941 The fragile authoritarians: China, Russia, and Canadian foreign policy]. [https://hdiplo.org/to/AR1051 online review]
* Stacey, C. P. '' Canada and the Age of Conflict: Volume 1: 1867–1921'' (1979), a standard scholarly history 
* Stacey, C. P. ''Canada and the Age of Conflict, 1921–1948. Vol. 2.'' (University of Toronto Press, 1981), a standard scholarly history; [https://archive.org/details/canadaageofconfl00cpst online]
* Stairs Denis, and [[Gilbert R. Winham]], eds. ''The Politics of Canada's Economic Relationship with the United States'' (University of Toronto Press, 1985)
* Stevenson, Brian J. R. ''Canada, Latin America, and the New Internationalism: A Foreign Policy Analysis, 1968–1990'' (2000)
*{{cite book|first1=John Herd |last1=Thompson |first2=Stephen J|last2=Randall|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVGHdmbzUTwC&q=Canada%20and%20the%20United%20States%3A%20Ambivalent%20Allies&pg=PA19|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8203-2403-6}}
* [[Rebecca Tiessen|Tiessen, Rebecca]], and Heather A. Smith. "Canada’s ‘Feminist’ Foreign Policy Under the Harper Conservatives (2006–2015) and Trudeau Liberals (2015–2019) in Global Perspective." in ''The Palgrave Handbook of Canada in International Affairs'' (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2021) pp. 117-139.
* Wildeman, Jeremy. "Assessing Canada’s foreign policy approach to the Palestinians and Israeli-Palestinian peacebuilding, 1979–2019." ''Canadian Foreign Policy Journal'' 27.1 (2021): 62–80. [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeremy-Wildeman/publication/348332182_Assessing_Canada's_foreign_policy_approach_to_the_Palestinians_and_Israeli-Palestinian_peacebuilding_1979-2019/links/6000d566a6fdccdcb854a731/Assessing-Canadas-foreign-policy-approach-to-the-Palestinians-and-Israeli-Palestinian-peacebuilding-1979-2019.pdf online]
* Wildeman, Jeremy. "The Middle East in Canadian foreign policy and national identity formation." ''International Journal'' 76.3 (2021): 359–383. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/00207020211049326 online]
* Wilson, Robert R. and David R. Deener; ''Canada-United States Treaty Relations'' (Duke University Press, 1963)
{{refend}}

===Primary Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|author=Arthur E. Blanchette|title=Canadian foreign policy, 1977-1992: selected speeches and documents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6QxSwZiivWYC&pg=PP1|year=1994|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-88629-243-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Arthur E. Blanchette|title=Canadian foreign policy, 1945-2000: major documents and speeches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SMw7By8tE2MC&pg=PR1|year=2000|publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd.|isbn=978-0-919614-89-5}}
* Riddell, Walter A. ed. ''Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939'' Oxford University Press, 1962 806 pages of documents

{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.embassymag.ca Embassy: Canada's Foreign Policy Newsweekly]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070610021052/http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/world/ Canada's place in world affairs]

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