View source for Hughie Jennings

{{Short description|American baseball player, coach, and manager (1869–1928)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox baseball biography
|name=Hughie Jennings
|image=Hughie Jennings (2).jpeg
|position=[[Shortstop]] / [[First baseman]] / [[Manager (baseball)|Manager]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1869|4|2}}
|birth_place=[[Pittston, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
|death_date={{death date and age|1928|2|1|1869|4|2}}
|death_place=[[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
|debutleague = MLB
|debutdate=June 1
|debutyear=1891
|debutteam=Louisville Colonels
|finalleague = MLB
|finaldate=September 2
|finalyear=1918
|finalteam=Detroit Tigers
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label=[[Batting average (baseball)|Batting average]]
|stat1value=.311
|stat2label=[[Home run]]s
|stat2value=18
|stat3label=[[Runs batted in]]
|stat3value=840
|stat4label=Managerial record
|stat4value=1,184–995
|stat5label=Winning %
|stat5value={{winning percentage|1184|995}}
|teams=
'''As player'''
* [[Louisville Colonels]] ({{mlby|1891}}–{{mlby|1893}})
* [[Baltimore Orioles (19th century)|Baltimore Orioles]] ({{mlby|1893}}–{{mlby|1899}})
* [[Brooklyn Superbas]] ({{mlby|1899}}–{{mlby|1900}})
* [[Philadelphia Phillies]] ({{mlby|1901}}–{{mlby|1902}})
* [[Brooklyn Superbas]] ({{mlby|1903}})
* [[Detroit Tigers]] ({{mlby|1907}}, {{mlby|1909}}–{{mlby|1910}}, {{mlby|1912}}, {{mlby|1918}})
'''As manager'''
* [[Detroit Tigers]] ({{mlby|1907}}–{{mlby|1920}})
* [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]] ({{mlby|1924}}–{{mlby|1925}})
|highlights=
* 2× [[World Series champion]] ({{wsy|1921}}, {{wsy|1922}})
* [[Detroit Tigers#Retired numbers and honorees|Name honored]] by the Tigers
|hoflink = National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
|hoftype = National
| hofdate     = [[1945 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1945]]
| hofmethod   = Old-Timers Committee
}}
'''Hugh Ambrose Jennings''' (April 2, 1869 – February 1, 1928) was an American professional [[baseball]] player, [[coach (baseball)|coach]] and [[manager (baseball)|manager]] from 1891 to 1925. Jennings was a leader, both as a batter and as a shortstop, with the [[Baltimore Orioles (NL)|Baltimore Orioles]] teams that won National League championships in {{Baseball year|1894}}, {{Baseball year|1895}}, and {{Baseball year|1896}}. During those three seasons, Jennings had 355 runs batted in and hit .335, .386, and .401.

Jennings was a fiery, hard-nosed player who was not afraid to be hit by a pitch to get on base. In 1896, he was [[hit by pitch]]es 51 times – a major league record that has never been broken. Jennings also holds the career record for being hit by pitches with 287, with [[Craig Biggio]] (who retired in 2007) holding the modern-day career record of 285. Jennings also played on the [[Brooklyn Superbas]] teams that won National League pennants in 1899 and 1900. From 1907 to 1920, Jennings was the manager of the [[Detroit Tigers]], where he was known for his colorful antics, hoots, whistles, and his famous shouts of "Ee-Yah!" from the third base coaching box. Jennings suffered a nervous breakdown in 1925 that forced him to leave Major League Baseball.<ref name=NYTJ/> In [[1945 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1945]], Jennings was posthumously inducted into the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]].

==Early years==
Born in [[Pittston, Pennsylvania]], Jennings was the son of Irish immigrants, James and Nora, who according to Jack Smiles's biography of Jennings, ''Ee-yah: The Life and Times of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall of Famer'' (page 7), arrived in Pittston in 1851.

Jennings worked as a [[breaker boy]] (young boys who separated the coal from the slate) in the local anthracite coal mines. He drew attention playing [[shortstop]] for a semi-professional baseball team in [[Lehighton, Pennsylvania]] in 1890.<ref name=NYTJ>{{cite news|title=Hugh Jennings Dies After a Long Illness – Famous Baseball Veteran, Ailing for Three Years, Succumbs in Scranton – Was Picturesque Figure – Captained Old Orioles, Won Three Pennants for Detroit and Helped Giants Take Four|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1928/02/01/91467818.html?pageNumber=1|access-date=December 28, 2015|work=[[New York Times]]|date=February 1, 1928|page=1}}</ref> He was signed by the [[Louisville Colonels]] of the [[American Association (19th century)|American Association]] in {{Baseball year|1891}}. He stayed with the Colonels when they joined the [[National League (baseball)|National League]] in {{Baseball year|1892}} and was traded on June 7, {{Baseball year|1893}} to the [[Baltimore Orioles (NL)|Baltimore Orioles]].

==Baltimore Orioles: 1893–1899==
Jennings played with the Orioles for parts of seven seasons and became a star during his years in Baltimore. The [[Baltimore Orioles (NL)|Baltimore Orioles]] teams of 1894, 1895, and 1896 are regarded as one of the greatest teams of all time. The teams featured Hall of Fame manager [[Ned Hanlon (baseball)|Ned Hanlon]] and a lineup with six future Hall of Famers: first baseman [[Dan Brouthers]], second baseman [[John McGraw]], shortstop Jennings, catcher [[Wilbert Robinson]], right fielder [[Willie Keeler|"Wee Willie" Keeler]], and left fielder [[Joe Kelley]]. Amidst all those great players, Jennings was appointed captain in 1894, his first full season with the team.

[[File:Stars players of the Baltimore Orioles.jpg|left|thumb|190px|Baltimore Orioles' [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] players [[Willie Keeler|"Wee Willie" Keeler]], [[Joe Kelley]], [[John McGraw]], and Hughie Jennings, circa 1894]]

During the Orioles' championship years, Jennings had some of the best seasons ever by a major league shortstop. In 1895, he hit .386, scored 159 runs, collected 204 hits, knocked in 125 runs, and stole 53 bases. In 1896, his performance was even better, as he hit .401 (2nd best in the National League) with 209 hits, 121 RBI, and 70 stolen bases.

The fiery Jennings was also known as one of the most fearless players of his time, allowing himself to be [[hit by pitch]]es more than any other player. In one game, he was hit by a pitch three times. In 1896, he was hit by pitches 51 times—a Major League record that still stands. In just five seasons with the Orioles from 1894 to 1898, Jennings was hit by pitches an unprecedented 202 times. During one game, Jennings was hit in the head by a pitch from [[Amos Rusie]] in the 3rd inning, but managed to finish the game. As soon as the game ended, Jennings collapsed and was unconscious for three days.<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History">[http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=58&category=sports Detnews.com | Michigan History<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130102083726/http://info.detnews.com/history/story/index.cfm?id=58&category=sports |date=January 2, 2013 }} at info.detnews.com</ref><ref name="CAM Cornelliana">[http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/Archive/2004mayjun/depts/Cornelliana.html CAM Cornelliana<!-- bot-generated title -->] at cornellalumnimagazine.com</ref>

Jennings was also one of the best fielding shortstops of the era. He led the National League in [[fielding percentage]] and [[putouts]] three times each. He had as many as 537 assists and 425 putouts in single seasons during his prime. His 425 putouts ties him with [[Donie Bush]] for the single season record for a shortstop. In 1895, he had a career-high [[range factor]] of 6.73–1.19 points higher than the league average (5.54) for shortstops that year. He once handled 20 chances in a game, and on another occasion had 10 assists in a game. In 1898, he threw his arm out, and his career as a shortstop came to an end. After that, Jennings was forced to move to first base.<ref name=NYTJ/>

==Brooklyn Superbas and Philadelphia Phillies: 1899–1903==
In 1899, when manager Ned Hanlon moved to the Brooklyn Superbas, several of his star players, including Jennings, Joe Kelley, and Willie Keeler followed. While Jennings was never the same after the injury to his arm in 1898, he contributed to Brooklyn's National League pennants in {{Baseball year|1899}} and {{Baseball year|1900}}.<ref name=NYTJ/>

In 1901, Jennings was traded to the [[Philadelphia Phillies]]. However, his failing arm cut his career short, as he never played in more than 82 games or hit above .272 in two seasons with the Phillies. Jennings played 6 games for the Superbas in 1903, effectively ending his playing career, with the exception of 9 at bats during his tenure as the manager of the [[Detroit Tigers]].

==Cornell Law School and an off-season law practice==
While playing for the Orioles in the 1890s, Jennings and [[John McGraw]] both attended classes at [[St. Bonaventure University]]. After the 1899 season, Jennings was accepted to [[Cornell Law School]]. He managed the [[Cornell University]] baseball team while studying law and concluded that he was well-suited to being a manager.<ref name="thedeadballera.com">[http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Jennings.Hughie.Obit.html TheDeadballEra.com :: HUGHIE JENNINGS' OBIT<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719230546/http://www.thedeadballera.com/Obits/Jennings.Hughie.Obit.html |date=July 19, 2008 }} at www.thedeadballera.com</ref> While at Cornell, he joined the [[Phi Delta Theta]] fraternity chapter there. Jennings continued as a scholar-athlete until the spring of 1904, when he left campus early to manage the Orioles. Though he never finished his law degree at Cornell, Jennings passed the Maryland bar exam in 1905 and started a law practice. Jennings practiced law in Baltimore and in Scranton, Pennsylvania.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="CAM Cornelliana"/> He continued to work at his law practice during the off-seasons through the remainder of his baseball career.

==The "Ee-Yah" years: 1907–1920==
{{Multiple image
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 | header_background = 
 | header_align =  <!-- center (default), left, right -->
 | header = Jennings's antics
 | width =         
 | image1 =        HughieJenningsLegUp.jpg
 | caption1 = As Detroit's third base coach, Jennings would shout "Ee-yah!" and other loud sounds while throwing his arms up and lifting his right leg.
<!--image 2-->
 | image2 =        HughieJennings2.jpg
 | caption2 = Hughie Jennings with a bell in the Tigers dugout
}}

In {{Baseball year|1907}}, Jennings was hired as manager of a talented [[Detroit Tigers]] team that included future Hall of Famers [[Ty Cobb]] and [[Sam Crawford]]. Jennings led the Tigers to three consecutive [[American League]] pennants, in {{Baseball year|1907}}–{{Baseball year|1908}}-{{Baseball year|1909}}. However, Jennings's teams lost the 1907 and 1908 World Series to the "Tinker to Evers to Chance" [[Chicago Cubs]] and the 1909 Series to Honus Wagner's [[Pittsburgh Pirates]]. Jennings continued to manage the Tigers through the {{Baseball year|1920}} season, though his teams never won another pennant.

During his years as Detroit's manager, Jennings became famous for his antics, mostly in the third base coaching box, which variously included shouts of "'''Ee-Yah'''", and other whoops, whistles, horns, gyrations, jigs, and grass-plucking. The "Ee-Yah" whoop became his trademark and was accompanied with waves of both arms over his head and a sharp raising of his right knee.<ref name=NYTJ/> In 1907, he was suspended for taunting opponents with a tin whistle.<ref name="CAM Cornelliana"/> The "Ee-Yah" shouts continued and became such a trademark that Jennings became known as Hughie "Ee-Yah" Jennings, and Detroit fans would shout "Ee-Yah" when Jennings appeared on the field.<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> (See also Jack Smiles, ''Ee-yah: The Life And Times Of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall Of Famer'')
{{MLBBioHon
|Image  = Jennings_DET.png
|Name   = Hughie Jennings
|Team   = Detroit Tigers
|Year   = 2000
|}}
Behind the antics was a great coaching mind. [[Connie Mack]] called Jennings one of the three greatest managers in history, along with [[John McGraw]] and [[Joe McCarthy (manager)|Joe McCarthy]].<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/> One of his greatest challenges, and accomplishments, during his years in Detroit was to manage the unmanageable—Ty Cobb. Jennings recognized Cobb's talent and his complicated psychological makeup and concluded the best strategy would be to let Cobb be Cobb. Jennings reportedly called Cobb aside one day and said, "There isn't anything about baseball I can teach you. Anything I might say to you would merely hinder you in your development. The only thing for you to do is go ahead and do as you please. Use your own judgment.. . . . . Do what you think is best and I'll back you up."<ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/>

In {{Baseball year|1912}}, during a game in which "[[Detroit Tigers replacement players (May 18, 1912)|pick-ups]]" played for the Tigers when the regular team went on strike to protest the [[1912 suspension of Ty Cobb|suspension]] of Cobb after an incident involving a fan in the stands whom Cobb assaulted, Jennings, who also sent his [[coach (baseball)|coaches]] in as substitute players, came to bat himself once as a [[pinch hitter]]. According to one source, when the [[Umpire (baseball)|umpire]] asked him for whom he was batting, Jennings answered, "None of your business." The umpire noted on his lineup sheet, "Jennings--batted for exercise."<ref>''Fireside Book of Baseball'', 1956...Edited by Charles Einstein. Story by [[Bugs Baer]]; Title not remembered, but may be "1912: Philadelphia Athletics 24, Detroit Tigers 2.", plus at least one other baseball book. In ''Baseball's Unforgettable Games'' by Joe Reichler and Ben Olan (1960), the game appears under the title of "The Tigers Strike over Cobb's Suspension"; Jennings is listed in the box score in that book as a pinch-hitter.</ref>

While Jennings was fiery, hard-nosed, colorful, and even eccentric, he insisted he had always played the game honestly. When a scandal arose in {{Baseball year|1926}} concerning whether Ty Cobb and [[Tris Speaker]] had fixed a {{Baseball year|1919}} game between the Detroit and the [[Cleveland Indians]] while Jennings was the manager, Jennings initially spoke of how easy it would be to fix a game and issued a "no comment" on the specific game. After his "no comment" drew negative publicity, Jennings issued a statement to the press in December 1926 denying knowledge of the matter and adding, "My slate has been clean base ball for 35 years... Whatever I have done in base ball has been of such a nature that I would be ready any time to go before anyone and place my case before them."<ref>[[Al Stump]], ''Cobb: The Life and Times of the Meanest Man Who Ever Played Baseball'' (1994), pp. 372–373.</ref> After the 1920 season, Jennings stepped down as the Tigers' manager. His 1,131 wins was the most in Tigers history until [[Sparky Anderson]] passed him in [[1992 Detroit Tigers season|1992]].

==New York Giants: 1921–1925==
Jennings signed on as a coach with his old friend, [[John McGraw]], who was managing the [[New York Giants (NL)|New York Giants]]. Jennings and McGraw, who met as teammates on the Orioles, became close friends. Jennings was the best man at McGraw's wedding and a pallbearer following the death of McGraw's 23-year-old wife in 1899.<ref>[https://baseballbiography.com/hughie-jennings-1869 Hughie Jennings] - Baseball Biography</ref> McGraw and Jennings staged a reunion year after year on their birthdays.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> Jennings won two World Series as a coach in {{Baseball year|1921}} and {{Baseball year|1922}}. When McGraw became ill, Jennings filled in as the Giants' manager for parts of {{Baseball year|1924}} and {{Baseball year|1925}}. His overall managing record was 1184–995.<ref name="managerial record">{{cite web|title=Hughie Jennings|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/managers/jennihu01.shtml|website=Baseball Reference|publisher=Sports Reference|access-date=October 1, 2015}}</ref>

==Managerial record==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Team !! rowspan="2"|Year !! colspan="5"|Regular season !! colspan="4"|Postseason
|-
!Games!!Won!!Lost!!Win %!!Finish!! Won !! Lost !! Win % !! Result
|-
|-style="background:#fdd"
![[1907 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1907}}
||150||{{WinLossPct|92|58}}|| '''1st in AL''' || {{WinLossPct|0|4}} || Lost [[1907 World Series|World Series]] ([[1907 Chicago Cubs season|CHC]])
|-style="background:#fdd"
![[1908 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1908}}
||153||{{WinLossPct|90|63}}|| '''1st in AL''' || {{WinLossPct|1|4}} || Lost [[1908 World Series|World Series]] ([[1908 Chicago Cubs season|CHC]])
|-style="background:#fdd"
![[1909 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1909}}
||152||{{WinLossPct|98|54}}|| '''1st in AL''' || {{WinLossPct|3|4}} || Lost [[1909 World Series|World Series]] ([[1909 Pittsburgh Pirates season|PIT]])
|-
![[1910 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1910}}
||154||{{WinLossPct|86|68}}|| 3rd in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1911 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1911}}
||154||{{WinLossPct|89|65}}|| 2nd in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1912 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1912}}
||153||{{WinLossPct|69|84}}|| 6th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1913 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1913}}
||153||{{WinLossPct|66|87}}|| 6th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1914 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1914}}
||153||{{WinLossPct|80|73}}|| 4th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1915 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1915}}
||154||{{WinLossPct|100|54}}|| 2nd in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1916 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1916}}
||154||{{WinLossPct|87|67}}|| 3rd in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1917 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1917}}
||153||{{WinLossPct|78|75}}|| 4th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1918 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1918}}
||126||{{WinLossPct|55|71}}|| 7th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1919 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1919}}
||140||{{WinLossPct|80|60}}|| 4th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
![[1920 Detroit Tigers season|DET]]|| {{mlby|1920}}
||154||{{WinLossPct|61|93}}|| 7th in AL || – || – || – || 
|-
! colspan="2"|DET total ||2103||{{WinLossPct|1131|972}}|| || {{WinLossPct|4|12}} ||
|-
![[1924 New York Giants season|NYG]]|| {{mlby|1924}}
||44||{{WinLossPct|32|12}}|| Interim || – || – || – || 
|-
!colspan=11|
|-
![[1925 New York Giants season|NYG]]|| {{mlby|1925}}
||32||{{WinLossPct|21|11}}|| Interim || – || – || – || 
|-
! colspan="2"|NYG total ||76||{{WinLossPct|53|23}}|| || {{WinLossPct|0|0}} ||
|-
! colspan="2"|Total<ref name="managerial record"/> ||2179||{{WinLossPct|1184|995}}|| || {{WinLossPct|4|12}} || 
|}

==A lifetime of tragic accidents==
Jennings's life was filled with several tragic accidents. There was the beaning incident in Philadelphia that left him unconscious for three days. While attending Cornell, he fractured his skull diving head-first into a swimming pool at night, only to find the pool had been emptied.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="Detnews.com | Michigan History"/> In December 1911, Jennings came close to death after an off-season automobile accident. While driving a car given to him by admirers, Jennings's car overturned while crossing a bridge over the [[Lehigh River]] near Gouldsboro, {{convert|23|mi}} southeast of Scranton. In the crash, Jennings again fractured his skull, suffered a concussion of the brain, and broke both legs and his left arm. For several days after the accident, doctors were unsure if Jennings would survive.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/>

The physical abuse and blows to the head undoubtedly took their toll. During the 1925 season, McGraw was ill, and Jennings was put in full charge of the Giants. The team finished in second place and the strain caught up with Jennings, who suffered a [[nervous breakdown]] when the season ended.<ref name=NYTJ/><ref name="thedeadballera.com"/> According to his obituary, Jennings "was unable to report" to spring training in 1926 due to his condition. Jennings retired to the Winyah Sanatorium in [[Asheville, North Carolina]]. He did return home to [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], spending much of his time recuperating in the [[Pocono Mountains]].<ref name="thedeadballera.com"/>

On February 1, 1928, Jennings died at age 58 at his home at 530 Vine Street in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]]. The cause of death was [[spinal meningitis]] with [[tuberculosis]] as a contributory cause.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hughie Jennings Was Baseball's First and Probably Greatest Miracle Man|newspaper=The Detroit Free Press|author=Harry Bullion|date=February 2, 1928|page=17|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-hughie-jennings-was-b/126633583/|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

Jennings was posthumously elected to the [[Baseball Hall of Fame]] in [[1945 Baseball Hall of Fame balloting|1945]] as a player.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Baseball}}
* [[List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball managerial wins and winning percentage leaders]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball player-managers]]
* [[1909 Detroit Tigers season]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Kashatus, William C.  ''Diamonds in the Coal Fields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania'' (McFarland, 2002).
*Smiles, Jack. ''Ee-yah: The Life and Times of Hughie Jennings, Baseball Hall of Famer'' (McFarland, 2005).

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hughie Jennings}}
*{{bbhof|jennings-hugh}}
*{{baseballstats|mlb=|espn=|br=j/jennihu01|fangraphs=1006396|brm=jennin001hug}}
*{{baseball-reference manager|jennihu01}}

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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jennings, Hughie}}
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