View source for Ivatan language

{{Short description|Batanic language of the Ivatan people of the Philippines}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Word lists of unknown origins, Variations in language is unsourced, long list of external links.|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Ivatan
|altname=Ibatan
|nativename={{lang|mul|Chirin nu Ibatan}}
|states=[[Philippines]]
|region=[[Batanes|Batanes Islands]]
|ethnicity=[[Ivatan people|Ivatan]]
|speakers={{sigfig|32,790|2}}<!-- excluding 3,450 Itbayatan -->
|date=1996–2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam3=[[Philippine languages|Philippine]]
|fam4=[[Batanic languages|Batanic]]
|dia1=Ivasay
|dia2=Isamurung
|dia3=Babuyan
| minority =[[Regional language]] in the [[Philippines]]
|agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
|lc1=ivv|ld1=Ivatan
|lc2=ivb|ld2=Ibatan (Babuyan)
|glotto=ivat1242
|glottoname=Ivatan
|glottorefname=Itbayat
|glotto2=ibat1238
|glottoname2=Ibatan
|map=The Batanic languages.png
|mapcaption=The location of the Ivatan language within the Batanic languages
}}

The '''Ivatan''' language, also known as '''Chirin nu Ivatan''' ("language of the [[Ivatan people]]"), is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken in the [[Batanes]] Islands of the [[Philippines]].

Although the islands are closer to [[Taiwan]] than to Luzon, it is not one of the [[Formosan languages]]. Ivatan is one of the [[Batanic languages]], which are perhaps a primary branch of the [[Malayo-Polynesian]] family of [[Austronesian languages]].

The language of [[Babuyan Island]] (Ibatan) is sometimes classified as a dialect of the Ivatan language. Most of the Babuyan population moved to [[Batan Island]] and to Luzon mainland during the Spanish colonial period. The island became repopulated at the end of the 19th century with families from Batan, most of them speakers of one of the Ivatan dialects.<ref name="Ross">{{Cite journal |last=Ross |first=Malcolm |date=2005 |title=The Batanic Languages in Relation to the Early History of the Malayo-Polynesian Subgroup of Austronesian |url=https://mocfile.moc.gov.tw/files/201807/1.001-024.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Austronesian Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322042836/http://chl.anu.edu.au/linguistics/projects/mdr/Batanic.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2012-10-15}}</ref>

Ivatan speakers are found outside their homeland, many of them settled in mainland Luzon particularly in nearby [[Cagayan Valley]], [[Ilocos Region|Ilocandia]], [[Cordillera Administrative Region]], [[Central Luzon]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Calabarzon]], [[Mindoro]] and [[Palawan]] and also settled as far as [[Mindanao]]. In Mindanao, a significant Ivatan-speaking minority exist mainly in [[Bukidnon]], [[Lanao (province)|Lanao]] and [[Cotabato]] where they settled since the 1950s in search of economic opportunities settled down in government homesteads in these areas. Nowadays, however, their language has becoming endangered among Ivatan settlers' descendants especially newer generations born in Mindanao, due to being accustomed into a society of Cebuano-speaking majority. Like elsewhere, intermarriage between Ivatans and Mindanaoans of various ethnicities are not uncommon. Most of these Ivatans in Mindanao today speak the majority language of [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and other Mindanao indigenous languages more than their ancestors' native language in varying fluency or none at all.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372483339 |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Islandness in the Province: The Language of a Migrated Ivatan |first=Marbeth |last=Aringay |date=2023 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.11798.32320}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivatan People of the Philippines: History, Customs, Culture and Traditions [Batanes Islands] |url=https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Ivatan-Batanes-History-Culture-Traditions.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=yodisphere.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-10-01-1972/hooker%20cohesion%20in%20ivatan.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Cohesion in Ivatan |first=Betty |last=Hooker |journal=Asian Studies |date=1972 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=33–43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ivatan Language of the Batanes Islands |url=https://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.htm |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=iloko.tripod.com}}</ref>

== Introduction ==
Ivatan is especially characterized by its words, which mostly have the letter ''v'', as in {{Lang|ivv|vakul}}, {{Lang|ivv|Ivatan}}, and {{Lang|ivv|valuga}}. While related to the Northern Philippine group of languages, Ivatan, having been isolated, is most close to the two other members of the Bashiic sub-group of languages, [[Yami language|Yami]] (Tao) and [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], neither of which is indigenous to Luzon. Ibatan dialect, spoken on the nearby Babuyan group of islands, is so similar to Ivatan that it is not entirely clear whether it should be classified as a dialect of Ivatan or a separate language, though each does receive its own code in ISO taxonomy.

Ivatan has two dialects; Basco Ivatan, more commonly known as '''Ivasay''', spoken on the main island of Batan, and Southern Ivatan or '''Isamurung''', spoken on the southern half of Batan and on the most southern island, Sabtang.<ref name="Ross"/>

==Variations in language==

In the capital of Basco and the surrounding northern half of Batan, the area encompassed by Ivasayen, ''t'' is prominent, whereas in the Isamurongen zone to the south (Mahatao, Ivana, Uyugan and Sabtang) that phoneme becomes a ''ch''.

Examples of the more visible variations of the Ivasayen and Isamurongen words and pronunciations are:
* {{Lang|ivv|tiban}} ('to look') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|chiban}} in the southern towns
* {{Lang|ivv|antiyaw}} ('later') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|anchiyaw}} in the southern towns
* {{Lang|ivv|kabatiti}} ('patola') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|kabachichi}} in the southern towns
* {{Lang|ivv|timoy}} ('rain') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|chimoy}} in the southern towns

Itbayaten is sometimes also considered a dialect.  2% of the total vocabulary does not occur in Ivatan dialects.  Examples of different Ivasayen, Isamurongen and Itbayaten words that have the same English translation:
* {{Lang|ivv|adkan}} ('to kiss') in Basco and the southern towns is {{Lang|ivv|umahan}} in Itbayat.
* {{Lang|ivv|arava}} ('none') in Basco and the southern towns is {{Lang|ivv|aralih}} in Itbayat.
* {{Lang|ivv|bago}} ('pig') in Basco and the southern towns is {{Lang|ivv|kuyis}} in Itbayat.
* {{Lang|ivv|otioyan}} ('nest') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|ochoyan}} in the southern towns and {{Lang|ivv|hangtay}} in Itbayat.
* {{Lang|ivv|ipes}} ('tail') in Basco is {{Lang|ivv|vochivot}} in the southern towns and also {{Lang|ivv|ipes}} in Itbayat.

Ivatan and [[Filipino language|Filipino]] words are sometimes combined, as in the Ivatan word {{Lang|ivv|mapatak}}. It is derived from {{Lang|fil|marunong}} (Filipino) and {{Lang|ivv|chapatak}} (Ivatan), literally 'someone who knows', which were then compounded to form the word {{Lang|ivv|mapatak}}. This is the result of the influence of non-Ivatans who tend to speak the language and were then eventually adopted.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

Examples of [[Metathesis (linguistics)|metathesis]] in Ivatan include {{Lang|ivv|iskarayla}} for {{Lang|ivv|iskalayra}} ('stairs') and {{Lang|ivv|tumaraya}} for {{Lang|ivv|tumayara}} ('going up').

Ivatan slang includes examples such as {{Lang|ivv|tanchew}}, coined from {{Lang|ivv|mirwa ta anchiyaw}} – literally 'we’ll meet again later', and {{Lang|ivv|nganmu}}, coined from {{Lang|ivv|jinu ngayan mu}}, literally 'where are you going'. These are results of shortening Ivatan phrases or sentences into one or two words, depending on usage.

Common Ivatan expressions have various origins such as:{{Clarify|reason=this doesn't describe origins|date=November 2022}}
* {{Lang|ivv|Dios mamajes}} or {{Lang|ivv|Dios Mamajes nu mapia}}<br>Literally: 'God reward you with goodness' or 'God bless you'<br>Usage: Used to show gratitude to someone
* {{Lang|ivv|Dios mavidin}}<br>Literally: 'May God remain with you'<br>Usage: Used by the person who is leaving
* {{Lang|ivv|Dios machivan}}<br>Literally: 'May God go with you'<br>Usage: Used by the person who is staying behind

==Phonology==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Vowels of Ivatan<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Cottle|first=Morris|title=The significant sounds of Ivatan|publisher=University of Sydney|year=1958}}</ref>
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɯ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| 
| 
|colspan="2"| {{IPA link|o}}<!--This sound is included in Ivatan, like in the words written below.-->
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
| colspan="2" |
|}
/u/ can also be lowered to {{IPAblink|ʊ}}. Vowel [e] only occurs in loanwords from [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants of Ivatan<ref name=":0" />
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɣ}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|}

/h/ can also be heard as a velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}}. Ivatan is one of the Philippine languages that do not exhibit [{{IPA|ɾ}}]-[d] allophony.

==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
The following set of pronouns is found in the Ivatan language.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Lawrence Andrew |title=An Ivatan Syntax |series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications |date=1966 |pages=1–160 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |jstor=20019114 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Nominative
! colspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Locative
|-
! free !! bound
! free !! bound
|-
! rowspan="3" | 1st person
! colspan="2" | singular
| {{lang|ivv|yaken}}
| {{lang|ivv|'ako}}
| {{lang|ivv|niaken}}
| {{lang|ivv|ko}}
| {{lang|ivv|diaken}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | plural
! exclusive
| {{lang|ivv|yamen}}
| {{lang|ivv|kami}}
| {{lang|ivv|niamen}}
| {{lang|ivv|namen}}
| {{lang|ivv|diamen}}
|-
! inclusive
| {{lang|ivv|yaten}}
| {{lang|ivv|ta}}
| {{lang|ivv|niaten}}
| {{lang|ivv|ta}}
| {{lang|ivv|diaten}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2nd person
! colspan="2" | singular
| {{lang|ivv|'imo}}
| {{lang|ivv|'ka}}
| {{lang|ivv|nimo}}
| {{lang|ivv|mo}}
| {{lang|ivv|dimo}}
|-
! colspan="2" | plural
| {{lang|ivv|'inio}}
| {{lang|ivv|kamo}}
| {{lang|ivv|ninio}}
| {{lang|ivv|nio}}
| {{lang|ivv|dinio}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | 3rd person
! colspan="2" | singular
| {{lang|ivv|sia}}
| {{lang|ivv|sia}}
| {{lang|ivv|nia}}
| {{lang|ivv|na}}
| {{lang|ivv|dia}}
|-
! colspan="2" | plural
| {{lang|ivv|sira/sa}}
| {{lang|ivv|sira/sa}}
| {{lang|ivv|nira}}
| {{lang|ivv|da}}
| {{lang|ivv|dira}}
|}

==Cultural terms of the Ivatan people==
{{columns-list|
* {{Lang|ivv|uve}}, {{Lang|ivv|uvi}}, {{Lang|ivv|sudi}} – [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]]; [[staple crop]]
* {{Lang|ivv|sudi}} – [[taro]]
* {{Lang|ivv|wakay}} – [[sweet potato]]
* {{Lang|ivv|bulyas}} – onions
* {{Lang|ivv|baka}} – cow
* {{Lang|ivv|kaddin}} – goat
* {{Lang|ivv|kayvayvanan}} – friendship; cooperative work by a community which starts at the blow of a shell horn called a {{Lang|ivv|vodiadong}}
* {{Lang|ivv|payohoan}} – helping one another; work club of teenagers who alternate their shifts
* {{Lang|ivv|faluwa}}; {{Lang|ivv|chinarem}}; {{Lang|ivv|tataya}} – three boats used for fishing
* {{Lang|ivv|kabbata}} – legends
* {{Lang|ivv|laji}} – lyric folk songs
* {{Lang|ivv|kalusan}} – working songs
* {{Lang|ivv|sisyavak}} – humorous anecdotes and tales
* {{Lang|ivv|kabbuni}} – riddles
* {{Lang|ivv|pananahan}} – proverbs
* {{Lang|ivv|vachi}} – song leader
* {{Lang|ivv|mais}} – corn
* {{Lang|ivv|paray}} – rice plant
* {{Lang|ivv|dukay}} – [[lesser yam]]
* {{Lang|ivv|rakarakanen}} – vegetables
* {{Lang|ivv|hagsa}} – an extinct wild deer{{Which|date=November 2022}}
* {{Lang|ivv|vulaw a bagu}} – [[wild boar]]
* {{Lang|ivv|tatus}} – [[coconut crabs]]
* {{Lang|ivv|lakasan}} – tops of wooden trunks used for storing cloth and other valuables which serve as benches
* {{Lang|ivv|dulang}} – low dining table
* {{Lang|ivv|bangku}} – low bench
* {{Lang|ivv|rahaung}}, {{Lang|ivv|camarin}} – a storeroom for larger farm equipment such as plows, harrows, sleds, cards, and the ox-drawn pole used for clearing off sweet potatoes and other vines from fields being prepared for re-cultivation
* {{Lang|ivv|vuyavuy}} –  ''[[Phoenix loureiroi]]'', a small [[Arecaceae|palm]] growing usually on [[Batanes]] coastal hills
* {{Lang|ivv|talugung}} – a kind of conical hat woven from strips made from the stalk of a local plant called {{Lang|ivv|nini}}
* {{Lang|ivv|pasikin}} – small [[bamboo]] or [[rattan]] baskets worn on the back
* {{Lang|ivv|lukoy}} – [[bolo knife]]
* {{Lang|ivv|suhut}} – sheath of a bolo knife
* {{Lang|ivv|suut}}, {{Lang|ivv|[[vakul]]}} – a head-and-back covering woven from the stripped leaves of banana or the {{Lang|ivv|vuyavuy}}
* {{Lang|ivv|alat}} – baskets
* {{Lang|ivv|batulinaw}} – a necklace made of hollow globules (1½ cm. in diameter) interspersed with smaller pieces of gold in floral patterns and held together by a string made of fiber
* {{Lang|ivv|tamburin}} – an all-gold necklace whose beads are smaller and more ornate than the {{Lang|ivv|batulinaw}}, and lockets
* {{Lang|ivv|seseng}}, {{Lang|ivv|pamaaw}}, {{Lang|ivv|chingkakawayan}}, {{Lang|ivv|liyano}}, {{Lang|ivv|de pelo}}, {{Lang|ivv|dima s'bato}}, {{Lang|ivv|pitu s'bato}}, {{Lang|ivv|de perlas}}, {{Lang|ivv|bumbolya}}, {{Lang|ivv|karakol}}, {{Lang|ivv|pinatapatan}} – traditional earrings that come from the Spanish period
* {{Lang|ivv|angang}} – jars
* {{Lang|ivv|dibang}} – [[flying fish]]
* {{Lang|ivv|payi}} – [[lobster]]
* {{Lang|ivv|arayu}} – [[dorado]]
* {{Lang|ivv|mataw}} – dorado fisherman
* {{Lang|ivv|tipuho}} – [[breadfruit]]
* {{Lang|ivv|uhango}} – [[Pandanus amaryllifolius|pandan]]
* {{Lang|ivv|tamidok}} – fern
* {{Lang|ivv|chayi}} – fruit similar to lychee [[Pometia Pinnata]]
* {{Lang|ivv|soot}} – generic term referring to the [[Ivatan people|Ivatan]] rain cape made from the finely stripped leaves of the {{Lang|ivv|vuyavuy}} palm.
* {{Lang|ivv|vakul}} – woman's {{Lang|ivv|soot}}, worn on the head.
* {{Lang|ivv|kanayi}} – man's {{Lang|ivv|soot}}, worn on the shoulders.
* {{Lang|ivv|falowa}} – Ivatan boat, now usually motorized, for 10–20 passengers.
* {{Lang|ivv|tataya}} – Ivatan [[Dory (boat)|dory]] with twin oars, for 2–4 passengers.
* {{Lang|ivv|timban/chimban}} – church
* {{Lang|ivv|vanuwa}} – port
* {{Lang|ivv|avayat}} – a broad directional term used to indicate the west, a western direction or the western side.
* {{Lang|ivv|valugan}} – a broad directional term sued to indicate the east, an eastern direction or the eastern side.
* {{Lang|ivv|palek}} – [[sugar cane]] wine
* {{Lang|ivv|malisto}} – fast
* {{Lang|ivv|mawadi}} – slow
* {{Lang|ivv|mavid}} – beautiful
* {{Lang|ivv|kuman}} – eat
* {{Lang|ivv|minem}} – drink
* {{Lang|ivv|bapor}}, {{Lang|ivv|tataya}} – boat
* {{Lang|ivv|taw}} – sea
* {{Lang|ivv|ranum}} – water
* {{Lang|ivv|salawsaw}} – wind
* {{Lang|ivv|kayvan}} – friend
* {{Lang|ivv|mahakay}} – man
* {{Lang|ivv|mavakes}} – woman
* {{Lang|ivv|masalawsaw}} – windy
* {{Lang|ivv|makuhat}} – hot
* {{Lang|ivv|matimuy/machimuy}} – raindrops
}}

==Phrases==
{{columns-list|
* Hello – {{Lang|ivv|Kapian capa nu dios}}
* How are you? – {{Lang|ivv|Ara ca mangu?}}
* I am fine – {{Lang|ivv|Taytu aco a mapia}}
* I am not fine – {{Lang|ivv|Ara coava mapia}}
* Thank you – {{Lang|ivv|Dios mamajes}}
* Where are you going? – {{Lang|ivv|Ngayan mo?}}
* I am going to... – {{Lang|ivv|Mangay aco du...}}
* Where is ___? – {{Lang|ivv|Ara dino si ___?}}
* Straight ahead – {{Lang|ivv|Direcho}}
* How much? – {{Lang|ivv|Manyi Pira?}}
* How many? – {{Lang|ivv|Pira?}}
* Good – {{Lang|ivv|Mapia}}
* No good – {{Lang|ivv|Mapia/Mavid ava}}
* Yes – {{Lang|ivv|Oon}}
* I want ___ – {{Lang|ivv|Makey ako no ___}}
* I don't want – {{Lang|ivv|Makey aco ava}}
* I have a problem – {{Lang|ivv|Mian problema ko}}
* No problem – {{Lang|ivv|Arava o problema}}
* Good luck – {{Lang|ivv|Mapia palak}}
* What's your name? – {{Lang|ivv|Angu ngaran mo?}}
* Where is the house of ___? – {{Lang|ivv|Jino vahay da ___?}}
* There – {{Lang|ivv|du nguya}}, {{Lang|ivv|du daw}}, {{Lang|ivv|dawri}}
* Here – {{Lang|ivv|diaya}}
* Hungry – {{Lang|ivv|mapteng}}
* Thirsty – {{Lang|ivv|ma-waw}}
* Tired – {{Lang|ivv|mavanah}}, {{Lang|ivv|chinagagan}} (south), {{Lang|ivv|navanax}}
* Happy – {{Lang|ivv|masuyot}}, {{Lang|ivv|masaray}}
* Whistling – {{Lang|ivv|mamito}}, {{Lang|ivb|mihiñoxay}} (Itbayat)
* Soft – {{Lang|ivv|mahma}}, {{Lang|ivv|maxma}} & {{Lang|ivb|mayuxma}} (Itbayat)
* Sea – {{Lang|ivv|taw}}, {{Lang|ivb|hawa}} (Itbayat)
* Bird – {{Lang|ivv|manumanok}}, {{Lang|ivb|kangkang}} (Itbayat)
* Perpendicular – {{Lang|ivv|maybatbat}}, {{Lang|ivb|mipatinu-nong}} (Itbayat)
* Mud – {{Lang|ivv|hetek}}, {{Lang|ivb|xetek}} (Itbayat)
* Yesterday – {{Lang|ivv|kakuyab}}
* Afternoon – {{Lang|ivv|makuyab}}
* When are we going? – {{Lang|ivv|Antin mangu ta mangay?}}
* When are you going to cut your hair? – {{Lang|ivv|Antin mangu ka mapagugud?}}
}}

==Ivatan words==

===Etymology===
'''Coined words''' are two words combined to form one new word.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence
! Coined word
! Meaning
! Usage
|-
| {{Lang|ivv|Mirwa '''ta''' '''anchi'''ya'''w'''}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Tanchew}}
| We'll meet again later.
| Street language
|-
| {{Lang|ivv|Jinu '''nga'''ya'''n''' '''mu'''}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Nganmu}}
| Where are you going?
| Street language
|}

===Similarities with other Philippine languages===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!&nbsp;
! Person
! House
! Dog
! Coconut
! Day
! New
|-
| '''Ivatan'''
| {{Lang|ivv|Tawu}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Vahay}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Chitu}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Niyuy}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Araw}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Va-yu}}
|-
| '''[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]'''
| {{Lang|tl|Tao}}
| {{Lang|tl|Bahay}}
| {{Lang|tl|Aso}}
| {{Lang|tl|Niyog}}
| {{Lang|tl|Araw}}
| {{Lang|tl|Bago}}
|-
| '''[[Bikol language|Bikol]]'''
| {{Lang|bik|Tawo}}
| {{Lang|bik|Harong}}
| {{Lang|bik|Ayam}}
| {{Lang|bik|Niyog}}
| {{Lang|bik|Aldaw}}
| {{Lang|bik|Ba-go}}
|-
| '''[[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]'''
| {{Lang|ceb|Tawo}}
| {{Lang|ceb|Balay}}
| {{Lang|ceb|Iro}}
| {{Lang|ceb|Lubi}}
| {{Lang|ceb|Adlaw}}
| {{Lang|ceb|Bag-o}}
|-
| '''[[Tausug language|Tausug]]'''
| {{Lang|tsg|Tau}}
| {{Lang|tsg|Bay}}
| {{Lang|tsg|Iru'}}
| {{Lang|tsg|Niyug}}
| {{Lang|tsg|Adlaw}}
| {{Lang|tsg|Ba-gu}}
|-
| '''[[Kinaray-a language|Kinaray-a]]'''
| {{Lang|krj|Taho}}
| {{Lang|krj|Balay}}
| {{Lang|krj|Ayam}}
| {{Lang|krj|Niyog}}
| {{Lang|krj|Adlaw}}
| {{Lang|krj|Bag-o}}
|-
| '''[[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]'''
| {{Lang|pam|Tau}}
| {{Lang|pam|Bale}}
| {{Lang|pam|Asu}}
| {{Lang|pam|Ngungut}}
| {{Lang|pam|Aldo}}
| {{Lang|pam|Bayu}}
|-
| '''[[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]'''
| {{Lang|pag|Too}}
| {{Lang|pag|Abong}}
| {{Lang|pag|Aso}}
| {{Lang|pag|Niyog}}
| {{Lang|pag|Agew}}
| {{Lang|pag|Balo}}
|-
| '''[[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]'''
| {{Lang|ilo|Tao}}
| {{Lang|ilo|Balay}}
| {{Lang|ilo|Aso}}
| {{Lang|ilo|Niog}}
| {{Lang|ilo|Aldaw}}
| {{Lang|ilo|Baro}}
|-
| '''[[Gaddang language|Gaddang]]'''
| {{Lang|gad|Tolay}}
| {{Lang|gad|Balay}}
| {{Lang|gad|Atu}}
| {{Lang|gad|Ayog}}
| {{Lang|gad|Aw}}
| {{Lang|gad|Bawu}}
|-
| '''[[Tboli language|Tboli]]'''
| {{Lang|tbl|Tau}}
| {{Lang|tbl|Gunu}}
| {{Lang|tbl|Ohu}}
| {{Lang|tbl|Lefo}}
| {{Lang|tbl|Kdaw}}
| {{Lang|tbl|Lomi}}
|}

===Similarities with the Tao language===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! &nbsp;
! Day
! Home
! Friend
! Eat
! Drink
|-
| '''Ivatan'''
| {{Lang|ivv|Araw}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Vahay}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Cayvan}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Kuman}}
| {{Lang|ivv|Minom}}
|-
| '''[[Yami language|Yami]]''' <big>雅美/達悟</big>
| {{Transliteration|tao|Araw}}
| {{Transliteration|tao|Vahay}}
| {{Transliteration|tao|Kagagan}}
| {{Transliteration|tao|Kuman}}
| {{Transliteration|tao|Minum}}
|}

===Accommodation===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Room
!Mail
!Water
!Time
|-
|'''Ivasayen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Cuarto}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Tulas}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Danum}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Oras}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Cuarto}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Turas}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Ranum}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Uras}}
|}

===Approval and disapproval===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Good
!Of course
!Ok
!Pretty
!Yes
!No
!Nothing
!Perhaps
|-
|'''Ivasayen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Mapia}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Siyempre}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Okay}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavid}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Oon}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Omba}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Arava}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Siguro}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Map'pia}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Siyempri}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Na uh}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavij / Mavig}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Uwen}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Engga}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Aralih / Aral}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Siguru}}
|}

===Colors===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Black
!Blue
!Brown
!Dark
!Gray
!Green
!Light
!Red
!White
!Yellow
|-
|'''Ivasayen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavajeng}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Maanil}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Chocolati}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Masari}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavuavo}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Berde}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Marial}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavaya}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Maydac}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mañujama}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavaweng}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Um'anianil}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Um'yutana}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Masarih}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Um'avu-avo}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Marèm}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Marengang}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mavayah}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mahilak}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mayuxama / Umyuxama}}
|}

===Days of the week===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Sunday
!Monday
!Tuesday
!Wednesday
!Thursday
!Friday
!Saturday
|-
|'''Ivasayen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Domingo}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Lunis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Martis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Miyirkolis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Juibis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Biyernis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sabado}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Lumingu}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Lunis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Martis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Mirkulis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Juybis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Birnis}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sabalu}}
|}

===Direction===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Left
!Right
!Straight ahead
|-
|'''Ivasayen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Huli}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Wanan}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Diricho}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Guri}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Wanan}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Diricho}}
|}

===Cardinal numbers===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!
!Zero
!One
!Two
!Three
!Four
!Five
!Six
!Seven
!Eight
!Nine
!Ten
|-
|'''Ivayasen'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Siro}}, {{Lang|ivv|abu}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Asa}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Dadua}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Tatdu}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Apat}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Dadima}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Anem}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Papito}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Wawajo}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sasyam}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sapujo}}
|-
|'''Itbayaten'''
|{{Lang|ivv|Siro}}, {{Lang|ivv|a'bu}}
|{{Lang|ivv|A'sa}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Daduha}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Atlu}}
|{{Lang|ivv|A'pat}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Lalima}}
|{{Lang|ivv|A'nem}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Pito}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Waxo}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sasyam}}
|{{Lang|ivv|Sapuxu}}
|}

==Writing system==
Ivatan is written using the Latin alphabet. As Ivatan is primarily a spoken language and seldom used in written form, there is currently no consistent way of writing the language and different conventions may be used by different writers. An orthography devised for use in public schools by the Department of Education uses the full 26-letter Latin alphabet, with three extra letters, ''ch'', ''ñ'', and ''ng''.<ref name="georgann">{{cite book |last1=Gabilo-Cariaso |first1=Georgann |title=Ortograpiya Ivatan |date=2015 |publisher=SCHOOLS DIVISION OF BATANES |url=https://edoc.pub/final-ivatan-ortho-ver-dec-2015-pdf-free.html |access-date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

The [[schwa]] sound, or uh, is normally represented by the letter ''e'' as in {{Lang|ivv|Dios Mamajes}}, 'di-yos-ma-ma-huhs', and {{Lang|ivv|palek}} 'pa-luhk'.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Philippines|Language}}
{{Wikivoyage|Ivatan phrasebook|Ivatan|a phrasebook}}
* [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED402781.pdf Ivatan Language Packet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050514033320/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/culture%26arts/cularts/ccta/northern/northern-batanes.htm The Ivatan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722084104/http://asian-lp.uga.edu/jpn_html/yami/chpt.1.html Affiliation with the Yami of Taiwan]
* [http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries/cmd&dict_lang=Ivatan Bansa.org Ivatan Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215172411/http://www.bansa.org/?q=dictionaries%2Fcmd&dict_lang=Ivatan |date=15 December 2018 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201256/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/translation/Ivatan/ Ivatan-English Dictionary] from [https://web.archive.org/web/20120223164907/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ Webster's Dictionary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212194455/http://www.batanesonline.com/LiteraryArts/IvatanLanguage.htm IVATAN LANGUAGE: AN ANALYSIS – BatanesOnline.com]
* [http://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.htm Ivatan Language  of the Batales Islands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027045326/http://uproar.fortunecity.com/sports/490/Batanes/kanta.htm Batanes: Ivatan Songs composed and / or collected by Manuel Fajardo]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227064910/http://www.uyuganbatanes.com/history.html Uyugan, Batanes! On the Web! Batanes]

{{Philippine languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivatan Language}}
[[Category:Batanic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Batanes]]
[[Category:Languages of Cagayan]]