View source for List of plants used in herbalism

{{Short description|Plants used to treat Animal & Human Illnesses}}
{{fringe theories|date=September 2017}}
{{more medical citations needed|date=September 2017}}
{{Alternative medical systems|traditional}}

This is an alphabetical '''list of plants used in [[herbalism]]'''.

[[Phytochemical]]s possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as:
:*[[primary metabolite]]s, such as [[carbohydrate]]s and [[fat]]s found in all plants
:*[[secondary metabolite]]s serving a more specific function.<ref name="meskin-2002-p123">{{Cite book |last=Meskin |first=Mark S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJHsMALUDj0C&pg=PA123 |title=Phytochemicals in Nutrition and Health |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58716-083-7 |page=123 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>

For example, some [[secondary metabolite]]s are [[toxin]]s used to [[Plant defense against herbivory|deter predation]], and others are [[pheromone]]s used to attract insects for [[pollination]]. Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are [[quinine]] from the [[cinchona]], [[morphine]] and [[codeine]] from the [[poppy]], and [[digoxin]] from the [[digitalis|foxglove]].<ref name="meskin-2002-p123" />

In Europe, [[apothecary|apothecaries]] stocked herbal ingredients as [[traditional medicine]]s. In the [[binomial nomenclature|Latin names for plants]] created by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], the word ''[[officinalis]]'' indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the [[Althaea officinalis|marsh mallow]] has the classification ''Althaea officinalis'', as it was traditionally used as an [[emollient]] to soothe [[ulcer]]s.<ref name="haubrich">{{Cite book |last=Haubrich |first=William S. |title=Medical meanings: a glossary of word origins |publisher=ACP Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-930513-49-5 |page=162 |chapter=officina |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[Pharmacognosy]] is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals.

Some modern [[prescription drug]]s are based on plant [[extract]]s rather than whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make [[pharmaceutical]]s. Examples of such derivatives include [[aspirin]], which is chemically related to the [[salicylic acid]] found in [[white willow]]. The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including [[morphine]]. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.

{{Compact ToC}}

== A ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Common name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Acacia senegal]]''
| [[Gum arabic]]
| A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used in [[History of birth control#Ancient World|ancient birth control]] as well as a binder and emulsifier for medicinal compounds.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Phillips |first1=Aled O. |last2=Phillips |first2=Glyn O. |date=2011-03-01 |title=Biofunctional behaviour and health benefits of a specific gum arabic |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0268005X10000585 |journal=Food Hydrocolloids |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=165–169 |doi=10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.03.012 |issn=0268-005X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Lipsey2005">{{Cite book |last1=Lipsey |first1=Richard G. |title=Economic Transformations: General Purpose Technologies and Long-Term Economic Growth |last2=Carlaw |first2=Kenneth |last3=Bekar |first3=Clifford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-928564-8 |pages=335–40 |chapter=Historical Record on the Control of Family Size |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSrGTMtBv50C&pg=PA335}}</ref>
| [[File:Khair.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Achillea millefolium]]''
| Common yarrow
| Purported to be a [[diaphoretic]], [[astringent]],<ref name="hutchens">{{Cite book |last=Hutchens |first=Alma R. |title=Indian Herbology of North America |publisher=Shambhala Publications |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-87773-639-4 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[herbal tonic|tonic]], [[stimulant]] and mild [[Aroma compound|aromatic]].
| [[File:Achillea millefolium20100626 087.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Actaea racemosa]]''
| [[Black cohosh]]
| Historically used for [[arthritis]] and [[myalgia|muscle pain]], used more recently for conditions related to [[menopause]] and [[menstruation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Black cohosh |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/black-cohosh/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Actaea racemosa 002.JPG|267x267px]]

|-
| ''[[Aesculus hippocastanum]]''
| [[Horse chestnut]]
| Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions. It may be useful for treating [[chronic venous insufficiency]]. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Horse chestnut |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/horse-chestnut |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Aesculus hippocastanum (1).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Ageratina altissima]]''
| White snakeroot
| Root tea has been used to treat [[diarrhea]], [[kidney stone]]s, and [[fever]]. A root [[poultice]] can be used on [[snakebite]]s. The smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medicinal Plants-White Snakeroot |url=http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/medicinal_plants/pages/White_Snakeroot.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023052520/http://www.bio.brandeis.edu/fieldbio/medicinal_plants/pages/White_Snakeroot.html |archive-date=2013-10-23 |access-date=2013-11-05 |publisher=Bio.brandeis.edu}}</ref>{{medrs|date=May 2020}} The plant contains the toxin [[tremetol]] which causes [[milk sickness]], a sometimes fatal condition.<ref name="nps">{{Cite web |title=Milk Sickness |url=https://www.nps.gov/abli/planyourvisit/milksickness.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211010645/http://www.nps.gov/abli/planyourvisit/milksickness.htm |archive-date=February 11, 2008 |access-date=22 May 2020 |website=National Park Service}}</ref>

| [[File:Ageratina altissima 002.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Alcea rosea]]''
| Common hollyhock
| Believed to be an [[emollient]] and [[laxative]]. It is used to control [[inflammation]], to stop [[bedwetting]] and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums.{{sfn | Howard | 1987 | p=155}}
| [[File:Alcea rosea purple.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Alisma plantago-aquatica]]''
| Water-plantain
| Used for the urinary tract.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Plantain |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-347-WATER+PLANTAIN.aspx?activeIngredientId=347&activeIngredientName=WATER+PLANTAIN&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425123040/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-347-WATER+PLANTAIN.aspx?activeIngredientId=347&activeIngredientName=WATER+PLANTAIN&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Alisma plantago-aquatica20090812 251.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Allium sativum]]''
| [[Garlic]]
| | Purported use to lower [[blood cholesterol]] and [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Garlic |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/garlic/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:GarlicBasket.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Aloe vera]]''
| [[Aloe vera]]
| Leaves are widely used to [[Aloe vera#Traditional medicine|heal burns]], [[wound]]s and other [[skin disease|skin ailments]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Aloe Vera |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/aloe-vera/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Aloe Vera.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Althaea officinalis]]''
| [[Marsh-mallow]]
| Used historically as both a food and a medicine.<ref name="haubrich" />
| [[File:Althaea officinalis Prague 2011 2.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Amorphophallus konjac]]''
| [[Konjac]]
| Significant dietary source of [[glucomannan]],<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baer DJ, Rumpler WV, Miles CW, Fahey GC |date=April 1997 |title=Dietary fiber decreases the metabolizable energy content and nutrient digestibility of mixed diets fed to humans |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=127 |issue=4 |pages=579–86 |doi=10.1093/jn/127.4.579 |pmid=9109608 |doi-access=free}}</ref> which is purported for use in treating [[obesity]], [[constipation]],<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marzio L, Del Bianco R, Donne MD, Pieramico O, Cuccurullo F |date=August 1989 |title=Mouth-to-cecum transit time in patients affected by chronic constipation: effect of glucomannan |journal=The American Journal of Gastroenterology |volume=84 |issue=8 |pages=888–91 |pmid=2547312}}</ref> and reducing cholesterol.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Glucomannan |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/glucomannan.html |access-date=28 October 2022 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Amorphophallus konjac (fruit) 01.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Anemone hepatica]]''
| Common hepatica
| Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for [[pimple]]s, [[bronchitis]] and [[gout]].{{sfn | Howard | 1987 | p=161-162}}
| [[File:Common Hepatica - Anemone hepatica (13214136064).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Angelica archangelica]]''
|  Garden angelica
| Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B |date=October 2013 |title=Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine--an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=149 |issue=3 |pages=750–71 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 |pmc=3791396 |pmid=23770053}}</ref>
| [[File:Coulon-Angélique.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Angelica sinensis]]''
| [[Dong quai]]
| Used for thousands of years in Asia, primarily in women's health.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dong quai (Angelica sinensis [Oliv.] Diels) |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dong-quai/NS_patient-Dongquai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006232934/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dong-quai/NS_patient-dongquai |archive-date=2011-10-06 |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Apium graveolens]]''
| [[Celery]]
| Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. Modern usage is primarily as a [[diuretic]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wichtl |first=Max |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PRyMWo5e28C&q=Herbal%20Drugs%20and%20Phytopharmaceuticals&pg=PA52 |title=Apii Fructus |work=Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8493-1961-7 |page=52 |access-date=2011-10-18 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Apium graveolens 002.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Arctium lappa]]''
| [[Burdock]]
| Used traditionally as a [[diuretic]] and to lower blood sugar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burdock |url=http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69154.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029102328/http://www.mskcc.org/mskcc/html/69154.cfm |archive-date=2011-10-29 |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center}}</ref> and, in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burdock (niu bang zi) |url=http://www.naturopathydigest.com/nutrition_herbs/herbs/burdock.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080121/http://www.naturopathydigest.com/nutrition_herbs/herbs/burdock.php |archive-date=2012-04-25 |access-date=2011-10-18 |website=Herbs & Botanical |publisher=Naturopathy Digest}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=October 2011}}
| [[File:ArctiumLappa4.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Arnica montana]]''
| [[Arnica montana|Arnica]]
| Used as an [[anti-inflammatory]]<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Bianchi T, Bordoni L, Marabini L |year=2006 |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol: inhibitory effect on the release of human neutrophil elastase |journal=Pharmacology |volume=77 |issue=3 |pages=130–6 |doi=10.1159/000093790 |pmid=16763380 |s2cid=23328433}}</ref> and for osteoarthritis.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Widrig R, Suter A, Saller R, Melzer J |date=April 2007 |title=Choosing between NSAID and arnica for topical treatment of hand osteoarthritis in a randomised, double-blind study |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/312834/files/296_2007_Article_304.pdf |journal=Rheumatology International |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=585–91 |doi=10.1007/s00296-007-0304-y |pmid=17318618 |s2cid=21078244}}</ref> The US Food and Drug Administration has classified ''Arnica montana'' as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.<ref name="drugs.com">{{Cite web |title=Arnica |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/arnica.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108094251/https://www.drugs.com/npp/arnica.html |archive-date=2017-01-08 |publisher=[[drugs.com]]}}</ref> It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.<ref name="drugs.com" />
| [[File:Arnica montana (flower head).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Astragalus propinquus]]''
| [[Astragalus (plant)|Astragalus]]
| Long used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Astragalus |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/astragalus/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Astragalus membranaceus.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Atropa belladonna]]''
| Belladonna
| Although toxic, was used historically in [[Italy]] by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a [[sedative]], among other uses. The name itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Belladonna |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/531.html |publisher=[[National Institute of Health]] [[MedlinePlus]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Flickr - don macauley - Deadly Nightshade.jpg|200x200px]]
.
|-
| ''[[Azadirachta indica]]''
| [[Neem]]
| Used in India to treat worms, [[malaria]], [[rheumatism]] and [[skin infection]]s among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary" in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ganguli S |date=June 10, 2002 |title=Neem: A therapeutic for all seasons |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jun102002/1303.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Current Science |volume=82 |issue=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605054940/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/jun102002/1303.pdf |archive-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:Tender Neem leaves in Karnataka, India.JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== B ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Bellis perennis]]''
| Daisy
| Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />
| [[File:Marienblümchen Ende März 2014 (153).JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Berberis vulgaris]]''
| [[Barberry]]
| Long history of medicinal use, dating back to the [[Middle Ages]] particularly among [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s. Uses have included [[skin disease|skin ailments]], [[scurvy]] and [[GI tract|gastro-intestinal ailments]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barberry |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/barberry.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620145827/http://www.drugs.com/npp/barberry.html |archive-date=2012-06-20 |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Berberis thunb frt.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Borago officinalis]]''
| [[Borage]]
| Used in [[hyperactive]] [[gastrointestinal]], [[respiratory]] and [[cardiovascular]] disorders,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gilani AH, Bashir S, Khan AU |date=December 2007 |title=Pharmacological basis for the use of Borago officinalis in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=114 |issue=3 |pages=393–9 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.032 |pmid=17900837}}</ref> such as gastrointestinal ([[colic]], [[cramps]], [[diarrhea]]), airways ([[asthma]], [[bronchitis]]), cardiovascular, ([[cardiotonic]], [[antihypertensive]] and blood purifier), [[urinary]] (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders).<ref name="e802">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Abstracts of the 16th World Congress of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. July 17-23, 2010. Copenhagen, Denmark |journal=Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology |volume=107 Suppl 1 |page=301 |doi=10.1111/j.1742-7843.2010.00597.x |issn=1742-7843 |pmid=20590537}}</ref>
| [[File:Borage starflower Rohtopurasruoho 02.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Broussonetia kurzii]]''
| Salae
| Known as ''Salae'' in Thailand where this species is valued as a [[medicinal plant]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=qsbgplant-db |url=http://www.qsbg.org/database/plantdb/mdp/medicinal-specimen.asp?id=671 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053551/http://www.qsbg.org/database/plantdb/mdp/medicinal-specimen.asp?id=671 |archive-date=2017-02-02 |website=QSBG Database}}</ref>
|
|}

== C ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Calendula officinalis]]''
| [[Calendula officinalis|Marigold]]
| Also named calendula, has a long history of use in treating wounds and soothing skin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendula: Herbal Remedies |date=3 November 2010 |url=http://medicinalherbinfo.org/herbs/Calendula.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080213/http://medicinalherbinfo.org/herbs/Calendula.html |archive-date=2012-04-25 |publisher=Discovery Fit & Health}}</ref>{{Self-published inline|date=October 2011}}
| [[File:2006-10-22Calendula03.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Cannabis]]''
| Hemp, Cannabis, Marijuana, Indian hemp, Ganja
| Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]], muscle relaxation, anxiety, [[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]] and [[dementia]], [[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder|ADHD]], [[autism]], cancer, [[cerebral palsy]], recurring headaches, [[Crohn's disease]], depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Guide to the Top 71 Medical Uses of Cannabis |url=https://www.green-flower.com/articles/574/medical-uses-of-cannabis |access-date=2019-03-17 |website=Green Flower Media |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Cannabis 20160411 093402 (26092404540).jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Capsicum annuum]]''
| [[Cayenne pepper|Cayenne]]
| Type of [[capsicum|chili]] that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering [[triglyceride]] and [[cholesterol]] levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of [[Vitamin C]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kremer |first=Randall |name-list-style=vanc |year=2007 |title=Ancient Americans liked it hot – Smithsonian study traces Mexican cuisine roots to 1,500 years ago |url=http://www.theanalystmagazine.com/pr/1302.htm |journal=The Analyst Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080132/http://www.theanalystmagazine.com/pr/1302.htm |archive-date=2012-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Capsicum spp. |url=http://medplant.nmsu.edu/capsicum.shtm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515111829/http://medplant.nmsu.edu/capsicum.shtm |archive-date=2008-05-15 |website=Medicinal Plants of the Southwest |vauthors=Tso Y, Love B, Ibañez RC, Ross J}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heinerman |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcmzL4KTCQ0C |title=The Health Benefits of Cayenne |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87983-703-7 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Capsicum annuum 10 - Kew.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Capsicum frutescens]]''
| [[Capsicum|Chili]]
| Its active ingredient, [[capsaicine]], is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of [[heart attack]] in Thais may be related to capsaicine's [[Fibrinolysis|fibronolytic action]] (dissolving blood clots).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Visudhiphan S, Poolsuppasit S, Piboonnukarintr O, Tumliang S |date=June 1982 |title=The relationship between high fibrinolytic activity and daily capsicum ingestion in Thais |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1452–8 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/35.6.1452 |pmid=7081126}}</ref>
| [[File:Tabasco peppers.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Carica papaya]]''
| [[Papaya]]
| Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gurung S, Skalko-Basnet N |date=January 2009 |title=Wound healing properties of Carica papaya latex: in vivo evaluation in mice burn model |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=121 |issue=2 |pages=338–41 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.030 |pmid=19041705}}</ref>
| [[File:Carica papaya 005.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cassia occidentalis]]''
| [[Coffee senna]]
| Used in a wide variety of roles in traditional medicine, including in particular as a broad-spectrum internal and external antimicrobial, for liver disorders, for intestinal worms and other parasites and as an immune-system stimulant.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=John K. |name-list-style=vanc |title=Senna occidentalis (L.) Link |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Senna%20occidentalis.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122121430/http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pdf/shrubs/Senna%20occidentalis.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-22 |access-date=2011-10-17 |publisher=International Institute of Tropical Forestry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tropical Plant Database |url=http://rain-tree.com/fedegosa.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027175150/http://www.rain-tree.com/fedegosa.htm |archive-date=2011-10-27 |access-date=2011-10-17 |publisher=Raintree Nutrition}}</ref>
| [[File:Senna occidentalis.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Catha edulis]]''
| [[Khat]]
| Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the [[amphetamine]]-like substance [[cathinone]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:Catha edulis.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cayaponia espelina]]''
| São Caetano melon
| It is a [[diuretic]] and aid in the treatment of [[diarrhea]] and [[syphilis]].<ref name="johnsont">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Timothy |title=CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference |publisher=CRC Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8493-1187-1 |location=Boca Raton, FL |page=178 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Cayaponia espelina fruit.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Centaurea cyanus]]''
| Cornflower
|  In [[herbalism]], a [[decoction]] of cornflower is effective in treating [[conjunctivitis]] and as a wash for tired eyes.{{sfn | Howard | 1987 }}
| [[File:CentaureaCyanus-bloem-kl.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Chrysopogon zizanioides]]''
| Vetiver
| Used for skin care.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vetiver |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-695-VETIVER.aspx?activeIngredientId=695&activeIngredientName=VETIVER&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425125340/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-695-VETIVER.aspx?activeIngredientId=695&activeIngredientName=VETIVER&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Ramacham.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cinchona]]''
| Cinchona
| [[Genus]] of about 38 [[species]] of trees whose bark is a source of [[alkaloids]], including [[quinine]]. Its use as a [[febrifuge]] was first popularized in the 17th century by [[Peru]]vian [[Jesuits]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Dispensatory of the United States of America |year=1918 |veditors=Remington JP, Wood HC |chapter=Cinchona |chapter-url=http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/usdisp/cinchona.html}}</ref>
| [[File:Cinchona.pubescens01.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Citrus × aurantium]]''
| [[Bitter orange]]
| Used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] and by indigenous peoples of the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] for [[nausea]], [[indigestion]] and [[constipation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Bitter orange |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/bitter-orange |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Bitter orange - Citrus aurantium 06.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Citrus limon]]''
| [[Lemon]]
| Along with other [[citrus]]es, it has a long history of use in [[traditional Chinese medicine|Chinese]] and [[Ayurveda|Indian traditional medicine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Imbesi |first1=Antonio |title=Citrus: the genus citrus |last2=de Pascuale |first2=Anna |publisher=CRC Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-415-28491-2 |editor-last=Giovanni Dugo |pages=577ff |chapter=Citrus species and their essential oils in traditional medicine |editor-last2=Angelo Di Giacomo |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat.
| [[File:P1030323.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Citrus trifoliata]]''
| [[Trifoliate orange]], bitter orange
| Fruits of ''Citrus trifoliata'' are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Zhou HY, Shin EM, Guo LY, Zou LB, Xu GH, Lee SH, Ze KR, Kim EK, Kang SS, Kim YS |date=October 2007 |title=Anti-inflammatory activity of 21(alpha, beta)-methylmelianodiols, novel compounds from Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=572 |issue=2–3 |pages=239–48 |doi=10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.07.005 |pmid=17662711}}</ref>
| [[File:20151019Citrus trifoliata5.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cissampelos pareira]]''
|Velvetleaf
| Used for a wide variety of conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abuta |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-267-ABUTA.aspx?activeIngredientId=267&activeIngredientName=ABUTA&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318055757/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-267-ABUTA.aspx?activeIngredientId=267&activeIngredientName=ABUTA&source=3 |archive-date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File: Diploclisia glaucescens Wynaad.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cnicus benedictus]]''
| [[Blessed thistle]]
| Used during the [[Middle Ages]] to treat [[bubonic plague]]. In modern times, [[herbal tea]]s made from blessed thistle are used for [[loss of appetite]], [[indigestion]] and other purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Blessed thistle |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/94.html |publisher=[[National Institute of Health]] [[MedlinePlus]]}}</ref>
| [[File:(MHNT) Centaurea Benedicta - Jardin Botanique Henri GAUSSEN.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Crataegus monogyna]]'' and ''[[Crataegus laevigata]]''
| [[Crataegus|Hawthorn]]
| Fruit has been used for centuries purportedly for [[heart disease]], digestive and kidney related problems.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Hawthorn |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/hawthorn/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Crataegus, various species, fruit.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Curcuma longa]]''
| [[Turmeric]]
| Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and [[traditional Chinese medicine]] to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=Turmeric |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/turmeric/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Native Turmeric Cooktown.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Cypripedium parviflorum]]''
| Yellow lady's slipper
| The ''Cypripedium'' species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are ''Cyp. parviflorum'' and ''Cyp.acaule'', used as topical applications or tea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cichoke |first=Anthony J |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQuy8Qgib9AC&q=Native+lady+slipper+remedies&pg=PT57 |title=Secrets of Native American herbal remedies: a comprehensive guide to the Native American tradition of using herbs and the mind/body/spirit connection for improving health and well-being |publisher=Penguin Publisher |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-101-10025-7 |location=New York |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Cypripedium parviflorum Orchi 016.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== D ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Digitalis lanata]]''
| [[Digitalis]] or foxglove
| It came into use in treating [[cardiac disease]] in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.{{ref|1|a}} Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative [[Digoxin]], which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Arthur C. |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Lifesaving Foxglove |url=http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Digitalis/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214070015/http://botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Digitalis/index.html |archive-date=2011-12-14 |website=Economic Botany Manual}}</ref> Digoxin is used as an [[antiarrhythmic agent]] and [[inotrope]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lip GY, Watson RD, Singh SP |date=December 1995 |title=ABC of atrial fibrillation. Drugs for atrial fibrillation |journal=BMJ |volume=311 |issue=7020 |pages=1631–4 |doi=10.1136/bmj.311.7020.1631 |pmc=2551512 |pmid=8555811}}</ref>
| [[File:Digitalis lanata. Wooly Foxglove (30755195067).jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== E ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Echinacea purpurea]]''
| [[Purple coneflower]]
| This plant and other species of ''[[Echinacea]]'' have been used for at least 400 years by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s to treat [[infection]]s and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" ([[panacea]]). It is currently used for symptoms associated with [[common cold|cold]] and [[influenza|flu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Echinacea |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/echinacea/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Echinacea purpurea 003.JPG|200x200px]]
|-
|''[[Echinopsis pachanoi]]''
|[[Echinopsis pachanoi|San Pedro cactus]]
|The San Pedro cactus contains the [[entheogen]] [[mescaline]] and has a long history of being used in [[Andes|Andean]] [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bussmann |first1=Rainer W. |last2=Sharon |first2=Douglas |date=2006-11-07 |title=Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: tracking two thousand years of healing culture |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=47 |doi=10.1186/1746-4269-2-47 |issn=1746-4269 |pmc=1637095 |pmid=17090303 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
|[[File:Starr 070320-5799 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Ephedra sinica]]''
| [[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]
| It has been used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for more than 2,000 years.<ref name="Abourashed_2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Abourashed E, El-Alfy A, Khan I, Walker L |year=2003 |title=Ephedra in perspective--a current review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=703–12 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1337 |pmid=12916063 |s2cid=41083359}}</ref><ref name="Huang2010">{{Cite book |last=Kee C. Huang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKGxTcF8u-sC&pg=PR3 |title=The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs, Second Edition |date=12 December 2010 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4200-4826-1 |page=9}}</ref> [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and [[Mormon pioneers]] drank a tea brewed from other ''[[Ephedra (plant)|Ephedra]]'' species, called "Mormon tea" and "Indian tea". It contains the alkaloids [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]], which are used as breathing aids ([[bronchodilator]]s and [[decongestant]]s).<ref name="drew">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Drew CD, Knight GT, Hughes DT, Bush M |date=September 1978 |title=Comparison of the effects of D-(-)-ephedrine and L-(+)-pseudoephedrine on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems in man |journal=British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=221–5 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.1978.tb04588.x |pmc=1429447 |pmid=687500}}</ref>
| [[File:Ephedra sinica alexlomas.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Equisetum arvense]]''
| [[Horsetail]]
| Dates back to [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] and [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] medicine, when it was used to stop [[bleeding]], heal [[ulcer]]s and wounds, and treat [[tuberculosis]] and [[kidney disease|kidney problems]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Horsetail |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Health |url=http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/2112000.html |access-date=2011-10-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208205554/http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/2112000.html |archive-date=2013-02-08 }}{{unreliable source?|date=October 2011}}{{marketing material|date=October 2011}}</ref>
| [[File:Equisetum arvense foliage.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Eriodictyon crassifolium]]''
| Yerba Santa
| Used by the [[Chumash people]] to keep airways open for proper breathing.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Adams JD, Garcia C |date=June 2005 |title=Palliative Care Among Chumash People |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=143–147 |doi=10.1093/ecam/neh090 |pmc=1142202 |pmid=15937554}}</ref> The US Forest Service profile<ref>{{Cite journal |first3=Jan |vauthors=Montalvo AM, Riordan EC, Beyers J |year=2017 |title=Plant profile for Eriodictyon crassifolium |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/57248 |journal=Native Plant Recommendations for Southern California Ecoregions |language=en}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> for ''Eriodictyon crassifolium'' provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District's resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions.
| [[File:Eriodictyoncrassifolium1.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
|''[[Erythroxylum coca]]''
|[[Coca]]
|Used as [[coca tea]] or chewed, traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, thirst, and [[altitude sickness]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weil |first=Andrew T. |date=1981-03-01 |title=The therapeutic value of coca in contemporary medicine |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0378874181900647 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2–3 |pages=367–376 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(81)90064-7 |issn=0378-8741 |pmid=6113306|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-05 |title=Coca leaf: Myths and Reality |url=https://www.tni.org/en/primer/coca-leaf-myths-and-reality |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=Transnational Institute |language=en}}</ref>
| [[File:Erythroxylum coca 001.JPG|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Eschscholzia californica]]''
| Californian poppy
| Used as a [[Medicinal herb|herbal]] remedy: an [[Aqueous solution|aqueous]] [[extract]] of the plant has [[sedative]] and [[anxiolytic]] actions.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rolland A, Fleurentin J, Lanhers MC, Younos C, Misslin R, Mortier F, Pelt JM |date=June 1991 |title=Behavioural effects of the American traditional plant Eschscholzia californica: sedative and anxiolytic properties |journal=Planta Medica |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=212–6 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-960076 |pmid=1680240 |s2cid=260252117}}</ref>
| [[File:LeamingtonSpa Platform2 Eschscholzia3.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Eucalyptus globulus]]''
| [[Eucalyptus]]
| Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a [[febrifuge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eucalyptus |url=http://www.puritan.com/vf/healthnotes/hn77/hn77_english/Herb/Eucalyptus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403204445/http://www.puritan.com/vf/healthnotes/HN77/HN77_english/Herb/Eucalyptus.htm |archive-date=2009-04-03 |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Health Notes}}</ref> Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in [[over-the-counter]] cough and cold medications, as well as for an [[analgesic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eucalyptus spp. |url=https://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/eucalyp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115534/http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/medicinal/eucalyp.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 |access-date=2011-10-17 |website=Medicinal Plants for Livestock |publisher=[[Cornell University]] Department of Animal Science}}</ref>
| [[File:Eucalyptus flowers, Barcelona, Spain (15345095225).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Euonymus atropurpureus]]''
| Wahoo
| Plant is a purgative and might affect the heart.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wahoo |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-349-WAHOO.aspx?activeIngredientId=349&activeIngredientName=WAHOO&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425113500/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-349-WAHOO.aspx?activeIngredientId=349&activeIngredientName=WAHOO&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Euphorbia hirta]]''
| [[Asthma-plant]]
| Used traditionally in Asia to treat bronchitic asthma and laryngeal spasm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euphorbia hirta |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+hirta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235112/http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Euphorbia+hirta |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2011-10-17 |publisher=[[Plants for a Future]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Malcolm |title=Encyclopedia Of Herbs & Herbalism |publisher=Crescent |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-517-35326-4 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> It is used in the [[Philippines]] for [[dengue fever]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 26, 2011 |title=DoH sees hope in 'tawa-tawa' as dengue cure |work=[[Manila Bulletin]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Euphorbia hirta 2782.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Euphrasia]]''
| [[Eyebright]]
| Used for eye problems, mental depression, oxygenation and radiation poisoning.<ref name="Dr. A. B. Howard">{{Cite book |last=Dr. A. B. Howard |url=https://www.amazon.ca/Herbal-Extracts-Better-Health-Liquid/dp/B00113EI44 |title=Herbal Extracts Build Better Health With Liquid Herb |publisher=The Blue Goose |year=2008 |page=127}}</ref>
| [[File:Augentrost.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Euterpe oleracea]]''
| [[Açai]]
| Although açai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the [[Amazon basin|Amazon]], there is no evidence that they have effectiveness for any health-related purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Açai |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/acai/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
|
|}

== F ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Ferula assa-foetida]]''
| [[Asafoetida]]
| Might be useful for [[Irritable bowel syndrome|IBS]], high [[cholesterol]], and breathing problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asafoetida |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-248-ASAFOETIDA.aspx?activeIngredientId=248&activeIngredientName=ASAFOETIDA&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318040653/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-248-ASAFOETIDA.aspx?activeIngredientId=248&activeIngredientName=ASAFOETIDA&source=3 |archive-date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=[[WebMD]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Frangula alnus]]''
| Alder buckthorn
| Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a [[laxative]], due to its 3 – 7% [[Natural anthraquinone|anthraquinone]] content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.<ref name="z994">{{Cite book |last=Rushforth |first=Keith |title=Trees of Britain and Europe |date=1999 |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |isbn=0-00-220013-9 |publication-place=London}}</ref>
| [[File:Frangula-alnus-fruits.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Fumaria officinalis]]''
|  Fumitory
| Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin [[Acne vulgaris|blemishes]]. In modern times herbalists use it to treat [[skin disease]]s and [[conjunctivitis]], as well as to cleanse the [[kidney]]s. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is [[poison]]ous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist.{{sfn | Howard | 1987 | p=142-143}}
| [[File:FUMARIA OFFICINALIS - AGUDA - IB-074 (Fumària).JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== G ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Galanthus]]''
| [[Snowdrop]]
| It contains an active substance called [[galantamine]], which is an [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]. Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of [[Alzheimer's disease]], though it is not a cure.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loy C, Schneider L |date=January 2006 |title=Galantamine for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2009 |issue=1 |article-number=CD001747 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001747.pub3 |pmc=8961200 |pmid=16437436}}</ref>
| [[File:The Washbrook Lane Snowdrops.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Geranium robertianum]]''
| Robert geranium
| In traditional [[herbalism]], it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds<ref>{{Citation |last=Foster |first=Steven |title=Desk Reference To Nature's Medicine |pages=210–11 |year=2006 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=National Geographic Society |isbn=978-0-7922-3666-5 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> and as a [[vulnerary]] (used for or useful in healing wounds).<ref name="Milliken">{{Cite book |title=Flora Celtica |vauthors=Milliken W, Bridgewater S |publisher=Birlinn Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-84158-303-7 |location=Edinburgh, U.K. |page=221}}</ref>
| [[File:Geranium Robertianum - Detail - Blossom.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]''
| [[Ginkgo]]
| The leaf extract has been used to treat [[asthma]], [[bronchitis]], [[Fatigue (medical)|fatigue]], [[Alzheimer's]] and [[tinnitus]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Ginkgo |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/ginkgo/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Ginkgo biloba 010.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Glechoma hederacea]]''
| Ground-ivy
| It has been used as a "lung herb".<ref>[https://archive.today/20120722184543/http://www.courant.com/hc-healthhomehealing.artjun12,0,6251385.story A Healing Heritage], June 12, 2007, Joanna Poncavage, The Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.)</ref> Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat [[bronchitis]].<ref name="barnes">{{Cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Joanne |title=Herbal Medicines |last2=Anderson |first2=Linda A. |last3=Phillipson |first3=J. David |date=2002 |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |edition=2nd |location=London |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> The [[essential oil]] of the plant has been used for centuries as a general [[Pharmaceutical drug#For nutrition|tonic]] for [[common cold|cold]]s and [[cough]]s, and to relieve [[Nasal congestion|congestion]] of the [[mucous membrane]]s.
| [[File:20150412Glechoma hederacea1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Glycyrrhiza glabra]]''
| [[Licorice root]]
| Purported uses include [[stomach ulcer]]s, [[bronchitis]], and [[sore throat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Licorice root |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/licorice-root |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
|
|}

== H ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Hamamelis virginiana]]''
| Common witch-hazel
| It produces a specific kind of tannins called ''[[hamamelitannin]]s''. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against [[colon cancer]] cells.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sánchez-Tena S, Fernández-Cachón ML, Carreras A, Mateos-Martín ML, Costoya N, Moyer MP, Nuñez MJ, Torres JL, Cascante M |date=January 2012 |title=Hamamelitannin from witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) displays specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=26–33 |doi=10.1021/np200426k |pmid=22216935}}</ref>

| [[File:Witch Hazel.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Hippophae rhamnoides]]''
| [[Sea buckthorn]]
| The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders.<ref name="Guliyev 2004">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guliyev VB, Gul M, Yildirim A |date=December 2004 |title=Hippophae rhamnoides L.: chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects |journal=Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences |volume=812 |issue=1–2 |pages=291–307 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.08.047 |pmid=15556505}}</ref>
| [[File:Common sea-buckthorn - Sanddorn (9049824936).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Hoodia gordonii]]''
| [[Hoodia]]
| The plant is traditionally used by [[Kalahari]] [[San people|San]] (Bushmen) to reduce [[hunger]] and [[thirst]]. It is marketed as an [[appetite suppressant]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Hoodia |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/hoodia/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
|[[File:Hoodia gordonii 2007-06-02.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hydrastis canadensis]]''
| [[Goldenseal]]
| Although used traditionally by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s to treat [[skin disease]]s and ulcers, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of goldenseal for treating any disease.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=Goldenseal |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/goldenseal/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Hydrastis.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Hypericum perforatum]]''
| [[St. John's wort]]
| Widely used within herbalism for depression. Evaluated for use as an [[antidepressant]], but with ambiguous results.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gaster B, Holroyd J |date=January 2000 |title=St John's wort for depression: a systematic review |journal=Archives of Internal Medicine |volume=160 |issue=2 |pages=152–6 |doi=10.1001/archinte.160.2.152 |pmid=10647752 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=St. John's wort |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Saint John's wort flowers.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hyssopus officinalis]]''
| [[Hyssopus officinalis|Hyssop]]
| It is purported for digestive and intestinal problems, and for respiratory problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyssop: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-258/hyssop |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=webmd.com}}</ref> 
|[[File:Hyssopus officinalis 2c.JPG|200x200px]]
|}

== I ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Ilex paraguariensis]]''
| Yerba mate
| Mate contains compounds that may improve mood.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Siegrid |title=The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines |last2=Rister |first2=Robert |publisher=The American Botanical Council |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-9655555-0-0 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Ilexparaguariensis.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Illicium verum]]''
| [[Star anise]]
| It is the major source of the chemical compound [[shikimic acid]], a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-[[influenza]] drug [[oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu).<ref name="Wang">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang GW, Hu WT, Huang BK, Qin LP |date=June 2011 |title=Illicium verum: a review on its botany, traditional use, chemistry and pharmacology |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=136 |issue=1 |pages=10–20 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.051 |pmid=21549817}}</ref>
| [[File:Illicium verum in HDR.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Inula helenium]]''
| [[Elecampane]]
| It is used in [[herbal medicine]] as an [[expectorant]] and for [[Water retention (medicine)|water retention]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine |vauthors=Bartram T |date=1998 |publisher=Robinson Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-85487-586-0 |location=London}}</ref>
| [[File:Composite1.JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== J ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Jasminum officinale]]''
| Jasmine
| It is purported as either an [[antiseptic]] or [[anti-inflammatory|anti-inflammatory agent]].<ref name="Bolognia">{{Cite book |last1=Rapini |first1=Ronald P. |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |last2=Bolognia |first2=Jean L. |last3=Joseph L. |first3=Jorizzo |publisher=Mosby |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 |location=St. Louis |page=2049 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref>
| [[File:Jasminum officinale Enfoque 2010-7-11 TorrelaMata.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== K ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Knautia arvensis]]''
| Field scabious
| The whole plant is astringent and mildly diuretic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naturalmedicinalherbs website |url=http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/k/knautia-arvensis=field-scabious.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107091245/http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/k/knautia-arvensis=field-scabious.php |archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
| [[File:Knautia arvensis20110703 116.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== L ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Larrea tridentata]]''
| [[Chaparral]]
| The leaves and twigs are used by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]]s to make a [[herbal tea]] used for a variety of conditions. Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity, and has led to [[kidney failure]], and is not recommended for any use by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] or [[American Cancer Society]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Mathúna |first1=Dónal |title=Alternative Medicine: The Christian Handbook |last2=Larimore |first2=Walt |publisher=Zondervan |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-310-23584-2 |page=318 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaparral |url=http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chaparral |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002165416/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/chaparral |archive-date=2011-10-02 |website=Herbs, Vitamins, and Minerals}}</ref>
| [[File:Larrea tridentata Furnace Creek.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Laurus nobilis]]''
| Bay laurel
| [[Aqueous solution|Aqueous]] [[extract]]s of bay laurel can be used as [[astringent]]s and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.<ref name="Nayak">Nayak, ''et al''. (2006).</ref>
| [[File:Gardenology-IMG 4930 hunt10mar.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Lavandula angustifolia]]''
| [[Lavender]]
| It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for [[mental health]] purposes. It was also used in [[ancient Egypt]] in [[mummy|mummifying]] bodies. There is little scientific evidence that use of lavender affects health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Lavande off FR 2012.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Henna|Lawsonia inermis]]''
| [[Henna]]
|
| [[File:Lawsonia inermis (Mehndi) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0524.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Leucojum aestivum]]''
| Summer snowflake
|
| [[File:Leucojum aestivum 2010.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Linum usitatissimum]]''
| [[Flaxseed]]
| The plant is most commonly used as a [[laxative]]. [[Flaxseed oil]] is used for different conditions, including [[arthritis]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Flaxseed and flaxseed oil |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/flaxseed-and-flaxseed-oil |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Lin (Everest) Cl J Weber04 (23715892009).jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== M ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Magnolia officinalis]]''
| Magnolia-bark
| The bark contains [[magnolol]] and [[honokiol]], two [[polyphenol]]ic compounds.
| [[File:Magnolia au Jardin Jungle Karlostachys.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Malva sylvestris]]''
| Mallow
| The seeds are used internally in a [[decoction]] or herbal tea<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4W43AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA143 |title=International Medical and Surgical Survey: Obstetrics and pediatrics |publisher=American Institute of Medicine |year=1921 |page=143 |access-date=11 December 2013}}</ref> as a [[demulcent]] and [[diuretic]], and the leaves made into [[poultice]]s as an [[emollient]] for external applications.
| [[File:Malva sylvestris 1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Matricaria recutita]]'' and ''[[Anthemis nobilis]]''
| [[Chamomile]]
| It has been used over history for a variety of conditions, including sleeplessness and anxiety.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2020 |title=Chamomile |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chamomile/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:MATRICARIA RECUTITA - TORÀ - IB-418 (Camamilla).JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Medicago sativa]]''
| [[Alfalfa]]
| The leaves are purported to lower [[cholesterol]], and treat [[kidney disease|kidney]] and [[urinary tract]] ailments, although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=Alfalfa |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/19.html |publisher=[[National Institute of Health]] [[MedlinePlus]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Medicago-sativa-flowers.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Melaleuca alternifolia]]''
| [[Tea tree oil]]
| It has been used over history by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an [[antibacterial]] or [[Antifungal medication|antifungal]] agent, but there is insufficient scientific evidence for such effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Tea tree oil |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/tea-tree-oil |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Melaleuca alternifolia (Maria Serena).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Melissa officinalis]]''
| [[Lemon balm]]
| It is purported as a sleep aid and digestive aid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2008 |title=Monograph: Lemon Balm |url=http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330022950/http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=125 |archive-date=30 March 2017 |access-date=8 October 2016 |publisher=Health Canada}}</ref>
| [[File:Melissa officinalis J2.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Mentha x piperita|Mentha × piperita]]''
| [[Peppermint]]
| Its oil, from a cross between [[water mint]] and [[spearmint]], has a history of purported use for various conditions, including [[nausea]], [[indigestion]], and symptoms of the [[common cold]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Peppermint Oil |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/peppermint-oil |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Mentha-piperita.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Mitragyna speciosa]]''
| [[Kratom]]
| Kratom leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy, appetite, and sexual desire in ways similar to [[khat]] and [[coca]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cinosi |first1=Eduardo |last2=Martinotti |first2=Giovanni |last3=Simonato |first3=Pierluigi |last4=Singh |first4=Darshan |last5=Demetrovics |first5=Zsolt |last6=Roman-Urrestarazu |first6=Andres |last7=Bersani |first7=Francesco Saverio |last8=Vicknasingam |first8=Balasingam |last9=Piazzon |first9=Giulia |last10=Li |first10=Jih-Heng |last11=Yu |first11=Wen-Jing |display-authors=3 |year=2015 |title=Following 'the Roots' of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries |journal=BioMed Research International |volume=2015 |article-number=968786 |doi=10.1155/2015/968786 |issn=2314-6133 |pmc=4657101 |pmid=26640804 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Mitragyna speciosa111.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Momordica charantia]]''
| [[Bitter melon]]
|
| [[File:012 bitter melon.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Morinda citrifolia]]''
| [[Noni]]
| It is purported for joint pain and [[skin disease|skin conditions]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Noni |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/noni/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:P Morc D5915.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Moringa oleifera]]''
| Drumstick tree
| It is used for food and traditional medicine.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:DrumstickFlower.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

== N ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Nasturtium officinale]]''
| [[Watercress]]
|
| [[File:Flowers of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Nelumbo nucifera]]''
| [[Lotus (genus)|Lotus]]
| Insufficient evidence for any biological effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2022 |title=Sacred lotus |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/sacred-lotus.html |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Nelumbo nucifera1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Nigella sativa]]''
| Nigella, black-caraway, black-cumin, and ''kalonji''
| One meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that ''N. sativa'' has a short-term benefit on lowering [[systolic blood pressure|systolic]] and [[diastolic blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sahebkar A, Soranna D, Liu X, Thomopoulos C, Simental-Mendia LE, Derosa G, Maffioli P, Parati G |date=November 2016 |title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of supplementation with Nigella sativa (black seed) on blood pressure |journal=Journal of Hypertension |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2127–35 |doi=10.1097/HJH.0000000000001049 |pmid=27512971 |s2cid=3226588}}</ref>
| [[File:Nigella sativa.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

== O ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Ocimum tenuiflorum]]''
| Tulsi or holy basil
| It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=NIIR Board, National Institute of Industrial Research (India) |title=Compendium of Medicinal Plants |publisher=National Institute of Industrial Research |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-86623-80-0 |series=2004 |page=320}}</ref>
| [[File:Ocimum tenuiflorum2.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Oenothera]]''
| [[Evening primrose]]
| Its [[evening primrose oil|oil]] has been used since the 1930s for [[eczema]], and more recently as an [[anti-inflammatory]], but there is insufficient evidence for it having any effect.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Evening primrose oil |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/eveningprimrose/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Origanum vulgare]]''
| [[Oregano]]
|
| [[File:Origanum-vulgare.JPG|200x200px]]
|
|}

== P ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Panax]]'' spec.
| [[Ginseng]]
| Asian ginseng may affect [[Carbohydrate metabolism|glucose metabolism]] and lower [[blood sugar level]]s, but the poor quality of research prevents conclusions about such effects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Asian ginseng |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/asian-ginseng/ |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Ginsengpflanze.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Papaver somniferum]]''
| [[Opium poppy]]
| The plant is the plant source of [[morphine]], used for [[pain]] relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in people with severe cancer.<ref name="drugs-poppy">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2022 |title=Poppy |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/poppy.html |access-date=31 October 2022 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Opium poppy.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Passiflora]]''
| [[Passion flower]]
|
{{anchor|Q}}
| [[File:Passiflora Krishnakamal Karnataka India.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Peganum harmala]]''
| [[Syrian Rue]] (common name [[Harmal]])
|
| [[File:Peganum harmala 20140604.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Pelargonium sidoides]]''
| [[Umckaloabo]], or [[South African Geranium]]
| Possibly useful for treating respiratory infections.<ref name="drugs-pel">{{Cite web |date=20 June 2022 |title=Pelargonium |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/pelargonium.html |access-date=31 October 2022 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Pelargonium sidoides Leaves 3264px.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Piper methysticum]]''
| [[Kava]]
| The plant has been used for centuries in the [[Oceania|South Pacific]] to make a ceremonial drink with [[sedative]] and [[anesthetic]] properties, with potential for causing liver injury.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Kava |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/kava |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Starr 070515-7054 Piper methysticum.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Piscidia erythrina]]'' / ''[[Piscidia piscipula]]''
| [[Jamaica dogwood]]
| The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of [[insomnia]] and [[anxiety]], despite serious safety concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamaica dogwood |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-529-JAMAICAN%20DOGWOOD.aspx?activeIngredientId=529&activeIngredientName=JAMAICAN%20DOGWOOD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912051445/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-529-jamaican%20dogwood.aspx?activeingredientid=529&activeingredientname=jamaican%20dogwood |archive-date=2015-09-12 |access-date=2013-08-26 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Costello CH, Butler CL |date=March 1948 |title=An investigation of Piscidia erythrina (Jamaica dogwood) |journal=Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1002/jps.3030370302 |pmid=18905805}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Plantago lanceolata]]''
| Plantain
| It is used frequently in [[herbal tea]]s and other [[Herbalism|herbal remedies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.valplantes.ch/definition.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725234116/http://www.valplantes.ch/definition.html|title=Val plantes herbal ice tea|archive-date=July 25, 2009}}</ref> A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine ''Plantago lanceolata'' leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />
| [[File:20120610Plantago lanceolata1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Platycodon grandiflorus]]''
| Platycodon, balloon flower
| The extracts and purified platycoside compounds ([[saponins]]) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.<ref name="ReviewArticle2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nyakudya E, Jeong JH, Lee NK, Jeong YS |date=June 2014 |title=Platycosides from the Roots of Platycodon grandiflorum and Their Health Benefits |journal=Preventive Nutrition and Food Science |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.3746/pnf.2014.19.2.059 |pmc=4103729 |pmid=25054103}}</ref>
| [[File:Platycodon grandiflorus.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Polemonium reptans]]''
| Abscess root
| It is used to reduce fever, inflammation, and cough.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abscess Root |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-266-ABSCESS+ROOT.aspx?activeIngredientId=266&activeIngredientName=ABSCESS+ROOT&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318035713/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-266-ABSCESS+ROOT.aspx?activeIngredientId=266&activeIngredientName=ABSCESS+ROOT&source=3 |archive-date=2015-03-18 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Jacob's Ladder Polemonium reptens Flower Buds 2628px.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Psidium guajava]]''
| [[Guava]]
| It has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. It is traditionally used to treat diarrhea; however, evidence of its effectiveness is very limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guava |url=https://www.drugs.com/npp/guava.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812094858/http://www.drugs.com/npp/guava.html |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-10-17 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hawrelak J |year=2003 |title=Medicinal herb monograph: Guava |journal=J Aust Tradit-Med Soc |issue=9 |pages=25–29}}</ref>
| [[File:Psidium guajava at Kadavoor.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Ptelea trifoliata]]''
| Wafer Ash
| The root bark is used for the digestive system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wafer Ash |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-207-WAFER+ASH.aspx?activeIngredientId=207&activeIngredientName=WAFER+ASH&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425175043/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-207-WAFER+ASH.aspx?activeIngredientId=207&activeIngredientName=WAFER+ASH&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref> Also known as hoptree.
| [[File:Ptelea trifoliata 20050808 006.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Pulmonaria officinalis]]''
| [[Lungwort]]
| Used since the Middle Ages to treat and/or heal various ailments of the lungs and chest.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:Pulmonaria officinalis 800.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== Q ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Quassia amara]]''
| Amargo, bitter-wood
| A 2012 study found a [[Topical gels|topical gel]] with 4% ''Quassia'' extract to be a safe and effective cure of [[rosacea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrari A, Diehl C |date=January 2012 |title=Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerance of a topical gel with 4% quassia extract in the treatment of rosacea |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=84–8 |doi=10.1177/0091270010391533 |pmid=21343346 |s2cid=29876609}}</ref>

| [[File:Quassia amara11.JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== R ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Reichardia tingitana]]''
| False sowthistle
| Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mureer |url=http://www.enature.qa/specie/mureer/ |access-date=21 February 2019 |publisher=Qatar e-Nature}}</ref>
| [[File:Cluster of Reichardia tingitana flowers in Qatar.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Rosa majalis]]''
| Cinnamon rose
| It yields edible [[rose hip|hip fruits]] rich in [[vitamin C]], which are used in medicine<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fruit teas Rose (Rosa vosagiaca, rosa majalis, rosa canina, rosa rugosa etc.) |url=http://www.gurmans.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=21&lang=en |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412154043/http://www.gurmans.fi/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=21&lang=en |archive-date=12 April 2013 |access-date=6 February 2013 |publisher=Gurmans}}</ref> and to produce rose hip syrup.
| [[File:Rosa majalis20140910 02.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Rosmarinus officinalis]]''
| [[Rosemary]]
| It has been used medicinally from ancient times.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:Shinasahi142211.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Ruellia tuberosa]]''
| Minnieroot, fever root, snapdragon root
|In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a [[diuretic]], [[anti-diabetic]], [[antipyretic]], [[analgesic]], [[antihypertensive]], [[Peptic ulcer#Treatment|gastroprotective]], and to treat [[gonorrhea]].<ref>Lans  C.A., ''Ethnomedicine as used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus;'' J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 200</ref>
| [[File:Ruellia tuberosa (Wayside Tuberose) in Hyderabad W IMG 9012.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Rumex crispus]]''
| Curly dock or yellow dock
| In Western herbalism the root is often used for treating anemia, due to its high level of iron.<ref>Lust, John B.. The herb book. New York: B. Lust Publications, 1974.</ref> The plant will help with skin conditions if taken internally or applied externally to things like itching, scrofula, and sores. It is also used for respiratory conditions, specifically those with a tickling cough that is worse when exposed to cold air. It mentions also passing pains, excessive itching, and that it helps enlarged lymphs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumex Crispus |url=http://abchomeopathy.com/r.php/Rumx |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140306202449/http://abchomeopathy.com/r.php/Rumx |archive-date=2014-03-06 |website=abchomeopathy.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Polygonaceae - Rumex crispus-1 (8303634985).jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== S ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Salix alba]]''
| [[White willow]]
| Plant source of [[salicylic acid]], white willow is like the chemical known as [[aspirin]], although more likely to cause [[upset stomach|stomach upset]] as a [[side effect]] than aspirin itself which can cause the lining of the stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mahdi JG, Mahdi AJ, Mahdi AJ, Bowen ID |date=April 2006 |title=The historical analysis of aspirin discovery, its relation to the willow tree and antiproliferative and anticancer potential |journal=Cell Proliferation |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=147–55 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2184.2006.00377.x |pmc=6496865 |pmid=16542349 |s2cid=16515437}}</ref>
| [[File:Salix alba leaves.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Salvia officinalis]]''
| Sage
| Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M |date=February 2003 |title=Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial |journal=Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=53–9 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x |pmid=12605619 |s2cid=8326758}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sage |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/sage/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527114449/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/sage |archive-date=2015-05-27 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Salvia officinalis 001.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Sambucus nigra]]''
| [[Elderberry]]
| The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat [[pain]], [[swelling (medical)|swelling]], [[infection]]s, [[cough]]s, and [[skin disease|skin conditions]] and, more recently, [[flu]], [[common cold]], [[fever]]s, [[constipation]], and [[sinus infection]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Elderberry |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/elderberry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405061358/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/euroelder |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Sambucus-berries.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Santalum album]]''
| [[Indian sandalwood]]
| Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of [[common colds]], [[bronchitis]], [[skin disorders]], heart ailments, general weakness, [[fever]], infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Misra BB, Dey S |year=2013 |title=Biological Activities of East Indian Sandalwood Tree, Santalum album |journal=PeerJ PrePrints |volume=1 |page=e96 |doi=10.7287/peerj.preprints.96v1 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Santalum album leaves and flowers 06.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Santolina chamaecyparissus]]''
| Cotton lavender
| Most commonly, the flowers and leaves are made into a [[decoction]] used to expel [[intestinal parasite]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:Santolina chamaecyparissus flowers.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Saraca indica]]''
| [[Ashoka tree]]
| The plant is used in Ayurvedic traditions to treat gynecological disorders. The bark is also used to combat oedema or swelling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2013 |title=Herbs - Ashoka |url=http://tamilnadu.com/herbs/ashoka.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411231150/http://tamilnadu.com/herbs/ashoka.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 |publisher=Tamilnadu.com}}</ref>
| [[File:Gardenology.org-IMG 7344 qsbg11mar.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Satureja hortensis]]''
| [[Summer savory]]
| Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Güllüce M, Sökmen M, Daferera D, Ağar G, Ozkan H, Kartal N, Polissiou M, Sökmen A, Sahin F |date=July 2003 |title=In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of herbal parts and callus cultures of Satureja hortensis L |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=14 |pages=3958–65 |doi=10.1021/jf0340308 |pmid=12822930 |bibcode=2003JAFC...51.3958G |s2cid=10608519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sahin F, Karaman I, Güllüce M, Oğütçü H, Sengül M, Adigüzel A, Oztürk S, Kotan R |date=July 2003 |title=Evaluation of antimicrobial activities of Satureja hortensis L |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00110-7 |pmid=12787955}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mihajilov-Krstev T, Radnović D, Kitić D, Zlatković B, Ristić M, Branković S |year=2009 |title=Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil |journal=Central European Journal of Biology |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=411–416 |doi=10.2478/s11535-009-0027-z |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Satureja hortensis Prague 2011 1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Sceletium tortuosum]]''
| Kanna
| African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects, but unknown mechanism of activity.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:Kanna flower.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Senna auriculata]]''
| Avaram senna
| The root is used in [[decoction]]s against [[fevers]], [[diabetes]], diseases of [[urinary system]] and [[constipation]]. The leaves have [[laxative]] properties. The dried flowers and flower buds are used as a substitute for tea in case of diabetes patients. The powdered seed is also applied to the eye, in case of chronic purulent [[conjunctivitis]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}
| [[File:(Senna auriculata) at kambalakonda 01.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Sesuvium portulacastrum]]''
| Shoreline purslane
| The plant extract showed [[antibacterial]] and anticandidal activities and moderate [[antifungal]] activity.<ref>Chandrasekaran M., Senthilkumar A., Venkatesalu V "Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of fatty acid methyl esters from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum L. ".   European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 15 (7) (pp 775-780), 2011.</ref>
| [[File:Starr 080602-5547 Sesuvium portulacastrum.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Silybum marianum]]''
| [[Milk thistle]]
| It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes, in particular [[liver disease|liver problems]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milk Thistle |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/milk-thistle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405072302/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/milkthistle/ataglance.htm |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Milk thistle flowerhead.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Stachytarpheta cayennensis]]''
| Blue snakeweed
| Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of [[malaria]]. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve [[fever]] and other symptoms. It is also used for [[dysentery]], [[pain]], and [[liver]] disorders.<ref name="froe">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Froelich S, Gupta MP, Siems K, Jenett-Siems K |year=2008 |title=Phenylethanoid glycosides from ''Stachytarpheta cayennensis'' (Rich.) Vahl, Verbenaceae, a traditional antimalarial medicinal plant |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=517–20 |doi=10.1590/s0102-695x2008000400003 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A tea of the leaves is taken to help control [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]] in [[Peru]] and other areas.<ref name="ade">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Adebajo AC, Olawode EO, Omobuwajo OR, Adesanya SA, Begrow F, Elkhawad A, Akanmu MA, Edrada R, Proksch P, Schmidt TJ, Klaes M, Verspohl EJ |date=March 2007 |title=Hypoglycaemic constituents of Stachytarpheta cayennensis leaf |journal=Planta Medica |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=241–50 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-967125 |pmid=17318784 |s2cid=260251212}}</ref> Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has [[anti-inflammatory]] properties.<ref name="sch">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schapoval EE, Vargas MR, Chaves CG, Bridi R, Zuanazzi JA, Henriques AT |date=February 1998 |title=Antiinflammatory and antinociceptive activities of extracts and isolated compounds from Stachytarpheta cayennensis |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=53–9 |doi=10.1016/s0378-8741(97)00136-0 |pmid=9533432}}</ref>
| [[File:Blue Snakeweed (2095033321).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Stellaria media]]''
| Common chickweed
| It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and [[pulmonary diseases]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hensel |first=Wolfgang |title=Medicinal plants of Britain and Europe |publisher=A&C Black |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4081-0154-4 |location=London |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> 17th century herbalist [[John Gerard]] recommended it as a remedy for [[mange]]. Modern [[herbalist]]s prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for [[skin disease]]s, [[bronchitis]], [[rheumatic]] pains, [[arthritis]] and [[period pain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiest |first=Renee |name-list-style=vanc |title=Chickweed |url=http://hartonweb.com/nsp-herbs/goodhealthherbs.com/?sn=220-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222091238/http://hartonweb.com/nsp-herbs/goodhealthherbs.com/?sn=220-2 |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=15 Dec 2015 |website=hartonweb.com |publisher=Good Health Herbs}}</ref>
| [[File:Kaldari Stellaria media 01.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Strobilanthes callosus]]''
| Karvy
| The plant is [[anti-inflammatory]], [[antimicrobial]],<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees">{{Cite web |date=May 2002 |title=Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees. (Short Communication)] |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Anti-inflammatory+and+antimicrobial+activities+of+triterpenoids+from...-a092527805 |via=The Free Library |vauthors=Singh B, Sahu PM, Sharma MK}}</ref> and anti-rheumatic.<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.">Agarwal R., Rangari V. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-2sD5rU9LZAJ:medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf+Strobilanthes+callosus&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiNhDe-JqZLmk1JeIFeO_1Y-1CuqR9OUctyCSA-R29-VhcVvirhAP_Hc2RoNqydoBp1HZ-KJRgHPK6eNHwzBh8x4lXiFLzQOn71Agfmwmgtm3NtEwsmz9n9FHipB9nuOdd0YybQ&sig=AHIEtbT3ZyKZpmmFAG9TNc8CNiTvLwUIqA Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.] Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf: {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511140829/http://medind.nic.in/ibi/t03/i6/ibit03i6p384.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-11 |access-date=2010-01-23}}</ref>
| [[File:Strobilanthes callosus.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Symphytum officinale]]''
| [[Comfrey]]
| It has been used as a [[vulnerary]] and to reduce [[inflammation]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Alternative Field Crops Manual |vauthors=Teynor TM, Putnam DH, Doll JD, Kelling, Oelke EA, Undersander DJ, Oplinger ES |publisher=University of Wisconsin Extension, University of Minnesota Extension |year=1997 |chapter=Comfrey |access-date=2011-10-18 |chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/comfrey.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110100553/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/comfrey.html |archive-date=2011-11-10 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tice |first=Raymond |name-list-style=vanc |date=October 2007 |title=Comfrey and One of Its Constituent Alkaloids Symphytine, Review of Toxicological Literature |url=https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/comfrey_508.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401220501/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/Chem_Background/ExSumPdf/Comfrey.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-01 |access-date=2011-10-18}}</ref>
| [[File:Symphytum officinale (4970747322).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Syzygium aromaticum]]''
| [[Clove]]
| The plant is used for upset stomach and as an [[expectorant]], among other purposes. The [[clove oil|oil]] is used topically to treat [[toothache]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clove |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/251.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705113542/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/251.html |archive-date=2016-07-05 |publisher=[[National Institute of Health]] [[MedlinePlus]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Cloves.JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== T ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Tanacetum parthenium]]''
| [[Tanacetum parthenium|Feverfew]]
| The plant has been used for centuries for [[fever]]s, [[headache]]s, [[stomach ache]]s, [[toothache]]s, [[insect bite]]s and other conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feverfew |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/feverfew/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331184558/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/feverfew |archive-date=2015-03-31 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Feverfew.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Taraxacum officinale]]''
| [[Dandelion]]
| It was most commonly used historically to treat [[liver disease]]s, [[kidney disease]]s, and [[spleen]] problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dandelion |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/dandelion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527170439/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/dandelion |archive-date=2015-05-27 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Sluníčka Vysočiny.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Teucrium scordium]]''
| Water germander
| It has been used for asthma, diarrhea, fever, intestinal parasites, hemorrhoids, and wounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Germander |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-70-WATER+GERMANDER.aspx?activeIngredientId=70&activeIngredientName=WATER+GERMANDER&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425180745/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-70-WATER+GERMANDER.aspx?activeIngredientId=70&activeIngredientName=WATER+GERMANDER&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Teucrium scordium2 eF.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Thymus vulgaris]]''
| [[Thyme]]
| The plant is used to treat [[bronchitis]] and cough. It serves as an [[antispasmodic]] and [[expectorant]] in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLYlsMszi64C&q=thyme%20cough&pg=PA535 |title=The PDR Family Guide to Natural Medicines & Healing Therapies |publisher=Random House Digital, Inc. |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-345-43377-0 |editor-last=Sifton, David W. |page=535}}</ref>
| [[File:Thymus vulgaris en fleurs à Grez-Doiceau 002.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Tilia cordata]]''
| Small-leaved linden
| In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into a herbal tea called [[Herbal and fruit teas|tisane]].<ref name="botanical">{{Cite web |title=Lime Tree |url=https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/limtre28.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304025631/https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/l/limtre28.html |archive-date=2014-03-04 |publisher=Botanical.com |vauthors=Grieve M}}</ref>
| [[File:Tilia cordata (2560923908).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Tradescantia zebrina]]''
| Inchplant
| It is used in southeast [[Mexico]] in the region of [[Tabasco]] as a cold [[herbal tea]], which is named ''Matali''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandering Jew / Spiderwort |url=http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/6529291 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927082021/http://www.projectnoah.org/spottings/6529291 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |access-date=2016-09-25 |website=Project Noah}}</ref> [[Contact dermatitis|Skin irritation]] may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery [[sap]] (a characteristic unique to ''T. zebrina'' as compared with other types).
| [[File:Gardenology-IMG 7927 hunt10aug.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Trema orientalis]]''
| Charcoal-tree
| The leaves and the bark are used to treat [[cough]]s, [[sore throat]]s, [[asthma]], [[bronchitis]], [[gonorrhea]], [[yellow fever]], [[toothache]], and as an [[antidote]] to general [[poison]]ing.<ref name="FAO-X5327e">{{Cite web |last1=Eckman |first1=Karlyn |last2=Hines |first2=Deborah A. |name-list-style=vanc |year=1993 |title=Trema orientalis |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e1p.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616233501/http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5327e/x5327e1p.htm |archive-date=2010-06-16 |access-date=2010-03-02 |website=Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits for people |publisher=[[FAO]] Forestry Department}}</ref>
| [[File:Kharagola (Marathi- खरगोळ) (537093835).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Trifolium pratense]]''
| [[Red clover]]
| The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for [[essiac]] tea. Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red clover |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/red-clover |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527104053/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/redclover/ataglance.htm |archive-date=2015-05-27 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Kleebluete.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Trigonella foenum-graecum]]''
| [[Fenugreek]]
| It has long been used to treat symptoms of [[menopause]], and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat [[diabetes]], [[loss of appetite]] and other conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fenugreek |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330095851/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/fenugreek |archive-date=2015-03-30 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Common wheat|Triticum aestivum]]''
| [[Wheatgrass]]
| It may contain antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheatgrass |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1073-WHEATGRASS.aspx?activeIngredientId=1073&activeIngredientName=WHEATGRASS&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425092414/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1073-WHEATGRASS.aspx?activeIngredientId=1073&activeIngredientName=WHEATGRASS&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Blé tendre hiver (GHAYTA) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (5) (24000515671).jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Turnera subulata]]''
| White buttercup
| It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

| [[File:BangbangNuevaVizcayajf9987 14.JPG|200x200px]]

|}

== U ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Uncaria tomentosa]]''
| [[Uncaria tomentosa|Cat's claw]]
| It has a long history of use in South America to prevent and treat disease.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cat's claw |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cats-claw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405065250/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/catclaw |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-09-30 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
|
|-
| ''[[Urtica dioica]]''
| Common nettle, stinging nettle
| It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />
| [[File:20120623Urtica dioica3.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== V ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Vaccinium]]'' spec.
| [[Blueberries]]
| They are of current medical interest as an [[antioxidant]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prior |first1=Ronald L. |last2=Cao |first2=Guohua |last3=Martin |first3=Antonio |last4=Sofic |first4=Emin |last5=McEwen |first5=John |last6=O'Brien |first6=Christine |last7=Lischner |first7=Neal |last8=Ehlenfeldt |first8=Mark |last9=Kalt |first9=Willy |display-authors=6 |name-list-style=vanc |year=1998 |title=Antioxidant Capacity As Influenced by Total Phenolic and Anthocyanin Content, Maturity, and Variety of Vaccinium Species |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=2686–93 |doi=10.1021/jf980145d|bibcode=1998JAFC...46.2686P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smith MA, Marley KA, Seigler D, Singletary KW, Meline B |year=2000 |title=Bioactive Properties of Wild Blueberry Fruits |journal=Journal of Food Science |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=352–356 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb16006.x}}</ref> and for [[urinary tract]] ailments.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howell AB, Vorsa N, Der Marderosian A, Foo LY |date=October 1998 |title=Inhibition of the adherence of P-fimbriated Escherichia coli to uroepithelial-cell surfaces by proanthocyanidin extracts from cranberries |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=339 |issue=15 |pages=1085–6 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199810083391516 |pmid=9767006 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Vaccinium.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Vaccinium macrocarpon]]''
| [[Cranberry]]
| It was used historically as a [[vulnerary]] and for urinary disorders, [[diarrhea]], [[diabetes]], stomach ailments, and [[liver disease|liver problems]]. Modern usage has concentrated on [[urinary tract]] related problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cranberry |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/cranberry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081447/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/cranberry |archive-date=January 14, 2015 |access-date=2011-09-30 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Cranberry bog.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Vaccinium myrtillus]]''
| [[Bilberry]]
| It is used to treat [[diarrhea]], [[scurvy]], and other conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilberry |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405043702/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/bilberry |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-09-30 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Bilberry.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Valeriana officinalis]]''
| [[Valerian (herb)|Valerian]]
| It has been used since at least [[ancient Greece]] and [[ancient Rome|Rome]] for [[insomnia|sleep disorders]] and [[anxiety]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valerian |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405075559/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/valerian |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Valeriana officinalis02.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Verbascum thapsus]]''
| Common mullein
| It contains [[glycyrrhizin]] compounds with [[bactericide]] and potential anti-[[tumor]]al action. These compounds are concentrated in the flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turker AU, Camper ND |date=October 2002 |title=Biological activity of common mullein, a medicinal plant |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=82 |issue=2–3 |pages=117–25 |doi=10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00186-1 |pmid=12241986}}</ref>
| [[File:20150930Verbascum thapsus2.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Verbena officinalis]]''
| [[Verbena]]
| It is used for sore throats and respiratory tract diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verbena |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-88-VERBENA.aspx?activeIngredientId=88&activeIngredientName=VERBENA&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427070555/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-88-VERBENA.aspx?activeIngredientId=88&activeIngredientName=VERBENA&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-27 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:20140807Verbena officinalis2.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Vernonia amygdalina]]''
| [[Bitter leaf]]
| The plant is used by both [[primate]]s and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as [[dysentery]].<ref name="wynn">{{Cite book |last1=Wynn |first1=Susan G. |title=Veterinary herbal medicine |last2=Fougère |first2=Barbara |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-323-02998-8 |chapter=Zoopharmacognosy |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="huffman">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Huffman MA, Seifu M |year=1989 |title=Observations on the illness and consumption of a possibly medicinal plant Vernonia amygdalina (Del.), by a wild chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania |journal=Primates |volume=30 |pages=51–63 |doi=10.1007/BF02381210 |s2cid=12090279}}</ref>
|[[File:Vernonia amygdalina 02.jpg|200x200px]]
|-
| ''[[Veronica officinalis]]''
| Veronica
| The plant is used for sinus and ear infections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Veronica |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-135-VERONICA.aspx?activeIngredientId=135&activeIngredientName=VERONICA&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094426/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-135-VERONICA.aspx?activeIngredientId=135&activeIngredientName=VERONICA&source=3 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2015-04-06 |publisher=WebMD}}</ref>
| [[File:Veronica officinalis 5499177.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Viburnum tinus]]''
| Laurustinus
| ''V. tinus'' has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are [[viburnin]] (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have [[antipyretic]] properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains [[iridoid]] [[glucoside]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lamberto |first=Tomassini |name-list-style=vanc |year=1995 |title=Iridoid glucosides from Viburnum tinus |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=423–425 |bibcode=1995PChem..38..423T |doi=10.1016/0031-9422(94)00618-4}}</ref>
| [[File:Viburnum February 2008-1.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Viola tricolor]]''
| Wild pansy
| It is one of many viola plant species containing [[cyclotides]]. These small [[peptides]] have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in ''Viola tricolor'' are [[cytotoxic]].<ref name="Tang_2010">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tang J, Wang CK, Pan X, Yan H, Zeng G, Xu W, He W, Daly NL, Craik DJ, Tan N |date=August 2010 |title=Isolation and characterization of cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor |journal=Peptides |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=1434–40 |doi=10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.004 |pmid=20580652 |s2cid=33157266}}</ref> This feature means that it could be used to treat [[cancers]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Svangård E, Göransson U, Hocaoglu Z, Gullbo J, Larsson R, Claeson P, Bohlin L |date=February 2004 |title=Cytotoxic cyclotides from Viola tricolor |journal=Journal of Natural Products |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=144–7 |doi=10.1021/np030101l |pmid=14987049}}</ref><ref name="Tang_2010" />

| [[File:Viola tricolor, Schenley Park, 2015-10-01, 01.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Viscum album]]''
| [[European mistletoe]]
| It has been used to treat seizures, headaches, and other conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mistletoe |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/european-mistletoe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405070000/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/mistletoe |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-10-04 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Viscum album fruit.jpg|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Vitex agnus-castus]]''
| [[Chasteberry]]
| It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate [[lactation]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chasteberry |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/chasteberry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405044356/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/chasteberry |archive-date=2015-04-05 |access-date=2011-09-30 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Vitex agnus-castus.JPG|200x200px]]

|-
| ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''
| [[Grape]]
| The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the [[ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grape seed |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/grape-seed-extract |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326163215/https://nccih.nih.gov/health/grapeseed/ataglance.htm |archive-date=2015-03-26 |access-date=2011-10-13 |publisher=[[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]]}}</ref>
| [[File:Grape vines 2015 02.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== W ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Withania somnifera]]''
| Ashwagandha
| The plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In [[Ayurveda]], the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.<ref name="mirjalili">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mirjalili MH, Moyano E, Bonfill M, Cusido RM, Palazón J |date=July 2009 |title=Steroidal lactones from Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel medicine |journal=Molecules |volume=14 |issue=7 |pages=2373–93 |doi=10.3390/molecules14072373 |pmc=6255378 |pmid=19633611 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
| [[File:Withania somnifera 06.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

== X ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! width=200px | Picture

|-
| ''[[Xanthoparmelia scabrosa]]''
| Sexy footpath lichen
| It is a lichen used for sexual dysfunction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Xanthoparmelia |url=http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1144-XANTHOPARMELIA.aspx?activeIngredientId=1144&activeIngredientName=XANTHOPARMELIA&source=3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425131053/http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1144-XANTHOPARMELIA.aspx?activeIngredientId=1144&activeIngredientName=XANTHOPARMELIA&source=3 |archive-date=2015-04-25 |website=WebMD}}</ref>
|[[File:Xanthoparmelia scabrosa imported from iNaturalist photo 1939417 on 7 June 2020.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

== Y ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! width=200px | Picture

|-
| ''[[Youngia japonica]]''
| Japanese hawkweed
| The plant is [[Cough medicine|antitussive]] and [[Antipyretic|febrifuge]]. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naturalmedicinalherbs website |url=http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/y/youngia-japonica=japanese-hawkweed.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026224615/http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/y/youngia-japonica=japanese-hawkweed.php |archive-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>
|[[File:Youngja japonica2.jpg|200x200px]]
|}

== Z ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! width=200px | Scientific name
! width=200px | Name
! width=400px | Description
! Picture

|-
| ''[[Zingiber officinale]]''
| [[Ginger]]
| Ginger is effective for the relief of [[nausea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Giacosa A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E, Riva A, Bianchi Porro G, Rondanelli M |date=April 2015 |title=Can nausea and vomiting be treated with ginger extract? |journal=European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences |volume=19 |issue=7 |pages=1291–6 |pmid=25912592}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nikkhah Bodagh M, Maleki I, Hekmatdoost A |date=January 2019 |title=Ginger in gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials |journal=Food Science & Nutrition |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=96–108 |doi=10.1002/fsn3.807 |pmc=6341159 |pmid=30680163}}</ref>
| [[File:Ginger Plant vs.jpg|200x200px]]

|}

==Databases==
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Manhã EM, Silva MC, Alves MG, Almeida MB, Brandão MG |date=October 3, 2008 |title=PLANT - A bibliographic database about medicinal plants |journal=Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=614–617 |doi=10.1590/S0102-695X2008000400020 |doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite web |last=Duke |first=James |name-list-style=vanc |title=Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ |access-date=2011-09-29}}
* {{Cite web |title=Protabase: Useful Plants of Tropical Africa |url=http://database.prota.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216030624/http://database.prota.org/ |archive-date=2011-12-16 |access-date=2011-09-29 |publisher=Plant Resources of Tropical Africa}}
* {{Cite web |title=Tropical Plant Database |url=http://rain-tree.com/plants.htm |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Raintree}}
* {{Cite web |title=Plant Database |url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plantsearch.aspx |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=[[Plants for a Future]]}}
* {{Cite web |title=Vitamins & Supplements Center |url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/index |access-date=2021-10-01 |publisher=WebMD}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chinese classic herbal formula]]
* [[History of birth control]]
* [[List of branches of alternative medicine]]
* [[List of culinary herbs and spices]]
* [[List of herbs with known adverse effects]]
* [[Materia Medica]]
* [[Medicinal mushrooms]]
* [[Medicinal plants of the American West]]
* [[Medicinal plants traditionally used by the indigenous peoples of North America]]
* [[Naturopathy|Naturopathic medicine]]
* [[Wikispecies]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
* {{note|1}}''Digitalis'' use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause death.
* This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and their (in)compatibility with [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] or other [[drug]]s.
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Howard |first=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1w6_OQAACAAJ |title=Traditional Folk Remedies: A Comprehensive Herbal |publisher=Century |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-7126-1731-4 |series=Century paperbacks |language=de |access-date=2024-08-13}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bown |first=Deni |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhe00bown |title=Encyclopedia of herbs and their uses |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-7894-0184-7 |url-access=registration |name-list-style=vanc}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Mitchell |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRVtAAAAMAAJ&q=Plant+medicine+in+practice:+using+the+teachings+of+John+Bastyr |title=Plant medicine in practice: using the teachings of John Bastyr |last2=Bastyr |first2=John B. |publisher=Churchill Livingstone |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-443-07238-3 |name-list-style=vanc}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harrod Buhner |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wxa1AAAAIAAJ&q=Sacred+plant+medicine:+explorations+in+the+practice+of+indigenous+herbalism |title=Sacred plant medicine: explorations in the practice of indigenous herbalism |publisher=Roberts Rinehart Publishers |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-57098-091-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Cech |first1=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLsaAAAACAAJ&q=plant+medicine |title=Making Plant Medicine |last2=Cech |first2=Sena K. |last3=Gunter |first3=Anne |publisher=Horizon Herbs |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-9700312-0-4 |name-list-style=vanc}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoffmann |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xMjzaMvbKUC&q=plant%20medicine |title=Medical herbalism: the science and practice of herbal medicine |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-89281-749-8 |format=Google eBook |name-list-style=vanc}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE_dlKnYkd4C&q=The+Cherokee+herbal:+native+plant+medicine+from+the+four+directions+By+J.+T.+Garrett |title=The Cherokee herbal: native plant medicine from the four directions |vauthors=Garrett JT |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-879181-96-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cowan |first=Eliot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUfjPAAACAAJ&q=plant+medicine |title=Plant Spirit Medicine: The Healing Power of Plants |publisher=Granite Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-893183-11-7 |name-list-style=vanc}}
* {{Cite book |title=African traditional medicine: a dictionary of plant use and applications |vauthors=Neuwinger HD |publisher=Medpharm Scientific |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-88763-086-7 |location=Stuttgart, Germany}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Joanne |title=Herbal Medicines |last2=Anderson |first2=Linda A. |last3=Phillipson |first3=J.D. |publisher=Pharmaceutical Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-85369-623-0 |edition=3rd |location=London |name-list-style=vanc}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{wiktionary-inline|herbalism}}
* {{commons category-inline|Herbalism}}

{{Medicinal herbs & fungi}}
{{Natural resources}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Plants Used In Herbalism}}
[[Category:Herbalism|*01]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants|*01]]
[[Category:Lists of plants|Medicine]]
[[Category:Medical lists|Plants used as medicine]]
[[Category:Gardening lists|Plants used as medicine]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Traditional medicine]]
[[Category:Commercialization of traditional medicines]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Plant genetics]]
[[Category:Biodiversity]]
[[Category:Plant conservation]]
[[Category:Plant breeding]]
[[Category:Seeds]]
[[Category:Sustainable agriculture]]

[[id:Tanaman obat keluarga]]
[[lt:Vaistiniai augalai]]