List of plants used in herbalism

This is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism.

Phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as:

• primary metabolites, such as carbohydrates and fats found in all plants
• secondary metabolites serving a more specific function.<ref name="meskin-2002-p123">Template:Cite book</ref>

For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.<ref name="meskin-2002-p123" />

In Europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines. In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers.<ref name="haubrich">Template:Cite book</ref> Pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals.

Some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples of such derivatives include aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.

A

Scientific name	Common name	Description	Picture
Acacia senegal	Gum arabic	A natural gum sourced from hardened sap of various species of acacia tree used in ancient birth control as well as a binder and emulsifier for medicinal compounds.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Lipsey2005">Template:Cite book</ref>
Achillea millefolium	Common yarrow	Purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent,<ref name="hutchens">Template:Cite book</ref> tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic.
Actaea racemosa	Black cohosh	Historically used for arthritis and muscle pain, used more recently for conditions related to menopause and menstruation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Aesculus hippocastanum	Horse chestnut	Its seeds, leaves, bark, and flowers have been used medicinally for many centuries for treating joint pain, bladder and gastrointestinal problems, fever, leg cramps, and other conditions. It may be useful for treating chronic venous insufficiency. The raw plant materials are toxic unless processed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Error creating thumbnail:
Ageratina altissima	White snakeroot	Root tea has been used to treat diarrhea, kidney stones, and fever. A root poultice can be used on snakebites. The smoke from burning leaves is used to revive unconscious people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Medrs The plant contains the toxin tremetol which causes milk sickness, a sometimes fatal condition.<ref name="nps">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Ageratina altissima 002.JPG
Alcea rosea	Common hollyhock	Believed to be an emollient and laxative. It is used to control inflammation, to stop bedwetting and as a mouthwash in cases of bleeding gums.Template:Sfn	File:Alcea rosea purple.jpg
Alisma plantago-aquatica	Water-plantain	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Alisma plantago-aquatica20090812 251.jpg
Allium sativum	Garlic	Purported use to lower blood cholesterol and high blood pressure.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:GarlicBasket.jpg
Aloe vera	Aloe vera	Leaves are widely used to heal burns, wounds and other skin ailments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Aloe Vera.jpg
Althaea officinalis	Marsh-mallow	Used historically as both a food and a medicine.<ref name="haubrich" />	File:Althaea officinalis Prague 2011 2.jpg
Amorphophallus konjac	Konjac	Significant dietary source of glucomannan,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> which is purported for use in treating obesity, constipation,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and reducing cholesterol.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Amorphophallus konjac (fruit) 01.JPG
Anemone hepatica	Common hepatica	Historically used to treat liver diseases, it is still used in alternative medicine today. Other modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout.Template:Sfn	File:Common Hepatica - Anemone hepatica (13214136064).jpg
Angelica archangelica	Garden angelica	Roots have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea or tincture for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, nervous system, and also against fever, infections, and flu.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Coulon-Angélique.jpg
Angelica sinensis	Dong quai	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Apium graveolens	Celery	Seed is used only occasionally in tradition medicine. Modern usage is primarily as a diuretic.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Apium graveolens 002.JPG
Arctium lappa	Burdock	Used traditionally as a diuretic and to lower blood sugar<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and, in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for sore throat and symptoms of the common cold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Unreliable source?	File:ArctiumLappa4.jpg
Arnica montana	Arnica	Used as an anti-inflammatory<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and for osteoarthritis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The US Food and Drug Administration has classified Arnica montana as an unsafe herb because of its toxicity.<ref name="drugs.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> It should not be taken orally or applied to broken skin where absorption can occur.<ref name="drugs.com" />	File:Arnica montana (flower head).jpg
Astragalus propinquus	Astragalus	Long used in traditional Chinese medicine.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Astragalus membranaceus.jpg
Atropa belladonna	Belladonna	Although toxic, was used historically in Italy by women to enlarge their pupils, as well as a sedative, among other uses. The name itself means "beautiful woman" in Italian.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Flickr - don macauley - Deadly Nightshade.jpg .
Azadirachta indica	Neem	Used in India to treat worms, malaria, rheumatism and skin infections among many other things. Its many uses have led to neem being called "the village dispensary" in India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Tender Neem leaves in Karnataka, India.JPG

B

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Bellis perennis	Daisy	Flowers have been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea (or the leaves as a salad) for treatment of disorders of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />	File:Marienblümchen Ende März 2014 (153).JPG
Berberis vulgaris	Barberry	Long history of medicinal use, dating back to the Middle Ages particularly among Native Americans. Uses have included skin ailments, scurvy and gastro-intestinal ailments.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Berberis thunb frt.jpg
Borago officinalis	Borage	Used in hyperactive gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> such as gastrointestinal (colic, cramps, diarrhea), airways (asthma, bronchitis), cardiovascular, (cardiotonic, antihypertensive and blood purifier), urinary (diuretic and kidney/bladder disorders).<ref name="e802">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Borage starflower Rohtopurasruoho 02.jpg
Broussonetia kurzii	Salae	Known as Salae in Thailand where this species is valued as a medicinal plant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

C

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Calendula officinalis	Marigold	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:Self-published inline	File:2006-10-22Calendula03.jpg
Cannabis	Hemp, Cannabis, Marijuana, Indian hemp, Ganja	Used worldwide since ancient times as treatment for various conditions and ailments including pain, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues such as IBS, muscle relaxation, anxiety, Alzheimer's and dementia, ADHD, autism, cancer, cerebral palsy, recurring headaches, Crohn's disease, depression, epilepsy, glaucoma, insomnia, and neuropathy among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Cannabis 20160411 093402 (26092404540).jpg
Capsicum annuum	Cayenne	Type of chili that has been used as both food and medicine for thousands of years. Uses have included reducing pain and swelling, lowering triglyceride and cholesterol levels and fighting viruses and harmful bacteria, due to high levels of Vitamin C.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Capsicum annuum 10 - Kew.jpg
Capsicum frutescens	Chili	Its active ingredient, capsaicine, is the basic of commercial pain-relief ointments in Western medicine. The low incidence of heart attack in Thais may be related to capsaicine's fibronolytic action (dissolving blood clots).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Tabasco peppers.JPG
Carica papaya	Papaya	Used for treating wounds and stomach troubles.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Carica papaya 005.JPG
Cassia occidentalis	Coffee senna	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Senna occidentalis.jpg
Catha edulis	Khat	Mild stimulant used for thousands of years in Yemen, and is banned today in many countries. Contains the amphetamine-like substance cathinone.Template:Citation needed	File:Catha edulis.jpg
Cayaponia espelina	São Caetano melon	It is a diuretic and aid in the treatment of diarrhea and syphilis.<ref name="johnsont">Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Cayaponia espelina fruit.jpg
Centaurea cyanus	Cornflower	In herbalism, a decoction of cornflower is effective in treating conjunctivitis and as a wash for tired eyes.Template:Sfn	File:CentaureaCyanus-bloem-kl.jpg
Chrysopogon zizanioides	Vetiver	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Ramacham.jpg
Cinchona	Cinchona	Genus of about 38 species of trees whose bark is a source of alkaloids, including quinine. Its use as a febrifuge was first popularized in the 17th century by Peruvian Jesuits.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Cinchona.pubescens01.jpg
Citrus × aurantium	Bitter orange	Used in traditional Chinese medicine and by indigenous peoples of the Amazon for nausea, indigestion and constipation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Bitter orange - Citrus aurantium 06.JPG
Citrus limon	Lemon	Along with other citruses, it has a long history of use in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In contemporary use, honey and lemon is common for treating coughs and sore throat.	File:P1030323.JPG
Citrus trifoliata	Trifoliate orange, bitter orange	Fruits of Citrus trifoliata are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:20151019Citrus trifoliata5.jpg
Cissampelos pareira	Velvetleaf	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Diploclisia glaucescens Wynaad.jpg
Cnicus benedictus	Blessed thistle	Used during the Middle Ages to treat bubonic plague. In modern times, herbal teas made from blessed thistle are used for loss of appetite, indigestion and other purposes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:(MHNT) Centaurea Benedicta - Jardin Botanique Henri GAUSSEN.jpg
Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laevigata	Hawthorn	Fruit has been used for centuries purportedly for heart disease, digestive and kidney related problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Crataegus, various species, fruit.jpg
Curcuma longa	Turmeric	Spice that lends its distinctive yellow color to Indian curries, has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to aid digestion and liver function, relieve arthritis pain, and regulate menstruation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Native Turmeric Cooktown.jpg
Cypripedium parviflorum	Yellow lady's slipper	The Cypripedium species have been used in native remedies for dermatitis, tooth aches, anxiety, headaches, as an antispasmodic, stimulant and sedative. However, the preferred species for use are Cyp. parviflorum and Cyp.acaule, used as topical applications or tea.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Cypripedium parviflorum Orchi 016.jpg

D

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Digitalis lanata	Digitalis or foxglove	It came into use in treating cardiac disease in late 18th century England in spite of its high toxicity.{{#if:a|a|[1]}} Its use has been almost entirely replaced by the pharmaceutical derivative Digoxin, which has a shorter half-life in the body, and whose toxicity is therefore more easily managed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Digoxin is used as an antiarrhythmic agent and inotrope.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Digitalis lanata. Wooly Foxglove (30755195067).jpg

E

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Echinacea purpurea	Purple coneflower	This plant and other species of Echinacea have been used for at least 400 years by Native Americans to treat infections and wounds, and as a general "cure-all" (panacea). It is currently used for symptoms associated with cold and flu.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Echinacea purpurea 003.JPG
Echinopsis pachanoi	San Pedro cactus	The San Pedro cactus contains the entheogen mescaline and has a long history of being used in Andean traditional medicine.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Starr 070320-5799 Echinopsis pachanoi.jpg
Ephedra sinica	Ephedra	It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2,000 years.<ref name="Abourashed_2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Huang2010">Template:Cite book</ref> Native Americans and Mormon pioneers drank a tea brewed from other Ephedra species, called "Mormon tea" and "Indian tea". It contains the alkaloids ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, which are used as breathing aids (bronchodilators and decongestants).<ref name="drew">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Ephedra sinica alexlomas.jpg
Equisetum arvense	Horsetail	Dates back to ancient Roman and Greek medicine, when it was used to stop bleeding, heal ulcers and wounds, and treat tuberculosis and kidney problems.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopediaTemplate:Unreliable source?Template:Marketing material</ref>	File:Equisetum arvense foliage.jpg
Eriodictyon crassifolium	Yerba Santa	Used by the Chumash people to keep airways open for proper breathing.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The US Forest Service profile<ref>Template:Cite journal Template:PD-notice</ref> for Eriodictyon crassifolium provides information on species distribution; taxonomic relationships; ecological and evolutionary considerations for restoration; growth form and distinguishing traits; habitat characteristics; projected future suitable habitat; growth, reproduction and dispersal; biological interactions; ecological genetics; seed characteristics, germination requirements and processing; and plant uses including agriculture, restoration, and traditional products, plus an extensive bibliography. It is part of Riverside-Corona Resource Conservation District's resource materials collection on native plant recommendations for southern California ecoregions.	File:Eriodictyoncrassifolium1.jpg
Erythroxylum coca	Coca	Used as coca tea or chewed, traditionally as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, thirst, and altitude sickness.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Also used as an anesthetic and analgesic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Erythroxylum coca 001.JPG
Eschscholzia californica	Californian poppy	Used as a herbal remedy: an aqueous extract of the plant has sedative and anxiolytic actions.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:LeamingtonSpa Platform2 Eschscholzia3.jpg
Eucalyptus globulus	Eucalyptus	Leaves were widely used in traditional medicine as a febrifuge.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Eucalyptus oil is commonly used in over-the-counter cough and cold medications, as well as for an analgesic.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Eucalyptus flowers, Barcelona, Spain (15345095225).jpg
Euonymus atropurpureus	Wahoo	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Euphorbia hirta	Asthma-plant	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is used in the Philippines for dengue fever.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>	File:Euphorbia hirta 2782.jpg
Euphrasia	Eyebright	Used for eye problems, mental depression, oxygenation and radiation poisoning.<ref name="Dr. A. B. Howard">Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Augentrost.jpg
Euterpe oleracea	Açai	Although açai berries are a longstanding food source for indigenous people of the Amazon, there is no evidence that they have effectiveness for any health-related purpose.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

F

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ferula assa-foetida	Asafoetida	Might be useful for IBS, high cholesterol, and breathing problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Frangula alnus	Alder buckthorn	Bark (and to a lesser extent the fruit) has been used as a laxative, due to its 3 – 7% anthraquinone content. Bark for medicinal use is dried and stored for a year before use, as fresh bark is violently purgative; even dried bark can be dangerous if taken in excess.<ref name="z994">Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Frangula-alnus-fruits.JPG
Fumaria officinalis	Fumitory	Traditionally thought to be good for the eyes and to remove skin blemishes. In modern times herbalists use it to treat skin diseases and conjunctivitis, as well as to cleanse the kidneys. However, Howard (1987) warns that fumitory is poisonous and should only be used under the direction of a medical herbalist.Template:Sfn	File:FUMARIA OFFICINALIS - AGUDA - IB-074 (Fumària).JPG

G

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Galanthus	Snowdrop	It contains an active substance called galantamine, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Galantamine (or galanthamine) can be helpful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, though it is not a cure.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:The Washbrook Lane Snowdrops.jpg
Geranium robertianum	Robert geranium	In traditional herbalism, it was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and as a vulnerary (used for or useful in healing wounds).<ref name="Milliken">Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Geranium Robertianum - Detail - Blossom.jpg
Ginkgo biloba	Ginkgo	The leaf extract has been used to treat asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, Alzheimer's and tinnitus.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Ginkgo biloba 010.JPG
Glechoma hederacea	Ground-ivy	It has been used as a "lung herb".<ref>A Healing Heritage, June 12, 2007, Joanna Poncavage, The Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.)</ref> Other traditional uses include as an expectorant, astringent, and to treat bronchitis.<ref name="barnes">Template:Cite book</ref> The essential oil of the plant has been used for centuries as a general tonic for colds and coughs, and to relieve congestion of the mucous membranes.	File:20150412Glechoma hederacea1.jpg
Glycyrrhiza glabra	Licorice root	Purported uses include stomach ulcers, bronchitis, and sore throat.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

H

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Hamamelis virginiana	Common witch-hazel	It produces a specific kind of tannins called hamamelitannins. One of those substances displays a specific cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Witch Hazel.jpg
Hippophae rhamnoides	Sea buckthorn	The leaves are used as herbal medicine to alleviate cough and fever, pain, and general gastrointestinal disorders as well as to cure dermatologic disorders. Similarly, the fruit juice and oils can be used in the treatment of liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, chronic wounds or other dermatological disorders.<ref name="Guliyev 2004">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Common sea-buckthorn - Sanddorn (9049824936).jpg
Hoodia gordonii	Hoodia	The plant is traditionally used by Kalahari San (Bushmen) to reduce hunger and thirst. It is marketed as an appetite suppressant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Hoodia gordonii 2007-06-02.jpg
Hydrastis canadensis	Goldenseal	Although used traditionally by Native Americans to treat skin diseases and ulcers, there is no scientific evidence to support the use of goldenseal for treating any disease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Hydrastis.jpg
Hypericum perforatum	St. John's wort	Widely used within herbalism for depression. Evaluated for use as an antidepressant, but with ambiguous results.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Saint John's wort flowers.jpg
Hyssopus officinalis	Hyssop	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Hyssopus officinalis 2c.JPG

I

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ilex paraguariensis	Yerba mate	Mate contains compounds that may improve mood.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Ilexparaguariensis.jpg
Illicium verum	Star anise	It is the major source of the chemical compound shikimic acid, a primary precursor in the pharmaceutical synthesis of anti-influenza drug oseltamivir (Tamiflu).<ref name="Wang">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Illicium verum in HDR.jpg
Inula helenium	Elecampane	It is used in herbal medicine as an expectorant and for water retention.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Composite1.JPG

J

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Jasminum officinale	Jasmine	It is purported as either an antiseptic or anti-inflammatory agent.<ref name="Bolognia">Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Jasminum officinale Enfoque 2010-7-11 TorrelaMata.jpg

K

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Knautia arvensis	Field scabious	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Knautia arvensis20110703 116.jpg

L

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Larrea tridentata	Chaparral	The leaves and twigs are used by Native Americans to make a herbal tea used for a variety of conditions. Chaparral has also been shown to have high liver toxicity, and has led to kidney failure, and is not recommended for any use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or American Cancer Society.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Larrea tridentata Furnace Creek.jpg
Laurus nobilis	Bay laurel	Aqueous extracts of bay laurel can be used as astringents and even as a reasonable salve for open wounds.<ref name="Nayak">Nayak, et al. (2006).</ref>	File:Gardenology-IMG 4930 hunt10mar.jpg
Lavandula angustifolia	Lavender	It was traditionally used as an antiseptic and for mental health purposes. It was also used in ancient Egypt in mummifying bodies. There is little scientific evidence that use of lavender affects health.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Lavande off FR 2012.jpg
Lawsonia inermis	Henna		File:Lawsonia inermis (Mehndi) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 0524.jpg
Leucojum aestivum	Summer snowflake		File:Leucojum aestivum 2010.jpg
Linum usitatissimum	Flaxseed	The plant is most commonly used as a laxative. Flaxseed oil is used for different conditions, including arthritis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Lin (Everest) Cl J Weber04 (23715892009).jpg

M

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Magnolia officinalis	Magnolia-bark	The bark contains magnolol and honokiol, two polyphenolic compounds.	File:Magnolia au Jardin Jungle Karlostachys.jpg
Malva sylvestris	Mallow	The seeds are used internally in a decoction or herbal tea<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> as a demulcent and diuretic, and the leaves made into poultices as an emollient for external applications.	File:Malva sylvestris 1.jpg
Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis	Chamomile	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:MATRICARIA RECUTITA - TORÀ - IB-418 (Camamilla).JPG
Medicago sativa	Alfalfa	The leaves are purported to lower cholesterol, and treat kidney and urinary tract ailments, although there is insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Medicago-sativa-flowers.jpg
Melaleuca alternifolia	Tea tree oil	It has been used over history by Australian aboriginal people. Modern usage is primarily as an antibacterial or antifungal agent, but there is insufficient scientific evidence for such effects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Melaleuca alternifolia (Maria Serena).jpg
Melissa officinalis	Lemon balm	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Melissa officinalis J2.jpg
Mentha × piperita	Peppermint	Its oil, from a cross between water mint and spearmint, has a history of purported use for various conditions, including nausea, indigestion, and symptoms of the common cold.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Mentha-piperita.JPG
Mitragyna speciosa	Kratom	Kratom leaves are chewed to relieve musculoskeletal pain and increase energy, appetite, and sexual desire in ways similar to khat and coca.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Mitragyna speciosa111.JPG
Momordica charantia	Bitter melon		File:012 bitter melon.jpg
Morinda citrifolia	Noni	It is purported for joint pain and skin conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:P Morc D5915.JPG
Moringa oleifera	Drumstick tree	It is used for food and traditional medicine.Template:Citation needed	File:DrumstickFlower.jpg

N

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Nasturtium officinale	Watercress		File:Flowers of Watercress (Nasturtium officinale).jpg
Nelumbo nucifera	Lotus	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Nelumbo nucifera1.jpg
Nigella sativa	Nigella, black-caraway, black-cumin, and kalonji	One meta-analysis of clinical trials concluded that N. sativa has a short-term benefit on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Nigella sativa.jpg

O

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Ocimum tenuiflorum	Tulsi or holy basil	It is used for a variety of purposes in traditional medicine; tulsi is taken in many forms: as herbal tea, dried powder, fresh leaf or mixed with ghee. Essential oil extracted from Karpoora tulasi is mostly used for medicinal purposes and in herbal cosmetics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Ocimum tenuiflorum2.jpg
Oenothera	Evening primrose	Its oil has been used since the 1930s for eczema, and more recently as an anti-inflammatory, but there is insufficient evidence for it having any effect.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Origanum vulgare	Oregano		File:Origanum-vulgare.JPG

P

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Panax spec.	Ginseng	Asian ginseng may affect glucose metabolism and lower blood sugar levels, but the poor quality of research prevents conclusions about such effects.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Ginsengpflanze.jpg
Papaver somniferum	Opium poppy	The plant is the plant source of morphine, used for pain relief. Morphine made from the refined and modified sap is used for pain control in people with severe cancer.<ref name="drugs-poppy">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Opium poppy.jpg
Passiflora	Passion flower		File:Passiflora Krishnakamal Karnataka India.jpg
Peganum harmala	Syrian Rue (common name Harmal)		File:Peganum harmala 20140604.jpg
Pelargonium sidoides	Umckaloabo, or South African Geranium	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Pelargonium sidoides Leaves 3264px.jpg
Piper methysticum	Kava	The plant has been used for centuries in the South Pacific to make a ceremonial drink with sedative and anesthetic properties, with potential for causing liver injury.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Starr 070515-7054 Piper methysticum.jpg
Piscidia erythrina / Piscidia piscipula	Jamaica dogwood	The plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of insomnia and anxiety, despite serious safety concerns.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> A 2006 study suggested medicinal potential.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Plantago lanceolata	Plantain	It is used frequently in herbal teas and other herbal remedies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> A tea from the leaves is used as a highly effective cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine Plantago lanceolata leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />	File:20120610Plantago lanceolata1.jpg
Platycodon grandiflorus	Platycodon, balloon flower	The extracts and purified platycoside compounds (saponins) from the roots may exhibit neuroprotective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, improved insulin resistance, and cholesterol-lowering properties.<ref name="ReviewArticle2014">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Platycodon grandiflorus.jpg
Polemonium reptans	Abscess root	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Jacob's Ladder Polemonium reptens Flower Buds 2628px.jpg
Psidium guajava	Guava	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Psidium guajava at Kadavoor.jpg
Ptelea trifoliata	Wafer Ash	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Also known as hoptree.	File:Ptelea trifoliata 20050808 006.jpg
Pulmonaria officinalis	Lungwort	Used since the Middle Ages to treat and/or heal various ailments of the lungs and chest.Template:Citation needed	File:Pulmonaria officinalis 800.jpg

Q

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Quassia amara	Amargo, bitter-wood	A 2012 study found a topical gel with 4% Quassia extract to be a safe and effective cure of rosacea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Quassia amara11.JPG

R

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Reichardia tingitana	False sowthistle	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Cluster of Reichardia tingitana flowers in Qatar.jpg
Rosa majalis	Cinnamon rose	It yields edible hip fruits rich in vitamin C, which are used in medicine<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and to produce rose hip syrup.	File:Rosa majalis20140910 02.jpg
Rosmarinus officinalis	Rosemary	It has been used medicinally from ancient times.Template:Citation needed	File:Shinasahi142211.jpg
Ruellia tuberosa	Minnieroot, fever root, snapdragon root	In folk medicine and Ayurvedic medicine it has been used as a diuretic, anti-diabetic, antipyretic, analgesic, antihypertensive, gastroprotective, and to treat gonorrhea.<ref>Lans C.A., Ethnomedicine as used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus; J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 200</ref>	File:Ruellia tuberosa (Wayside Tuberose) in Hyderabad W IMG 9012.jpg
Rumex crispus	Curly dock or yellow dock	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Polygonaceae - Rumex crispus-1 (8303634985).jpg

S

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Salix alba	White willow	Plant source of salicylic acid, white willow is like the chemical known as aspirin, although more likely to cause stomach upset as a side effect than aspirin itself which can cause the lining of the stomach to be destroyed. Used from ancient times for the same uses as aspirin.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Salix alba leaves.jpg
Salvia officinalis	Sage	Shown to improve cognitive function in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Salvia officinalis 001.JPG
Sambucus nigra	Elderberry	The berries and leaves have traditionally been used to treat pain, swelling, infections, coughs, and skin conditions and, more recently, flu, common cold, fevers, constipation, and sinus infections.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Sambucus-berries.jpg
Santalum album	Indian sandalwood	Sandalwood oil has been widely used in folk medicine for treatment of common colds, bronchitis, skin disorders, heart ailments, general weakness, fever, infection of the urinary tract, inflammation of the mouth and pharynx, liver and gallbladder complaints and other maladies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Santalum album leaves and flowers 06.JPG
Santolina chamaecyparissus	Cotton lavender	Most commonly, the flowers and leaves are made into a decoction used to expel intestinal parasites.Template:Citation needed	File:Santolina chamaecyparissus flowers.jpg
Saraca indica	Ashoka tree	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Gardenology.org-IMG 7344 qsbg11mar.jpg
Satureja hortensis	Summer savory	Its extracts show antibacterial and antifungal effects on several species including some of the antibiotic resistant strains.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Satureja hortensis Prague 2011 1.jpg
Sceletium tortuosum	Kanna	African treatment for depression. Suggested to be an SSRI or have similar effects, but unknown mechanism of activity.Template:Citation needed	File:Kanna flower.jpg
Senna auriculata	Avaram senna	The root is used in decoctions against fevers, diabetes, diseases of urinary system and constipation. The leaves have laxative properties. The dried flowers and flower buds are used as a substitute for tea in case of diabetes patients. The powdered seed is also applied to the eye, in case of chronic purulent conjunctivitis.Template:Citation needed	File:(Senna auriculata) at kambalakonda 01.JPG
Sesuvium portulacastrum	Shoreline purslane	The plant extract showed antibacterial and anticandidal activities and moderate antifungal activity.<ref>Chandrasekaran M., Senthilkumar A., Venkatesalu V "Antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of fatty acid methyl esters from the leaves of Sesuvium portulacastrum L. ". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 15 (7) (pp 775-780), 2011.</ref>	File:Starr 080602-5547 Sesuvium portulacastrum.jpg
Silybum marianum	Milk thistle	It has been used for thousands of years for a variety of medicinal purposes, in particular liver problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Milk thistle flowerhead.jpg
Stachytarpheta cayennensis	Blue snakeweed	Extracts of the plant are used to ease the symptoms of malaria. The boiled juice or a tea made from the leaves or the whole plant is taken to relieve fever and other symptoms. It is also used for dysentery, pain, and liver disorders.<ref name="froe">Template:Cite journal</ref> A tea of the leaves is taken to help control diabetes in Peru and other areas.<ref name="ade">Template:Cite journal</ref> Laboratory tests indicate that the plant has anti-inflammatory properties.<ref name="sch">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Blue Snakeweed (2095033321).jpg
Stellaria media	Common chickweed	It has been used as a remedy to treat itchy skin conditions and pulmonary diseases.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for iron-deficiency anemia (for its high iron content), as well as for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Kaldari Stellaria media 01.jpg
Strobilanthes callosus	Karvy	The plant is anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of triterpenoids from Strobilanthes callosus Nees">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> and anti-rheumatic.<ref name="Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots.">Agarwal R., Rangari V. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of lupeol and 19α-H lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots. Ind. J. Pharm. 2003;35:384–387. Pdf: {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Strobilanthes callosus.jpg
Symphytum officinale	Comfrey	It has been used as a vulnerary and to reduce inflammation.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It was also used internally in the past, for stomach and other ailments, but its toxicity has led a number of other countries, including Canada, Brazil, Australia, and the United Kingdom, to severely restrict or ban the use of comfrey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Symphytum officinale (4970747322).jpg
Syzygium aromaticum	Clove	The plant is used for upset stomach and as an expectorant, among other purposes. The oil is used topically to treat toothache.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Cloves.JPG

T

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Tanacetum parthenium	Feverfew	The plant has been used for centuries for fevers, headaches, stomach aches, toothaches, insect bites and other conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Feverfew.jpg
Taraxacum officinale	Dandelion	It was most commonly used historically to treat liver diseases, kidney diseases, and spleen problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Sluníčka Vysočiny.JPG
Teucrium scordium	Water germander	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Teucrium scordium2 eF.jpg
Thymus vulgaris	Thyme	The plant is used to treat bronchitis and cough. It serves as an antispasmodic and expectorant in this role. It has also been used in many other medicinal roles in Asian and Ayurvedic medicine, although it has not been shown to be effective in non-respiratory medicinal roles.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>	File:Thymus vulgaris en fleurs à Grez-Doiceau 002.jpg
Tilia cordata	Small-leaved linden	In the countries of Central, Southern and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into a herbal tea called tisane.<ref name="botanical">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Tilia cordata (2560923908).jpg
Tradescantia zebrina	Inchplant	It is used in southeast Mexico in the region of Tabasco as a cold herbal tea, which is named Matali.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Skin irritation may result from repeated contact with or prolonged handling of the plant, particularly from the clear, watery sap (a characteristic unique to T. zebrina as compared with other types).	File:Gardenology-IMG 7927 hunt10aug.jpg
Trema orientalis	Charcoal-tree	The leaves and the bark are used to treat coughs, sore throats, asthma, bronchitis, gonorrhea, yellow fever, toothache, and as an antidote to general poisoning.<ref name="FAO-X5327e">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Kharagola (Marathi- खरगोळ) (537093835).jpg
Trifolium pratense	Red clover	The plant is an ingredient in some recipes for essiac tea. Research has found no benefit for any human health conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Kleebluete.jpg
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Fenugreek	It has long been used to treat symptoms of menopause, and digestive ailments. More recently, it has been used to treat diabetes, loss of appetite and other conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Aesthetic bunch of fenugreek greens.jpg
Triticum aestivum	Wheatgrass	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Blé tendre hiver (GHAYTA) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (5) (24000515671).jpg
Turnera subulata	White buttercup	It is used for skin, gastrointestinal, and respiratory ailments.Template:Citation needed	File:BangbangNuevaVizcayajf9987 14.JPG

U

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Uncaria tomentosa	Cat's claw	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Urtica dioica	Common nettle, stinging nettle	It has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout.<ref name="Ethnopharmacological in vitro studi" />	File:20120623Urtica dioica3.jpg

V

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Vaccinium spec.	Blueberries	They are of current medical interest as an antioxidant<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and for urinary tract ailments.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Vaccinium.jpg
Vaccinium macrocarpon	Cranberry	It was used historically as a vulnerary and for urinary disorders, diarrhea, diabetes, stomach ailments, and liver problems. Modern usage has concentrated on urinary tract related problems.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Cranberry bog.jpg
Vaccinium myrtillus	Bilberry	It is used to treat diarrhea, scurvy, and other conditions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Bilberry.jpg
Valeriana officinalis	Valerian	It has been used since at least ancient Greece and Rome for sleep disorders and anxiety.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Valeriana officinalis02.JPG
Verbascum thapsus	Common mullein	It contains glycyrrhizin compounds with bactericide and potential anti-tumoral action. These compounds are concentrated in the flowers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:20150930Verbascum thapsus2.jpg
Verbena officinalis	Verbena	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:20140807Verbena officinalis2.jpg
Vernonia amygdalina	Bitter leaf	The plant is used by both primates and indigenous peoples in Africa to treat intestinal ailments such as dysentery.<ref name="wynn">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="huffman">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Vernonia amygdalina 02.jpg
Veronica officinalis	Veronica	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Veronica officinalis 5499177.jpg
Viburnum tinus	Laurustinus	V. tinus has medicinal properties. The active ingredients are viburnin (a substance or more probably a mixture of compounds) and tannins. Tannins can cause stomach upset. The leaves when infused have antipyretic properties. The fruits have been used as purgatives against constipation. The tincture has been used lately in herbal medicine as a remedy for depression. The plant also contains iridoid glucosides.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Viburnum February 2008-1.jpg
Viola tricolor	Wild pansy	It is one of many viola plant species containing cyclotides. These small peptides have proven to be useful in drug development due to their size and structure giving rise to high stability. Many cyclotides, found in Viola tricolor are cytotoxic.<ref name="Tang_2010">Template:Cite journal</ref> This feature means that it could be used to treat cancers.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Tang_2010" />	File:Viola tricolor, Schenley Park, 2015-10-01, 01.jpg
Viscum album	European mistletoe	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Viscum album fruit.jpg
Vitex agnus-castus	Chasteberry	It has been used for over thousands of years for menstrual problems, and to stimulate lactation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Vitex agnus-castus.JPG
Vitis vinifera	Grape	The leaves and fruit have been used medicinally since the ancient Greeks.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Grape vines 2015 02.jpg

W

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Withania somnifera	Ashwagandha	The plant's long, brown, tuberous roots are used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda, the berries and leaves are applied externally to tumors, tubercular glands, carbuncles, and ulcers.<ref name="mirjalili">Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Withania somnifera 06.jpg

X

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Xanthoparmelia scabrosa	Sexy footpath lichen	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Xanthoparmelia scabrosa imported from iNaturalist photo 1939417 on 7 June 2020.jpg

Y

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Youngia japonica	Japanese hawkweed	The plant is antitussive and febrifuge. It is also used in the treatment of boils and snakebites.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	File:Youngja japonica2.jpg

Z

Scientific name	Name	Description	Picture
Zingiber officinale	Ginger	Ginger is effective for the relief of nausea.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	File:Ginger Plant vs.jpg

Databases

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See also

• Chinese classic herbal formula
• History of birth control
• List of branches of alternative medicine
• List of culinary herbs and spices
• List of herbs with known adverse effects
• Materia Medica
• Medicinal mushrooms
• Medicinal plants of the American West
• Medicinal plants traditionally used by the indigenous peoples of North America
• Naturopathic medicine
• Wikispecies

Notes

• ^{{#if:| }} Digitalis use in the United States is controlled by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and can only be prescribed by a physician. Misuse can cause death.
• This encyclopedia is not a substitute for medical advice nor a complete description of these herbs, their dangers (up to and including death), and their (in)compatibility with alcohol or other drugs.

References

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Further reading

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External links

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• Template:Commons category-inline