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{{Short description|Athenian speechwriter (c. 445–c. 380 BC)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Other people|Lysias}}

{{Infobox writer
| name        = Lysias
| image       = Parc de Versailles, Rond-Point des Philosophes, Lysias, Jean Dedieu inv1850n°9452 03.jpg
| caption     = Statue by [[Jean Dedieu]] (Gardens of Versailles)
| native_name = {{lang|grc|Λυσίας}}
| birth_date  = c. 445 BC
| birth_place = [[Athens]] (traditional; sometimes given as [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]])
| death_date  = c. 380 BC
| occupation  = Logographer (speechwriter)
| notableworks = 
{{Flatlist}}
* ''Against Eratosthenes''
* ''Against Agoratus''
* ''Olympic Oration''
{{Endflatlist}}
| relatives = 
{{Flatlist}}
* [[Cephalus]] (father)
* [[Polemarchus]] (brother)
{{Endflatlist}}
}}

'''Lysias''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|s|i|ə|s}}; {{lang|grc|Λυσίας}}; c. 445 – c. 380 BC) was an Athenian [[Logographer (legal)|logographer]] and one of the ten [[Attic orators]] later canonized by [[Aristophanes of Byzantium]] and [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]]. He wrote speeches for litigants across a wide range of public and private actions during the late fifth and early fourth centuries BC, with thirty-four transmitted in the medieval corpus and many others known by title or fragment. Ancient critics, especially [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], and modern scholarship identify Lysias as an exemplar of the plain style, emphasizing idiomatic diction, character-appropriate voice, and concise narrative framing. His speech ''Against Eratosthenes'' and the fragmentary ''Olympic Oration'' are commonly cited for historical evidence on postwar Athens and for programmatic statements on Greek politics.

==Life==
According to [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] and the author of the life ascribed to [[Plutarch]], Lysias was born in 459 BC, which would accord with a tradition that Lysias reached, or passed, the age of eighty. This date was evidently obtained by reckoning back from the foundation of [[Thurii]] (444 BC), since there was a tradition that Lysias had gone there at the age of fifteen. Modern critics, in general, place his birth later, c. 445 BC, and place the trip to Thurii around 430 BC.<ref>Debra Nails, ''The People of Plato'' (Hackett, 2002), p. 190, and S.C. Todd, "Lysias," in ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'' 3rd ed. (1996).</ref>

[[Cephalus#Historical persons|Cephalus]], his father, was a native of [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]], and on the invitation of Pericles had settled at Athens. The opening scene of [[Plato]]'s ''[[The Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' is set at the house of Cephalus's eldest son, [[Polemarchus]], in [[Piraeus]]. The tone of the picture warrants the inference that the [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilian]] family were well known to Plato, and that their houses must often have been hospitable to such gatherings. Further, Plato's ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'' opens with [[Phaedrus (Athenian)|Phaedrus]] coming from conversation with Lysias at the house of [[Epicrates of Athens]]: he meets [[Socrates]], with whom he will read and discuss the speech of Lysias he heard.

At Thurii, the colony newly planted on the [[Gulf of Taranto|Tarentine Gulf]], the boy may have seen [[Herodotus]], now a man in middle life, and a friendship may have grown up between them. There, too, Lysias is said to have commenced his studies in [[rhetoric]]&mdash;doubtless under a master of the Sicilian school possibly, as tradition said, under [[Tisias]], the pupil of [[Corax of Syracuse|Corax]], whose name is associated with the first attempt to formulate rhetoric as an art. The [[Sicilian Expedition|Athenian invasion of Sicily]] in 415–413 BC during the [[Peloponnesian War]] would ultimately create difficulties for Lysias's family, especially when the campaign ended in a devastating defeat for Athens. The continued attempt to link Lysias to the famous names of the era is illustrated by the ancient ascription to Lysias of a rhetorical exercise purporting to be a speech in which the captive Athenian general [[Nicias]] appealed for mercy to the Sicilians. The terrible blow to Athens quickened the energies of an anti-Athenian faction at Thurii. Lysias and his elder brother Polemarchus, with three hundred other persons, were accused of Atticizing. They were driven from Thurii and settled at Athens (412 BC).

Lysias and Polemarchus were rich men, having inherited property from their father, Cephalus; and Lysias claims that, though merely resident aliens, they discharged public services with a liberality which shamed many of those who enjoyed the franchise (''[[Against Eratosthenes]]'' xii.20). The fact that they owned house property shows that they were classed as ''isoteleis'' ({{lang|grc|ἰσοτελεῖς}}), i.e. foreigners who paid only the same tax as citizens, being exempt from the special tax (μετοίκιον) on [[metic|resident aliens]]. Polemarchus occupied a house in Athens itself, Lysias another in the Piraeus, near which was their shield factory, employing a hundred and twenty skilled [[Slavery in ancient Greece|slaves]].

In 404 BC, the [[Thirty Tyrants]] were established at [[Athens]] under the protection of a [[Sparta]]n garrison. One of their earliest measures was an attack upon the resident aliens, who were represented as disaffected to the new government. Lysias and Polemarchus were on a list of ten singled out to be the first victims. Polemarchus was arrested and compelled to drink [[Cicuta virosa|hemlock]]. Lysias had a narrow escape, with the help of a large bribe. He slipped by a back-door out of the house in which he was a prisoner and took a boat to [[Megara]]. It appears that he rendered valuable services to the exiles during the reign of the tyrants, and in 403 [[Thrasybulus]] proposed that these services be recognised by the bestowal of the citizenship. The [[Boule_(ancient_Greece)|Boule]], however, had not yet been reconstituted, and hence the measure could not be introduced to the [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|ecclesia]] by the requisite preliminary resolution (προβούλευμα). On this ground, it was successfully opposed.

During his later years, Lysias&mdash;now probably a comparatively poor man owing to the rapacity of the tyrants and his own generosity to the Athenian exiles&mdash;appears as a hard-working member of a new profession&mdash;that of [[logographer (legal)|logographer]],  a writer of speeches to be delivered in the [[Athenian democracy#Courts (Dikasteria)|law courts]]. The thirty-four extant are but a small fraction. From 403 to about 380 BC, his industry must have been incessant. The notices of his personal life in these years are scanty. In 403 he came forward as the accuser of [[Eratosthenes (statesman)|Eratosthenes]], one of the Thirty Tyrants. This was his only direct contact with Athenian politics. The story that he wrote a defence for [[Socrates]], which the latter declined to use, probably arose from a confusion. Several years after the death of Socrates, the [[sophist]] [[Polycrates (sophist)|Polycrates]] composed a declamation against him, to which Lysias replied.<ref>John Addington Symonds, ''A problem in Greek Ethics,'' XII, p. 64</ref>

A more authentic tradition represents Lysias as having spoken his own Olympiacus at the Olympic festival of 388 BC,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Richard C. Jebb, Selections from the Attic Orators, Lysias, Ὀλυμπιακός |url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0100:orator=Lysias:speech=33 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> to which [[Dionysius I of Syracuse]] had sent a magnificent embassy. Tents embroidered with gold were pitched within the [[sacred enclosure]], and the wealth of Dionysius was vividly shown by the number of chariots which he had entered. Lysias lifted up his voice to denounce Dionysius as, next to [[Artaxerxes I of Persia|Artaxerxes]], the worst enemy of Hellas, and to impress upon the assembled Greeks that one of their foremost duties was to deliver Sicily from a hateful oppression. The latest work of Lysias which can be dated (a fragment of a speech ''For Pherenicus'') belongs to 381 or 380 BC. He probably died in or soon after 380 BC.

==Style==
{{Rhetoric}}
Lysias displays literary tact, humour, and attention to character in his extant speeches, and is famous for using his skill to conceal his art. It was obviously desirable that a speech written for delivery by a client should be suitable to his age, station and circumstances. Lysias was the first to make this adaptation truly artistic. His language is crafted to flow easily, in contrast to his predecessor [[Antiphon (person)|Antiphon]]'s pursuit of majestic emphasis, to his pupil (and close follower in many respects) [[Isaeus]]' more conspicuous display of artistry and more strictly logical manner of argumentation,<ref>Cf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Isaeus'' 61 and Jebb, ''Attic Orators'' (1893), vol. 2, pp. 290ff.</ref> and later to the forceful oratory of [[Demosthenes]].

Translated into terms of ancient criticism, he became the model of the plain style ({{lang|grc|ἰσχνὸς χαρακτήρ, ἰσχνὴ/λιτὴ/ἀφελὴς λέξις}}: ''genus tenue'' or ''subtile''). Greek and then Roman critics distinguished three styles of rhetorical composition—the grand (or elaborate), the plain and the middle, the plain being nearest to the language of daily life. Greek rhetoric began in the grand style; then Lysias set an exquisite pattern of the plain; and Demosthenes might be considered as having effected an almost ideal compromise.

The vocabulary of Lysias is relatively simple and would later be regarded as a model of pure diction for [[Atticism|Atticists]]. Most of the rhetorical figures are sparingly used—except such as consist in the parallelism or opposition of clauses. The taste of the day not yet emancipated from the influence of the Sicilian rhetoric probably demanded a large use of [[antithesis]]. Lysias excels in vivid description; he has also the knack of marking the speaker's character by light touches. The structure of his sentences varies a good deal according to the dignity of the subject. He has equal command over the periodic style (κατεστραμμένη λέξις) and the non-periodic or continuous (εἰρομένη, διαλελυμένη). His disposition of his subject-matter is always simple. The speech has usually four parts: introduction (προοίμιον), narrative of facts (διήγησις), proofs (πίστεις), which may be either external, as from witnesses, or internal, derived from argument on the facts, and, lastly, conclusion (ἐπίλογος).

It is in the introduction and the narrative that Lysias is seen at his best. In his greatest extant speech&mdash;that ''Against Eratosthenes''&mdash;and also in the fragmentary ''Olympiacus'', he has pathos and fire; but these were not characteristic qualities of his work. In [[Cicero]]'s judgment (''[[De Oratore|De Orat.]]'' iii. 7, 28) Demosthenes was peculiarly distinguished by force (''vis''), [[Aeschines]] by resonance (''sonitus''); [[Hypereides]] by acuteness (''acumen''); [[Isocrates]] by sweetness (''suavitas''); the distinction which he assigns to Lysias is ''subtilitas'', an Attic refinement&mdash;which, as he elsewhere says (''[[Brutus (Cicero)|Brutus]]'', 16, 64) is often joined to an admirable vigour (''lacerti''). Nor was it oratory alone to which Lysias rendered service; his work had an important effect on all subsequent Greek prose, by showing how perfect elegance could be joined to plainness. Here, in his artistic use of familiar idiom, he might fairly be called the [[Euripides]] of [[Attic Greek|Attic]] prose. His style has attracted interest from modern readers, because it is employed in describing scenes from the everyday life of Athens.

==Works==

===Extant speeches===

Thirty-four Lysias speeches survive in their entirety. Three fragmentary ones have come down under the name of Lysias, while 127 more, now lost, are known from smaller fragments or from titles. In the Augustan age 425 works bore his name, of which more than 200 were allowed as genuine by the critics.

The numbering follows the Loeb edition (Lamb). “Jurisdiction” distinguishes public vs private actions where identifiable; “Forum” records Boulē, assembly, or law court when specified by the sources. Concise notes flag authorship or transmission issues.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! data-sort-type="number" | No.
! data-sort-type="text"   | Speech
! data-sort-type="text"   | Date (approx.)
! data-sort-type="text"   | Genre
! data-sort-type="text"   | Jurisdiction
! data-sort-type="text"   | Forum
! data-sort-type="text"   | Core issue
! data-sort-type="text"   | Notes
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 1}}1
| [[On the Murder of Eratosthenes]]
| Uncertain
| Forensic
| Public (homicide); Private (special plea)
| Court
| Euphiletos argues the killing was not premeditated
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 2}}2
| [[Funeral Oration (Lysias)|Funeral Oration]]
| 392 BC?
| Epideictic
| —
| —
| Praise of fallen soldiers during the Corinthian War
| Authorship Uncertain
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 3}}3
| [[Against Simon]]
| 393 BC or later
| Forensic
| Public (wounding); Private (special plea)
| Court
| —
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 4}}4
| [[On a Wound by Premeditation]]
| Uncertain
| Forensic
| Public (wounding with intent)
| Court
| Defense against charge of wounding with intent to kill
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 5}}5
| For Callias
| Uncertain
| Forensic
| Public (impiety)
| Court
| Defense against impiety accusations
| Fragmentary
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 6}}6
| Against Andocides
| 400/399 BC
| Forensic
| Public (impiety)
| Court
| —
| Generally considered spurious; beginning lost
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 7}}7
| Defense in the Matter of the Olive Stump
| 396 BC or later
| Forensic
| Public (impiety)
| Court
| Defense concerning a sacred olive
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 8}}8
| Accusation of Calumny
| Uncertain
| Forensic
| Private (property claim)
| Court
| —
| Spurious
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 9}}9
| For the Soldier
| 395–387 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state claims)
| Court
| —
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 10}}10
| Against Theomnestus 1
| 384–383 BC
| Forensic
| Private (slander)
| Court
| —
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 11}}11
| Against Theomnestus 2
| 384–383 BC
| Forensic
| Private (slander)
| Court
| —
| Epitome of Lysias 10
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 12}}12
| [[Against Eratosthenes]]
| 403 BC or soon after
| Forensic
| Public (homicide)
| Court
| Accusation of one of the Thirty for Polemarchus’ murder
| Widely circulated as a reading text
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 13}}13
| Against Agoratus
| 399 BC
| Forensic
| Public (homicide)
| Court
| Prosecution arising from post-Aegospotami politics
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 14}}14
| Against Alcibiades 1
| 395 BC
| Forensic
| Public (military offences)
| Court
| Charges linked to Alcibiades’ conduct
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 15}}15
| Against Alcibiades 2
| 395 BC
| Forensic
| Public (military offences)
| Court
| Companion to 14
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 16}}16
| In Defense of Mantitheus
| 392–389 BC
| Forensic
| Public (dokimasia)
| [[Boule_(ancient_Greece)|Boulē]]
| Defense at scrutiny before the Council
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 17}}17
| On the Property of Eraton
| 397 BC
| Forensic
| Private (property claim)
| Court
| Recovery of property
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 18}}18
| On the Property of the Brother of Nicias: Peroration
| 396 BC
| Forensic
| Public (illegality)
| Court
| Peroration concerning property subject to public claim
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 19}}19
| On the Property of Aristophanes
| 388–387 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state claims)
| Court
| Proceedings about property and state claims
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 20}}20
| For Polystratus
| 410 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| Court
| Defense against prosecution for anti-democratic acts
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 21}}21
| Defense Against a Charge of Taking Bribes
| 403/2 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| Court
| Defense against bribery/corruption charge
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 22}}22
| Against the Corn-Dealers
| 386 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| [[Boule_(ancient_Greece)|Boulē]]
| Prosecution of grain retailers for price-fixing
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 23}}23
| Against Pancleon
| Uncertain (400/399?)
| Forensic
| Private (special plea)
| Court
| —
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 24}}24
| For the Disabled Man
| Uncertain
| Forensic
| Public (dokimasia)
| [[Boule_(ancient_Greece)|Boulē]]
| Defense of eligibility for disability pension
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 25}}25
| Defense Against a Charge of Subverting the Democracy
| 401–399 BC
| Forensic
| Public (dokimasia)
| Court
| Defense against alleged support for the Thirty
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 26}}26
| On the Scrutiny of Evandros
| 382 BC
| Forensic
| Public (dokimasia)
| [[Boule_(ancient_Greece)|Boulē]]
| Scrutiny of an official designate
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 27}}27
| Against Epicrates and his Fellow-Envoys
| 390 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| Court
| Charges against envoys for misconduct
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 28}}28
| Against Ergocles
| 388 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| Court
| Prosecution for financial/military misconduct
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 29}}29
| Against Philocrates
| 388 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state claims)
| Court
| —
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 30}}30
| Against [[Nicomachus (scribe)|Nicomachus]]
| 399 BC
| Forensic
| Public (state offences)
| Court
| Charges tied to law-revision activities
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 31}}31
| Against Philon
| 403–398 BC
| Forensic
| Public (dokimasia)
| Court
| Objection to a councilor-elect’s fitness/loyalty
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 32}}32
| Against Diogeiton
| 400 BC
| Forensic
| Private (guardianship)
| Court
| Guardian accused of withholding wards’ property
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 33}}33
| [[Olympic Oration (Lysias)|Olympic Oration]]
| 388 or 384 BC
| Epideictic
| —
| Olympia
| Festival oration urging Panhellenic policy
| —
|-
| {{anchor|Lysias 34}}34
| Against the Subversion of the Ancestral Constitution
| 403 BC
| Deliberative
| —
| [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|Assembly]]
| Against proposal to confine citizenship to landowners
| —
|}

=== Fragments ===
[[Hermann Sauppe]] collected 355 fragments under the name of Lysias, printed in ''Oratores Attici'' II, 170–216; 252 of these belong to 127 speeches known by title, and six are comparatively substantial.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sauppe |first=Hermann |editor-last=Baiter |editor-first=Johann Georg |title=Oratores Attici |volume=2 |location=Zurich |publisher=Orell, Füssli |year=1839 |pages=170–216}}</ref> Among the larger items, the fragmentary ''For Pherenicus'' is datable to 381–380 BC and is frequently treated as the latest secure work in the corpus.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carey |first=Christopher |title=Lysiae Orationes |series=Oxford Classical Texts |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |chapter=Praefatio}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Todd |first=S. C. |title=A Commentary on Lysias, Speeches 1–11 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=1–5}}</ref>

Modern editions incorporate the fragment dossier with updated testimonia and numbering, and discuss authenticity case-by-case in the apparatus and introductions.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gernet |first=Louis |author2=Bizos, Marcel |title=Lysias |series=Collection Budé |location=Paris |publisher=Les Belles Lettres |year=1959–1962}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carey |first=Christopher |title=Lysiae Orationes |series=Oxford Classical Texts |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007}}</ref>

=== Miscellaneous ===
A short piece titled ''To His Companions, a Complaint of Slanders'' is transmitted in later lists and is usually judged non-genuine, a school exercise attributed to Lysias at a much later date.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dover |editor-first=Kenneth J. |title=Lysias and the Corpus Lysiacum |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |year=1968 |pages=1–15}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Todd |first=S. C. |title=A Commentary on Lysias, Speeches 1–11 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=ix–x}}</ref>

The speech reproduced and critiqued in Plato’s ''Phaedrus'' (230e–234) is commonly treated as Platonic composition rather than a verbatim text by Lysias. Ancient testimonia already frame it as a showpiece for analysis, and modern stylometric and philological studies support Platonic authorship, though discussion continues over the degree of fidelity to Lysianic style.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brandwood |first=Leonard |title=The Chronology of Plato's Dialogues |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |pages=240–246}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Carey |first=Christopher |title=Lysiae Orationes |series=Oxford Classical Texts |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |chapter=Praefatio}}</ref>

==Editions==
Editions by
*[[Aldine Press|Aldus]] (''[[Editio princeps]]'', Venice, 1513)
*with variorum notes, by [[J. J. Reiske]] (1772)
*[[Immanuel Bekker]] (1823)
*W. S. Dobson (1828) in ''Oratores Attici''
*[[Johann Georg Baiter]] and [[Hermann Sauppe]], ''Oratores Attici'', vol. 1, Zurich, 1839, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W8RAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA59 59] ff.
*C. Scheibe (1852)
*T. Thalheim (1901, [[Teubner]] series, with bibliography) – [https://books.google.com/books?id=SkcMAAAAIAAJ PDF]
*[[Carel Gabriel Cobet|C. G. Cobet]] (4th ed., by J. J. Hartman, 1905)
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Karl Hude|da}}, [[Oxford Classical Texts]], 1912
*W. R. M. Lamb, [[Loeb Classical Library]], 1930
*Umberto Albini, Greek text and Italian translation, Florence: Sansoni, 1955
*[[Louis Gernet]] and {{Interlanguage link multi|Marcel Bizos|fr}}, [[Collection Budé]], 2 vols., 1959–1962
*Enrico Medda, Greek text and Italian translation, 2 vols., Milan: BUR, 1992–1995
*Christopher Carey, Oxford Classical Texts, 2007

Editions of select speeches by
*J. H. Bremi (1845)
*R. Rauchenstein (1848, revised by C. Fuhr, 1880–1881)
*H. Frohberger (1866–1871)
*H. van Herwerden (1863)
*Andreas Weidner (1888)
*[[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]] (1882) – [https://archive.org/details/lysiaeorationes00oratgoog PDF]
* [[F. J. Snell]], ''[[Funeral oration (ancient Greece)|Epitaphios]]'', Clarendon Press, (1887)
*A. Westermann and W. Binder (1887–1890)
*G. P. Bristol (1892)
*M. H. Morgan (1895) – [https://archive.org/details/eightorationsly01lysigoog PDF]
*W. H. Wait (1898) – [https://archive.org/details/tenselectedorat00waitgoog PDF]
*C. D. Adams (1905) – [https://archive.org/details/selectedspeeche00adamgoog PDF]
* There is a special lexicon to Lysias by D. H. Holmes (Bonn, 1895, [https://books.google.com/books?id=PWn6RpMy3-EC online]). See also [[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Jebb]]'s ''Attic Orators'' (1893, [https://archive.org/details/atticoratorsfro02jebbgoog vol. 1], [https://archive.org/details/atticoratorsfro03jebbgoog vol. 2]) and ''Selections from the Attic Orators'' (2nd ed.; 1st ed. [https://archive.org/details/selectionsfroma00isacgoog online]).
* The first volume of a full commentary on the speeches is S. C. Todd, ''A Commentary on Lysias, Speeches 1–11''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. pp. ix, 783. {{ISBN|978-0-19-814909-5}}.
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Lysias|volume=17|pages=182–184}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bateman, John J. 1958. "Lysias and the Law." ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 89:276–285.
* Dover, Kenneth J., ed. 1968. ''Lysias and the Corpus Lysiacum.'' Berkeley and Los Angeles: California Univ. Press.
* Figueira, T. 1986. "Sitopolai and Sitophylakes in Lysias’ “Against the Graindealers”: Governmental Intervention in the Athenian Economy." ''Phoenix'' 40:149–171.
* Gagarin, Michael. 2001. "Women’s Voices in Attic Oratory." In ''Making Silence Speak. Women’s Voices in Greek Literature and Society.'' Edited by L. McClure and A. Lardinois, 161–176. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
* Griffith-Williams, Brenda. 2013. Violence in Court: Law and Rhetoric in Athenian and English Assault Cases. ''Greece and Rome'' 60.1: 89–100.
* Lateiner, Donald. 1981. "An Analysis of Lysias’ Political Defense Speeches." ''Rivista storica dell’Antichità'' 11:147–160.
* Loening, Thomas C. 1981. "The Autobiographical Speeches of Lysias and the Biographical Tradition." ''Hermes'' 109:280–294.
* Rydberg-Cox, Jeff. 2005. "Talking about Violence: Clustered Participles in the Speeches of Lysias." ''Literary and Linguistic Computing'' 20.2: 219–235.
* Shear, Julia L. 2013. "Their Memories Will Never Grow Old: The Politics of Remembrance in the Athenian Funeral Orations." ''Classical Quarterly'' 63.2: 511–536.
* Wolpert, Andrew. 2002. "Lysias 18 and Athenian Memory of Civil War." ''Transactions of the American Philological Association'' 132.1–2: 109–126.

== External links ==
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Lysias
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{commonsinline}}
* {{wikisource author-inline}}
* [http://www.attalus.org/info/orators.html#lysias The Speeches of Lysias] – links to online translations
* [http://attalus.org/translate/orators1.html#Lysias Life of Lysias] – attributed to Plutarch
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2281}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}

{{Attic orators}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Attic orators]]
[[Category:Sicilian Greeks]]
[[Category:Metics in Classical Athens]]
[[Category:5th-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:4th-century BC Greek people]]
[[Category:440s BC births]]
[[Category:380s BC deaths]]