View source for Mildred Gillars

{{short description|American Nazi propagandist (1900–1988)}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name              = Mildred Gillars
| image             = AxisSallyMugshot.jpg
| caption           = Gillars's prison photo, 1949
| birth_name        = Mildred Elizabeth Sisk
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1900|11|29}}
| birth_place       = [[Portland, Maine]], U.S.
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1988|6|25|1900|11|29}}
| death_place       = [[Columbus, Ohio]], U.S.
| resting_place     = Saint Joseph Cemetery, Columbus
| other_names       = {{ubl|Midge at the Mike|[[Axis Sally]]}}
| occupation        = Radio broadcaster
| years_active      = 1940–1945
| known_for         = Presenting [[Nazi propaganda]] on German State Radio, directed to U.S. troops and audience, during World War II
| conviction        = [[Treason laws in the United States|Treason (18 U.S.C. § 1)]]
| criminal_penalty  = 10 to 30 years imprisonment
| criminal_status   = Paroled (1961)
}}
'''Mildred Elizabeth Gillars''' ({{née|'''''Sisk'''''}}; November 29, 1900 – June 25, 1988){{Sfn|''Encyclopædia Britannica''}} was an American broadcaster employed by [[Nazi Germany]] to disseminate [[Axis powers|Axis]] propaganda during [[World War II]]. Following her capture in post-war [[Berlin]], Gillars became the first woman to be convicted of [[treason]] against the United States.{{Sfn|Crofton,|2009|p=131}} In March 1949, she was sentenced to ten to thirty years' imprisonment.{{Sfn|Crofton,|2009|p=131}} Gillars was paroled in 1961. Along with [[Rita Zucca]] she was nicknamed "[[Axis Sally]]".

==Early life==
She was born Mildred Elizabeth Sisk in [[Portland, Maine]], to parents Vincent Sisk and Mae Hewitson.{{Sfn|''Scribner'',|1998|pp=327–328}} After her mother and father divorced,{{Sfn|''Scribner'',|1998|pp=327–328}} she took the surname Gillars in 1911 when her mother married Robert Bruce Gillars.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Jul. 1,|1988|p=17}}{{Sfn|Blundo, Jan. 30,|2011}} Her family resided in [[Bellevue, Ohio]], where Robert Gillars was a dentist. 

At 16, she moved to [[Conneaut, Ohio]] with her family.{{Sfn|Blundo, Jan. 30,|2011}} In 1918, she enrolled at [[Ohio Wesleyan University]] to study dramatic arts, but left without graduating.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Jul. 1,|1988|p=17}}

Gillars then moved to [[Greenwich Village]], New York City, where she worked in various low-skilled jobs to finance drama lessons. She toured with stock companies and appeared in [[vaudeville]] but was unable to establish a theatrical career.{{Sfn|Taylor, May|2016}} Gillars also worked as an artist's model for sculptor [[Mario Korbel]] but was unable to find regular employment.

In 1929, she moved to France and lived in Paris for six months.{{Sfn|Lucas (book),|2013|p=42}}{{Sfn|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} In 1933, Gillars left the United States again, residing first in [[Algiers]] where she found work as a dressmaker's assistant.{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=8}}{{Sfn|''Time'', Feb. 7,|1949|p=}}

In 1934, she moved to [[Dresden]], Germany, to study music and was later employed as a teacher of English,{{Sfn|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}} at the [[Berlitz Corporation|Berlitz]] School of Languages in [[Berlin]].{{Sfn|Hull & Moynes,|2017|p=79}}

==Work as a Nazi propagandist==
On 6 May 1940, Gillars obtained work as an announcer with the [[Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft]] (RRG), German State Radio.{{Sfn|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} She became their highest paid employee,{{Sfn|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} and sometimes went by the name of "Midge at the mike".{{Sfn|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}}

By 1941, the [[U.S. State Department]] was advising American nationals to leave Germany and German-controlled territories. However, Gillars chose to remain because her fiancé, Paul Karlson, a naturalized German citizen, said he would never marry her if she returned to the United States. Shortly afterwards, Karlson was sent to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], where he was killed in action.{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}} Gillars's initial broadcasts were largely apolitical, but started with the phrase "this is Berlin calling".{{Sfn|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} Eventually, she started a relationship with [[Max Otto Koischwitz]],{{Sfn|''Time'', Mar. 7,|1949|p=}} the German-American program director in the USA Zone at the RRG. In 1942, Koischwitz cast Gillars in a new show called ''Home Sweet Home'' and included her in his political broadcasts. Gillars soon acquired several names amongst her [[G.I. (military)|GI]] audience, including the "Bitch of Berlin",{{Sfn|Crofton,|2009|p=131}} "Berlin Babe", "Olga", and "Sally", but the most common was "Axis Sally". This name probably came when, asked on air to describe herself, Gillars said she was "the Irish type&nbsp;... a real Sally."{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}} Gillars expressed anti-Semitic sentiments during her broadcasts.{{Sfn|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} During one broadcast, she said "I say damn Roosevelt and Churchill, and all of their Jews who have made this war possible."{{Sfn|Taylor, May|2016}}

In 1943, an Italian-American woman, [[Rita Zucca]], also began broadcasting to American forces from Rome using the name "Sally". The two often were confused with each other and even thought by many to be the same, though Gillars was annoyed that another woman was broadcasting under her name.{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}}

Gillars's main programs from Berlin were:
* ''Home Sweet Home Hour'', from December 24, 1942, until 1945,{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=15}} a regular propaganda program aimed at making U.S. forces in Europe feel homesick and discouraged.{{Sfn|Yellin,|2010|p=249}} A running theme of these broadcasts was the infidelity of soldiers' wives and sweethearts while the listeners were stationed in Europe and North Africa.{{Sfn|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}} She questioned whether the women would remain faithful, "especially if you boys get all mutilated and do not return in one piece".{{Sfn|Andrews, Aug. 13,|2013}} Opening with the sound of a train whistle, ''Home Sweet Home'' attempted to exploit the fears of American soldiers about the home front. The broadcasts were designed to make soldiers feel doubt about their mission, their leaders, and their prospects after the war.{{Sfn|Pfau, Dec. 30,|2009|p=}}
* ''Midge at the Mike'',{{Sfn|Crofton,|2009|p=131}} broadcast from March to late fall 1943,{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=15}} in which she played American songs interspersed with [[Defeatism|defeatist]] propaganda, [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitic]] rhetoric, and attacks on [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]].{{Sfn|''Time'', Feb. 7,|1949|p=}}
* ''GI's Letter-box'' and ''Medical Reports'' (1944),{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=15}} directed at the [[United States home front during World War II|U.S. home audience]] in which Gillars used information on wounded and captured U.S. airmen to cause fear and worry in their families. After [[D-Day]] (June 6, 1944), Gillars and Koischwitz worked for a time from [[Chartres]] and Paris for this purpose, visiting hospitals and interviewing [[POW]]s,{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=3}} falsely claiming to be a representative of the [[International Red Cross]].{{Sfn|Lucas (book),|2013|p=42}} In 1943, they had toured POW camps in Germany, interviewing captured Americans and recording their messages for their families in the U.S. The interviews were then edited for broadcast as though the speakers were well-treated or sympathetic to the Nazi cause.

Gillars made her most famous broadcast on May 11, 1944, a few weeks before the [[D-Day]] [[invasion of Normandy]], in a [[radio play]] written by Koischwitz called ''Vision of Invasion''. She played Evelyn, an Ohio mother, who dreams that her son had died a horrific death on a ship in the [[English Channel]] during an attempted invasion of [[Occupied Europe]].{{Sfn|Taylor, May|2016}} He came to her after he died in the dream and told her of the horror he saw, whilst in the background there were shrieks and moans of men suffering in battle.{{Sfn|Yellin,|2010|p=249}}

Koischwitz died in August 1944, and Gillars's broadcasts became lackluster and repetitive without his creative energy. She remained in Berlin until the end of the war. Her last broadcast was on May 6, 1945,{{Sfn|Yellin,|2010|p=249}} just two days before the surrender of Germany.{{Sfn|Future,|2024}}{{Sfn|Future (Hoare),|2014}}{{Sfn|Future (Bowers),|2022}}
==Arrest, trial, and imprisonment==
The [[United States Attorney General|U.S. attorney general]] dispatched prosecutor Victor C. Woerheide to Berlin to find and arrest Gillars. He and [[Counterintelligence Corps]] special agent Hans Winzen only had one solid lead: Raymond Kurtz, a [[B-17]] pilot shot down by the Germans, recalled that a woman who had visited his prison camp seeking interviews was the broadcaster who called herself "Midge at the Mike", and had used the alias Barbara Mome. Woerheide organized wanted posters with Gillars's picture to put up in Berlin, and the breakthrough came when he was informed that a woman calling herself "Barbara Mome" was selling her furniture at second-hand markets around the city.{{Sfn|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}} A shop owner whose stock contained a table belonging to Gillars was detained and under "intensive interrogation" revealed Gillars's address.{{Sfn|Lucas (article), Nov. 23,|2009}} When she was arrested on March 15, 1946, Gillars asked only to take with her a picture of Koischwitz.{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}}

She was then held by the Counterintelligence Corps at [[Camp King]], [[Oberursel]], along with collaborators [[Herbert John Burgman]] and [[Donald S. Day]], until she was conditionally released from custody on December 24, 1946; however, she declined to leave military detention.{{Sfn|''Deseret News'', Dec. 24,|1946|p=2}} She was abruptly re-arrested on January 22, 1947, after being offered [[conditional release]] by the United States{{Sfn|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=15}} at the request of the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]] and was eventually flown to the United States on August 21, 1948, to await trial on charges of aiding the German war effort.{{Sfn|''Canberra Times'', Aug. 23,|1948|p=1}}

Gillars was indicted on September 10, 1948, and charged with ten counts of treason, but only eight were used at her trial, which began on January 25, 1949. The prosecution relied on the large number of her programs recorded by the [[Federal Communications Commission]], stationed in [[Silver Hill, Maryland]], to show her participation in propaganda activities directed at the United States. It was also shown that Gillars had taken an oath of allegiance to [[Adolf Hitler]].{{Sfn|''Time'', Mar. 7,|1949|p=}} The defense stated that her broadcasts stated unpopular opinions, but did not amount to treasonable conduct. They also argued that she was under the [[Hypnosis|hypnotic influence]] of Koischwitz and therefore not fully responsible for her actions until after his death.{{Sfn|''Washington Post'' (Dutkin), Feb. 25,|1949|pp=1 & 10}} On March 10, 1949, the jury convicted Gillars on just one count of treason, that of making the ''Vision of Invasion'' broadcast. She was stripped of her US citizenship,{{Sfn|Suisman & Strasser,|2011|p=67}} was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison and a $10,000 fine (${{Formatprice|{{Inflation|US|10000|1949|r=-3}}}} today).{{Sfn|American Antiquarian Society}}{{Sfn|Federal Reserve Bank}}{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Mar. 11,|1949|p=1}}{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Harper), Jun. 12,|2006}}{{Sfn|''Charleston Daily Mail'', Jul. 10,|1961|p=}} The judge spared Gillars from a harsher sentence since she had not participated in high-level Nazi propaganda policy conferences as was the case with [[Douglas Chandler]] and [[Robert Henry Best]]. In 1950, the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia]] upheld the conviction.{{Sfn|''Gillars v. U.S.'',|1950|p=962}}

Gillars served her sentence at the [[Federal Prison Camp, Alderson|Federal Reformatory for Women]] in [[Alderson, West Virginia]]. She became eligible for [[parole]] in 1959, but did not apply until 1961.{{Sfn|''Time'', Aug. 3,|1959|p=}} She was released on June 10, 1961.{{Sfn|''Charleston Daily Mail'', Jul. 10,|1961|p=}}{{Sfn|''Charleston Gazette'', Jul. 11,|1961|p=}}{{Sfn|Yellin,|2010|p=249}}

==Later life==
Having converted to [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] while in prison, Gillars went to live at the Our Lady of Bethlehem Convent in [[Columbus, Ohio]], and taught German, French, and music at St. Joseph Academy, Columbus.{{Sfn|Jewish Virtual Library |<!--year-->}} In 1973, aged 72, she returned to Ohio Wesleyan University to complete her degree, a Bachelor of Arts in speech.{{Sfn|''Time'', Jun. 25,|1973|p=}}

Throughout her life Gillars was unapologetic about her association with Nazism.{{Sfn|Morton (PhD dissertation),|2017|p=}}{{Sfn|Morton (book),|2020|p=97}} Shortly before her death, a neighbour claimed that she showed her a cup that she described as one of her most cherished possessions. She said that it had been given to her by [[Heinrich Himmler]], leader of the SS.{{Sfn|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}} Gillars died of [[colon cancer]] at [[OhioHealth Grant Medical Center|Grant Medical Center]] in Columbus on June 25, 1988.{{Sfn|''New York Times'', Jul. 1,|1988|p=17}}{{Sfn|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}}

== Film ==
In the 2021, ''[[American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally]]'', Gillars is portrayed by [[Meadow Williams]].{{Sfn|''UK Film Review'' (Madden), May 27,|2021}} James Joseph Laughlin, Sr. (1896–1976) – the lawyer who defended Mildred Gillars – was portrayed by [[Al Pacino]].

In [[Spike Lee]]'s 2007 film ''[[Miracle at St. Anna]]'', Gillars is portrayed by [[Alexandra Maria Lara]], broadcasting from Berlin to the front line in Italy to demoralize the [[Buffalo Soldiers]] before a German attack.

==See also==
* [[Donald S. Day]]
* [[Douglas Chandler]]
* [[Herbert John Burgman]]
* [[Iva Toguri D'Aquino]]
* [[Jane Anderson (journalist)]]
* [[Robert Henry Best]]
* [[Tokyo Rose]]
* [[Constance Drexel]]
* [[Ullrich Haupt (actor, born 1915)|Ullrich Haupt]] (1915–1991)
* [[Propaganda in Nazi Germany]]
* [[Lord Haw-Haw]]
* [[Judith Coplon]] (1921–2011)

== Bibliography ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|25em}}
=== References ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--A-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|American Antiquarian Society}} |last1=American Antiquarian Society |author1-link=American Antiquarian Society |title=Proceedings of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] |location=[[Worcester, Massachusetts]] }} {{LCCN|05013654}}; {{ISSN|0044-751X}}; {{OCLC|1479298|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
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    <li>{{cite book |date=October 1991 |last1=McCusker |first1= John James II |author1-link=John J. McCusker |title=''"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"'' |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2025 |pages=297–373 |volume=101, Part 2 }} {{ISBN|978-0-9440-2633-5|0-9440-2633-8}}; {{OCLC|26089551|show=all}}.
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |date=1992 |title=''Table A–2: "Consumer Price Indexes, United States, 1700–1991"'' |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2025 |edition=1st |page=323–332}}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=October 16, 1996 |last1=McCusker |first1= John James II |author1-link=John J. McCusker |title=''"Addenda et Corrigenda" (to "How Much Is That in Real Money?"'' |url=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2025 |volume=106 |pages=327–334 |via=AAS }}</li></ol></ol>
* {{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Andrews, Aug. 13,|2013}} |date=August 13, 2013 |orig-date=last updated: May 27, 2025 |last1=Andrews |first1=Evan |title=6 World War II Propaganda Broadcasters |url=https://www.history.com/news/6-world-war-ii-propaganda-broadcasters |url-status=live |publisher=[[History Channel|History]] |access-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920083928/https://www.history.com/news/6-world-war-ii-propaganda-broadcasters |archive-date=September 20, 2018 }} {{free access}}
<!--B-->
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Beckman & Marriam,|2024|pp=51–52}} |date=8 August 2024 |last1=Beckman |first1=James A. |last2=Merriam |first2=Eric |title=Crimes Against the State: Sedition, Rebellion, and Treason Since America's Founding |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |pages=51–52 |language=en}} {{LCCN|2024006299}} (print ed.), {{LCCN|2024006300}} (eBook); {{ISBN|978-1-4408-7907-4|1-4408-7907-9}} (hardback); {{ISBN|979-8-7651-2412-3}} (paperback); {{ISBN|978-1-4408-7908-1|1-4408-7908-7}} (Pdf); {{ISBN|979-8-2161-7118-8}} (eBook).
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|cbgTEQAAQBAJ |pg=PA51|dq="mildred+gillars"}} |access-date= |type=limited preview |page=51 }}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|Blundo, Jan. 30,|2011}} |date=January 30, 2011 |last1=Blundo |first1=Joseph "Joe"  |title=Sally's Axis of Evil Ended at Convent in Columbus |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/2011/01/30/so-to-speak-joe-blundo/23597156007/ |series=So to Speak {{!}} Joe Blundo Commentary (column) |access-date=February 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121200114/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/arts/stories/2011/01/30/sallys-axis-of-evil-ended-at-convent-in-columbus.html?sid=101 |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |newspaper=[[Columbus Dispatch]] }} {{free access}} {{LCCN|sn85042506}}; {{ISSN|2689-4270}}, {{ISSN|1074-097X}} (online); {{OCLC|8736947|show=all}}.
<!--C-->
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Canberra Times'', Aug. 23,|1948|p=1}} |date=August 23, 1948 |last1=''Canberra Times'' (''The'') |author1-link=The Canberra Times |title=''"Spinster Charged With Treason"'' |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2762025 |access-date=March 6, 2018 |url-status=live |volume=22, no. 6670 |page=1 (column 1) |location=[[Canberra]] |via=[[Trove]] ([[National Library of Australia]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310180015/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2762025?searchTerm=MILDRED+GILLARS |archive-date=March 10, 2022 }} {{free access}} {{ISSN|0157-6925}} (print), {{ISSN|2653-0996}} (web); {{OCLC|220340116|show=all}}.
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Christenson,|1991|pp=152–155}} |date=1991 |editor1-last=Christenson |editor1-first=Ron |title=Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present |location=[[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]] |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |pages=152–155 |language=en}} {{LCCN|90019489}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8873-8406-6|0-8873-8406-4}}; {{OCLC|22596597|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/politicaltrialsi0000unse/page/152/mode/2up?q=%22mildred+gillars%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |access-date=November 11, 2025 |type=[[CSUN]], withdrawn}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|wBdOvs2THGEC |pg=PA152|dq="mildred+gillars"}} |type=limited preview |pages=152–155 }}</li></ol></ol>

* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Charleston Daily Mail'', Jul. 10,|1961|p=}} |date=July 10, 1961 |last1=''[[Charleston Daily Mail]]'' |last2=Davis |first2=Jack Flemings (1920–1992), Associated Press Bureau Chief |title='Axis Sally' Out After 11 Years – Sister Takes GI Siren |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |location=[[Charleston, West Virginia]] |volume=137, no. 8}} {{LCCN|sn86092146}}; {{OCLC|13060388|show=all}}
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via West Virginia Archives & History (WV A&H)'' |url=https://archive.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally02.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2018 |type=The [[WV A&H]] website is hosted by the West Virginia Culture Center website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043019/https://archive.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally02.html |archive-date=June 7, 2025  }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Charleston Gazette'', Jul. 11,|1961|p=}} |date=July 11, 1961 |last1=Charleston Gazette |author1-link=Charleston Gazette |last2=Marsh |first2=Don Seagle (1927–1999) |title=Almost Silent 'Axis Sally' Gains Freedom }} {{LCCN|sn83045151}} (1907–2015); {{OCLC|9334859|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via West Virginia Archives & History (WV A&H)'' |url=https://archive.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally03.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 10, 2018 |type=The [[WV A&H]] website is hosted by the West Virginia Culture Center website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607043022/https://archive.wvculture.org/history/military/axissally03.html |archive-date=June 7, 2025  }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Crofton,|2009|p=131}} |date=2009 |title=Traitors & Turncoats: Twenty Tales of Treason from Benedict Arnold to Ezra Pound |last1=Crofton |first1=Ian |location=London |publisher=Quercus }} {{ISBN|978-1-8486-6011-3|1-8486-6011-1}}; {{OCLC|298185611|show=all}}.
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/traitorsturncoat0000crof/page/130/mode/2up?q=%22Axis+sally%22&view=theater |url-access=registration |page=131 |type=[[Kahle/Austin Foundation]] }}</li></ol></ol>
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* {{cite book |title=''Department of Justice: Federal Bureau of Investigation''}} – via [[Internet Archive]] ([[National Security Archive]], [[George Washington University]] {{cite book |title=''National Security Internet Archive)'' |url=https://archive.org/details/nationalsecurityarchive}} Retrieved November 10, 2025. {{free access}}
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    <li>{{cite book |date=Jan 22, 1947 |title=''Newspaper Clippings'' |url=https://archive.org/details/MildredGillars/page/n0/mode/2up?q=%22ullrich+haupt%22&view=theater }}
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jan 22, 1947 |title=''Newspaper Clippings'' |url=https://archive.org/details/Neutrality_Act_Violations/Ec85c25f22afc8c7ae44ed0473d30bd5e726319a6_Q101450_R364098_D2639299/page/n0/mode/2up?q=%22ullrich+haupt%22+%22axis+sally%22&view=theater}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Deseret News'', Dec. 24,|1946|p=2}} |date=December 24, 1946 |last1=''Deseret News'' |author1-link=Deseret News |title=''"{{-'}}Axis Sally', 2 Other Broadcasters Released"'' |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |location=[[Salt Lake City]] |volume=344, no. 73 (97th year) |page=2 }} {{ISSN|0745-4724}}; {{OCLC|367900153|show=all}}.
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    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Newspapers.com'' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image-view/594855712 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |url-access=subscription }}</li>
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* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Encyclopædia Britannica''}}|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}
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        <li>{{cite book |title=''Vol. 5: "Gillars, Mildred"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia05ency/page/266/mode/2up?q=%22gillars%2C+mildred%22&view=theater |access-date=November 10, 2025 |url-access=registration |page=267 |via=Internet Archive}}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite books |title=Britannica ''Online: "Mildred Gillars {{!}} American Traitor"'' |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mildred-Gillars |access-date=October 20, 2017 |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026034057/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mildred-Gillars |archive-date=October 26, 2020 }} {{free access}} {{ISSN|1085-9721}}; {{OCLC|908423504|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|1330258956}}, {{OCLC search link|770455238}}, {{OCLC search link|1110200461}}.</li></ol></ol>
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* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Federal Reserve Bank}} |last1=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |author1-link=Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis |title=''"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"'' |url=https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800- |access-date=February 29, 2024 }}

* {{cite book |title=''[[Future Publishing Ltd.]]'' |location=[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England (formerly [[Bournemouth]], England: Imagine Publishing Ltd.) }}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
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    <li>{{cite book |date=2024 |orig-date=2025 |title=All About History History's Biggest Traitors |url=https://archive.org/details/all-about-history-book-of-henry-viii-2nd-ed-2019/All%20About%20History%20-%20Biggest%20Traitors%201st%20Ed%20%282024%29/page/n0/mode/2up?&view=theater |type=magazine; special issue – non-serial; ''aka'' [[bookazine]] |access-date=November 14, 2025 |edition=1st |via=[[Internet Archive]] |postscript=none}} {{ISBN|978-1-8364-8013-6|1-8364-8013-X}}; {{OCLC|1527587924|show=all}}, {{OCLC search link|1526037880}}.
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Future,|2024}} |title=''"Axis Sally the Story of an All-American Traitor"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/all-about-history-book-of-henry-viii-2nd-ed-2019/All%20About%20History%20-%20Biggest%20Traitors%201st%20Ed%20%282024%29/page/n27/mode/2up?view=theater |pages=28–33 }} {{free access}}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |title=All About History |type=ezine blog Andrew Brown, Editor from September 2013 to November 2014 |postscript=none}} ({{URL|www.historyanswers.co.uk}}). {{ISSN|2052-5877}}
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Future (Hoare),|2014}} |editor1-last=Hoare |editor1-first=James Edward |editor1-link=James Hoare |date=May 6, 2014 |title=On This Day" – "Final Broadcast of Mildred Gillars (Axis Sally) |url=https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/history-of-war/day-final-broadcast-mildred-gillars-axis-sally/ |magazine=All About History |language=en-GB |access-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022937/https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/history-of-war/day-final-broadcast-mildred-gillars-axis-sally/ |url-status=live }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |title=History of War |others=Tim Williamson, Editor-in-Chief |type=magazine; monthly}} {{ISSN|2054-376X}}; {{OCLC|1064860270|show=all}}.</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Future (Bowers),|2022}} |date=2022 |last1=Bowers |first1=Alex |title=''"Axis Sally: True Story of an All-American Traitor"'' |url=https://www.magzter.com/en/stories/culture/History-of-War/AXIS-SALLY-TRUE-STORY-OF-AN-ALLAMERICAN-TRAITOR |url-status=live |access-date=November 13, 2025 |type=Issue 111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113234952/https://www.magzter.com/en/stories/culture/History-of-War/AXIS-SALLY-TRUE-STORY-OF-AN-ALLAMERICAN-TRAITOR |archive-date=November 13, 2025}}</li></ol></ol></ol>
<!--G-->
* {{cite court |ref={{SfnRef|''Gillars v. U.S.'',|1950|p=962}} |date=Decided May 19, 1950 |litigants=Gillars v. United States ''(docket no. 10,187)'' |vol=Vol. 182. |reporter=''[[Federal Reporter]], [[Federal_Reporter#Federal_Reporter,_Second_Series|Second Series]]''; |opinion=beginning on p. 962 of the printed ed. |pinpoint= |court=[[U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] → |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=92849302602115676 }}

<!--H-->
* {{cite book |title=''HistoryNet'' |publisher=HistoryNet LLC, owned and operated by [[World History Group]]}}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|HistoryNet (Harper), Jun. 12,|2006}} |date=June 12, 2006 |last=Harper |first=Dale Pascal (''né'' Pascal Dale Hawkes; 1926–2009) |title=''"Mildred Elizabeth Sisk: American-Born Axis Sally"'' |url=https://www.historynet.com/mildred-elizabeth-sisk-american-born-axis-sally/ |language=en-US |access-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023339/http://www.historynet.com/mildred-elizabeth-sisk-american-born-axis-sally.htm |url-status=live }} {{free access}} {{OCLC|45677445}} (article).</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>Originally published → {{cite magazine |date=November 1995 |title=American-Born Axis Sally Made Propaganda Broadcasts for Radio Berlin in Hitler's Germany |series="Convicted of Treason, American-Born Axis Sally Spent 12 Years in Federal Prison |magazine=World War II |publisher=Cowles History Group |type=bimonthly; every 2 months |volume=10 |issue=4 }} {{free access}} {{LCCN|90660022}}; {{ISSN|0898-4204}}; {{OCLC|13545127|show=all}}.</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|HistoryNet (Lucas), Nov. 23,|2009}} |date=November 23, 2009 |last1=Lucas |first1=Richard |title=''"Axis Sally: The Americans Behind the Infamous Nazi Propaganda Broadcast"'' |url=https://www.historynet.com/axis-sally/ |access-date=December 5, 2015 |url-status=live |publisher=[[HistoryNet]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525161109/https://www.historynet.com/axis-sally/ |archive-date=May 25, 2022}} {{free access}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>Originally published → {{cite magazine |date=January-February 2010 |title=With a Sweet Kiss from Sally – Investigators Hunt Down the Seductive Broadcaster |magazine=World War II |publisher=Primedia Enthusiast Publications |type=bimonthly; every 2 months |volume=24 |issue=5 |page=48 }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol></ol>

* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Hull & Moynes,|2017|p=79}} |date=May 28, 2017 |last1=Hull |first1=Mark M. |last2=Moynes |first2=Vera |title=Masquerade: Treason, the Holocaust, and an Irish Impostor |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |page=79 |language=en-US}} {{LCCN|2016036175}}; {{ISBN|978-0-8061-5634-7|0-8061-5634-1}} (hardcover); {{ISBN|978-0-8061-5718-4|0-8061-5718-6}} (paperback); {{ISBN|978-0-8061-5836-5|0-8061-5836-0}} (eBook); {{OCLC|987098685|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|JZPGDgAAQBAJ |pg=PA79|dq="mildred+gillars"}} |type=limited preview |page=79 }}</li></ol></ol>

<!--J-->
* {{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Jewish Virtual Library |<!--year-->}} |last1=Jewish Virtual Library |author1-link=Jewish Virtual Library |title=The Nazi Party: Women of the Third Reich" – "Mildred Elizabeth Gillars (1901–1988)  |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/women-of-the-third-reich |url-status=live |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504174905/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/women-of-the-third-reich |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |publisher=The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE)}} {{OCLC|750248767|show=all}}.

<!--L-->
* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Lucas (book),|2013|p=42}} |last1=Lucas|first1=Richard |title=Axis Sally: The American Voice of Nazi Germany |location=[[Philadelphia]] |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] }} 
: {{ISBN|978-1-9351-4980-4|1-9351-4980-6}} (2010), {{ISBN|978-1-4804-0660-5|1-4804-0660-0}} (Oct. 2010 digital), {{ISBN|978-1-9351-4943-9|1-9351-4943-1}} (Oct. 2010 hardcover), {{ISBN|978-1-6120-0139-5|1-6120-0139-4}} (Jan. 2013 paperback); {{OCLC|748408055|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''2010 ed. via Los Angeles Public Library'' |url=https://lapl.overdrive.com/media/540940 |url-access=registration}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |title=''2013 ed. via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|wPJgsY4_C7MC|pg=PT42}} |url-status=live |type=limited preview |page=42 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723104920/https://books.google.com/books?id=wPJgsY4_C7MC&pg=PT42 |archive-date=July 23, 2020 }}</li></ol></ol>
<!--M-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''UK Film Review'' (Madden), May 27,|2021}} |date=May 27, 2021 |last1=''UK Film Review'' |last2=Madden |first2=Hope |title="American Traitor: The Trial of Axis Sally – ''Film Review"'' |url=https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/american-traitor-the-trial-of-axis-sally-film-review |access-date=September 19, 2021 |url-status=live |others=Chris Olson, Editor-in-Chief |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604022554/https://www.ukfilmreview.co.uk/post/american-traitor-the-trial-of-axis-sally-film-review |archive-date=June 4, 2021 }}
<div style="margin-left:7em">{{IMDb name |nm11733009 |Hope ("Madd at the Movies") Madden |section=bio}}.<br>{{IMDb name |nm13290886 |Chris Olsen|section=bio}}.</div>

* {{cite dissertation |ref={{SfnRef|Morton (PhD dissertation),|2017|p=}} |date=2017 |last=Morton |first=Scott Ashley |title=The Sirens of Wartime Radio: An Analysis of the Media Coverage of Five Legendary Female Propaganda Broadcasters |type=PhD dissertation |location=[[Tuscaloosa]] |publisher=[[University of Alabama Libraries]] }} {{OCLC|999839609|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via University of Alabama Institutional Repository'' |url=https://ir.ua.edu/items/5dd93bfa-2fb2-48f0-a85c-dba9baeeec31/full |url-status=live |access-date=November 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008022906/https://ir.ua.edu/items/5dd93bfa-2fb2-48f0-a85c-dba9baeeec31/full |archive-date=October 8, 2024}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Morton (book),|2020|p=97}} |date=October 5, 2020 |last=Morton |first=Scott Ashley |title=The Sirens of Wartime Radio and How the American Print Media Presented Them: The Stories, the Intrigue, and the Evolving Coverage of Their Legacies |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]  |language=en}}
: {{LCCN|2020942740}}; {{doi|10.5040/9781978733992}}; {{ISBN|978-1-7936-0145-2|1-7936-0145-3}} (hardcover), {{ISBN|978-1-7936-0147-6}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-1-7936-0146-9|1-7936-0146-1}} (eBook), {{ISBN|978-1-9787-8655-4|1-9787-8655-7}} (eBook), {{ISBN|978-1-9787-3399-2|1-9787-3399-2}} (online), {{OCLC|1222777049|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|s2UGEAAAQBAJ|pg=PA97}} |access-date=November 16, 2025 |pages=58–98 |type=limited preview }}</li></ol></ol>

<!--N-->
* {{cite book |title=New York Times ''(''The'')'' |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times }} {{ISSN|0362-4331}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Feb. 2,|1949|p=17}} |date=February 2, 1949 |title=''"Ex-Actor Outlines 'Axis Sally' Role – Tell's Capital Jury He and She Took Part in Nazi Broadcast to Discourage Invasion"'' |edition=Late City |volume=98, no. 33247 |page=7}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/02/02/84547324.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 22, 2015 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/4hN5z19 |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Mar. 11,|1949|p=1}} |date=March 11, 1949 |title=''"{{-'}}Axis Sally' Is Found Guilty; Sentence on Treason Delayed"'' |type=[[Associated Press|AP]] |quote=March 10 – A Federal jury found Mildred E. (Axis Sally) Gillars guilty of treason today&nbsp; {{nowrap|...}} |volume=98, no. 33284 |page=1}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/03/11/84199805.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 22, 2015 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/4hQuUHA |url-access=subscription }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''NYTs blog ed.'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/11/archives/-axis-sally-is-found-guilty-sentence-on-treason-delayed-jury.html |access-date=March 9, 2023 |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''New York Times'', Jul. 1,|1988|p=17}} |date=July 1, 1988 |title=''"Mildred Gillars, 87, Axis Sally During War"'' |edition=Late City |volume=137, no. 47553 }} {{ProQuest|426897192}} (US Newsstream database).</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Pdf via TimesMachine'' |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1949/02/02/84547324.pdf |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 22, 2015 }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''Permalink via TimesMachine'' |url=https://nyti.ms/43XDajd |url-access=subscription |page=8 (section B; digital image 40 of 96) }}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |title=''NYTs blog ed.'' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/01/obituaries/mildred-gillars-87-axis-sally-during-war.html |url-access=subscription }}</li></ol></ol></ol>
<!--P-->
* {{cite book |ref={{Sfnref|Pfau, Dec. 30,|2009|p=}} |date=December 30, 2009 |last1=Pfau |first1=Ann Elizabeth, PhD |title=''"Axis Sally, 'The Greatest Generation,' and Generation Y"'' |url=https://nysed.academia.edu/AnnPfau/Papers/154353/Axis_Sally_The_Greatest_Generation_and_Generation_Y |url-status=dead |access-date=October 30, 2017 |series=Pfau, from 2008 to 2011, was a historian researcher with the [[New York State Museum]], [[Albany New York|Albany]] |via=Academia.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310180021/https://www.academia.edu/222409/Axis_Sally_The_Greatest_Generation_and_Generation_Y |archive-date=March 10, 2022 }}
<div style="margin-left:6em">Pfau's paper was presented January 8, 2010, 9:50 AM, at the 124th Annual Meeting of the [[American Historical Association]], [[San Diego]]: Theme: "Oceans, Islands, Continents" – Program 50: "Performance in France, the United States, and the Rio de la Plata, 1930s–40s." [[Nicholas John Cull]], PhD, Chair [{{cite book |title=''"124th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association"'' |url=https://www.historians.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/AM_2010_Program.pdf |access-date=November 13, 2025 |postscript=none}}].</div>
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* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Scribner'',|1998|pp=327–328}}|date=1998 |title=Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives ''(''The'')'' |others=[[Kenneth T. Jackson]], Karen Markoe, Arnie Markoe (eds.) |type=8 Vols. |location=New York |publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]}} {{LCCN|9833793}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Vol 2: "1986–1990"'' }} {{ISBN|978-0-6848-0491-0|0-6848-0491-3}} (Vol. 2).</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Theodore N. |title=''"Gillars, Mildred Elizabeth Sisk"'' |url=https://archive.org/details/scribnerencyclop0002unse/page/326/mode/2up?q=Gillars&view=theater |url-access=registration |access-date=November 10, 2025 |pages=327–328|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</li></ol></ol></ol>

* {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Suisman & Strasser,|2011|p=67}} |date=October 11, 2011 |orig-date=2010 |editor1-last=Suisman |editor1-first=David |editor2-last=Strasser |editor2-first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UCbeD5RvI_0C&dq=Mildred+Gillars&pg=PA67 |title=Sound in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |pages=67 |language=en}} {{LCCN|2009024356}}; {{doi|10.9783/9780812206869}}; {{ISBN|978-1-2838-9114-1|1-2838-9114-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2229-6|0-8122-2229-6}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-0-8122-4199-0|0-8122-4199-1}} (hardback), {{ISBN|978-0-8122-0686-9|0-8122-0686-X}} (eBook); {{OCLC|320800463|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{Cite book |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/soundinageofmech0000unse/page/66/mode/2up?q=%22mildred+gillars%22?&view=theater |type=limited preview; [[Kahle/Austin Foundation]] }}</li>
    <li>{{Cite book |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl |UCbeD5RvI_0C |pg=<!--PA67--> |dq=}} |type=limited preview }}</li></ol></ol>

<!--T-->
* {{Cite magazine |ref={{SfnRef|Taylor, May|2016}} |last=Taylor |first=Blaine |date=May 2016 |title=Mildred Gillars (''a.k.a.'' 'Axis Sally') in WWII |url=https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/mildred-gillars-a-k-a-axis-sally-in-wwii/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Military Heritage]] |location=[[McLean, Virginia]] |publisher=Sovereign Media |volume=17 |issue=6 |lang=en-US |access-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816104021/https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/mildred-gillars-a-k-a-axis-sally-in-wwii/ |archive-date=August 16, 2022 }} {{free access}} {{LCCN|sn99008573}}; {{ISSN|1524-8666}}; {{OCLC|41272405|show=all}}.

* {{cite book |title=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en-US}} {{ISSN|0040-781X}}
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Time'', Feb. 7,|1949|p=}} |date=February 7, 1949 |title=''"Treason: Big Role"'' |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799748,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131015725/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,799748,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 31, 2011 |access-date=March 6, 2018}}</li>
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Time'', Mar. 7,|1949|p=}} |date=March 7, 1949 |chapter=Treason: True to the Red, White & Blue |chapter-url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853624,00.html |title=''(alternate link)'' |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853624,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310001025/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853624,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 10, 2008 |access-date=March 6, 2018}}</li>
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Time'', Aug. 3,|1959|p=}} |title=''"People, August 3, 1959"'' |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825822-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106033255/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,825822-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 6, 2012 |access-date=March 6, 2018}}</li>
    <li>{{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''Time'', Jun. 25,|1973|p=}} |title=''"People, June 25, 1973"'' |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907459,00.html |access-date=March 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027150016/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,907459,00.html |archive-date=October 27, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</li></ol></ol>
<!--U-->
* {{cite book |ref={{SfnRef|''U.S. vs. Gillars''||p=}}|title=United States vs. Mildred E. Gillars – 146-7-51-1708 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice}} Retrieved 7 November 2025.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="1" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jan 22, 1947 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p1.pdf |type=Hans Max Haupt |page=1}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Aug 10, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p2.pdf |page=2}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Feb 10, 1947 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p3.pdf |page=3}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Nov 17, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p4.pdf |page=4}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p5.pdf |type=Haupt rail fare |page=5}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jun 9, 1945 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p6.pdf |page=6}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jan 22, 1946 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p7.pdf |page=7}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Feb 25, 1947 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p8.pdf |page=8 |type=Ullrich Haupt}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Mar 31, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p9.pdf |page=9}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p10.pdf |page=10}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p11.pdf |page=11}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p12.pdf |page=12}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p13.pdf |page=13}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p14.pdf |page=14}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Oct 26, 1970 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p15.pdf |page=15}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Apr 25, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p16.pdf |page=16}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Page 17'' }}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |date=Jul 22, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17a.pdf |page=17a}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date=Oct 7, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17b.pdf |page=17b}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17c.pdf |page=17c}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17e.pdf |page=17e}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date=Mar 23, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17d.pdf |page=17d}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p17e.pdf |page=17e}} {{free access}}</li></ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jul 5, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p18.pdf |page=18}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Page 19''}}</li>
        <ol type="a" start="1">
        <li>{{cite book |date=Oct 18, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p19a.pdf |page=19a}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p19b.pdf |page=19b}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p19c.pdf |page=19c}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p19d.pdf |page=19d}} {{free access}}</li>
        <li>{{cite book |date= |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p19d.pdf |page=19e}} {{free access}}</li>
    </ol>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Nov 19, 1948 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p20.pdf |page=20}} {{free access}}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=Jan 4, 1949 |title=''Papers'' |url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/criminal/legacy/2010/04/11/axis-sally-p21.pdf |page=21}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>
<!--W-->
* {{Cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Washington Post'' (Dutkin), Feb. 25,|1949|pp=1 & 10}} |date=February 25, 1949 |last1=''Washington Post'' (''The'') |author1-link=The Washington Post |last2=Dutkin |first2=Howard Lee (1911–1993) |title=Hypnotic Influence Cited" – "Love for Mystic Professor Led Her to 'Destiny,' Sally Says |issue=26552 |pages=1 & 10}} {{ProQuest|152169038|url-access=subscription}} (Historical Newspapers database); {{ISSN|0190-8286}}; {{OCLC|2269358|show=all}}.

<!--Y-->
* {{IMDb name|nm3559344|Yellin, Emily}} ({{date|May 11, 2010}}) [2004, 2005]. {{Cite book |ref={{SfnRef|Yellin,|2010|p=249}} |title=''Chapter 8: "Behind Enemy Lines – Spies, Propaganda Workers, and Those Who Worked for the Enemy."'' Our Mothers' War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |pages=249 |language=en}} {{LCCN|2004040496}}; {{ISBN|978-0-7432-4514-2|0-7432-4514-8}} (hardback), {{ISBN|978-0-7432-4516-6|0-7432-4516-4}} (paperback), {{ISBN|978-1-4391-0358-6|1-4391-0358-5}} (eBook), {{OCLC|1512698619|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |date=2004 |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/ourmotherswarame0000yell/page/248/mode/2up?q=%22mildred+gillars%22&view=theater |type=limited preview |access-date=November 11, 2025 |page=248 }}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=2005 |title=''Via Internet Archive'' |url=https://archive.org/details/ourmotherswar00emil/page/248/mode/2up?q=%22mildred+gillars%22&view=theater |type=limited preview |access-date=November 11, 2025 |page=248 }}</li>
    <li>{{cite book |date=2010 |title=''Via Google Books'' |url={{GBurl|BcQDE0Ce9GAC |pg=PA248|dq="mildred+gillars"}} |type=limited preview |page=249 }}</li></ol></ol>

{{refend}}

=== General references ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
<!--E-->
* {{cite book |date=June 30, 1991 |last1=Edwards |first1=John Carver, PhD (1939–2023) |title=Berlin Calling: American Broadcasters in Service to the Third Reich |location=New York, [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]], London |publisher=[[Frederick A. Praeger (publisher)|Praeger Publishers]] ([[Bloomsbury Academic]])}} {{LCCN|90020841}}; {{ISBN|978-0-2759-3905-2|0-2759-3905-7}} (hardback); {{OCLC|551404747|show=all}}.
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <ol type="i" start="1">
    <li>{{cite book |title=''Chapter 3: "Max Otto Koischwitz" – "Alias Mr. O.K."'' |url=https://archive.org/details/berlincallingame00edwa/page/56/mode/2up?q=koischwitz+%22mildred+gillars%22+gillars?&view=theater |access-date=November 16, 2025 |pages=58–98 |via=[[Internet Archive]] (limited preview; [[Boston Public Library]]; [[Kahle/Austin Foundation]]) }}</li></ol></ol>

<!--F-->
* {{cite book |date=2004 |last1=Fuller |first1=Mary "Mimi" Williams (''née'' Mary Patricia Williams; 1936–1922) |title=Axis Sally: The Most Listened-To Woman of World War II |url= |type=[[historical fiction]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=Paradise West Publications |edition=1st}} {{LCCN|2004274976}}; {{ISBN|978-0-9723-6757-8|0-9723-6757-8}}.
<div style="margin-left:7em">This book is a work of [[historical fiction]] that offers a dramatic, sympathetic portrayal of Gillars. The late Fuller presented a version of events that aligns with arguments raised at Gillars’s trial, suggesting she was emotionally manipulated by Koischwitz and drawn into broadcasting for Radio Berlin.</div>

<!--G-->
* {{cite book |date=June 17, 1928 |title=''Gillars, Mildred (Miss). Portrait Photograph [graphic]'' |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/agc.7a11284/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |others=[[Arnold Genthe]] (1869–1942), photographer |medium=photograph |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], Prints and Photographs Division |id=Call No.: LC-G412- 5423-002
|lccn=2018715691 }}

* {{cite AV media |people=Gillars, Mildred |date=1943 |title=''[Axis Sally broadcast]'' |medium=sound recording → 1 [[Sound recording and reproduction|analog]] [[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|tape reel]], [[Audio_tape_specifications#Tape_speeds|15 ips]], 2-track, mono |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]], Recorded Sound Research Center |id=Call No.: LWO 4661 (preservation master) |lccn=2005700755 |oclc=62724649}}

<!--M-->
* {{cite book |date=1946 |title=''Mildred Gillars, "Axis Sally," Full-Length Portrait [graphic]'' |url=https://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3c17758/ |access-date=November 16, 2025 |medium=photograph |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |series=Seated on cot, smoking cigarette, in [[Counterintelligence Corps|U.S. Counterintelligence]] Headquarters, Berlin, Germany. [[Library of Congress]], ''[[New York World-Telegram]]'' and the ''[[The New York Sun|New York Sun]]'' Newspaper Photograph Collection. [[Associated Press]] photograph No. 6607D |id=Call No.: NYWTS - BIOG — Gillars, Mildred — "Axis Sally" |lccn=97503391 |oclc=51117462 }}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=}}
* {{YouTube|49FV-njfp5s|Axis Sally Broadcast}}.
* {{cite book |title=''The Last Archive Episode 3: "The Inner Front"'' |url=https://www.thelastarchive.com/season-2/episode-3-the-inner-front |publisher=Jill Lepore podcast}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gillars, Mildred}}
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[[Category:American broadcasters for Nazi Germany]]
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