View source for Open back rounded vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɒ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɒ
|ipa number=313
|decimal=594
|x-sampa=Q
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0252.svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=256
|braille2=ch
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The '''open back rounded vowel''', or '''low back rounded vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[spoken language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɒ}}. It is called [[Latin turned alpha]] being a rotated version of [[Latin alpha]]. It seems a "turned script ''a''", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) ''a''", which is the [[A#Typographic variants|variant of ''a'']] that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed ''a''". Latin turned alpha ''a'' {{angbr IPA|ɒ}} has its linear stroke on the left, whereas Latin alpha ''a'' {{angbr IPA|ɑ}} (for [[open back unrounded vowel|its unrounded counterpart]]) has its linear stroke on the right.

==Features==
{{open vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{pharyngeal}}
{{rounded vowel}}
{{clear}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[Afrikaans]] || Standard{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} || {{lang|af|[[Afrikaans alphabet|d'''aa'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[dɒːr]|lang=af}} || 'there' || Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɑː}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}}|lang=af]}}].{{sfnp|Wissing|2016|loc=section "The unrounded low-central vowel {{IPA|/a/}}"}} See [[Afrikaans phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{wikt-lang|as|'''ক'''ৰ}} ({{transliteration|as|''k'''o'''r''}}) || {{IPA|[kɒ̹ɹ]|lang=as}} || 'to do' || An "over-rounded" {{IPA|[ɒ̹]}}, with rounding as strong as that for {{IPA|[u]}}.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=293–294}} May also be transcribed {{IPA|[ɔ]|lang=as}}.
|-
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || Some [[Rup dialects|Rhodopean dialects]] || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|м'''ъ'''ж]]}} (''m'''ă'''ž'') || {{IPA|[ˈmɒʃʲ]}} || 'man' || Found as the unification of the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] *ǫ, *ę, *ъ and *ь. Standard Bulgarian has {{IPAslink|ɤ̞}} for *ǫ and *ъ and {{IPAslink|ɛ}} for *ę and *ь.
|-
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || Some dialects{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=132}} || {{Lang|nl|[[Dutch alphabet|b'''o'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[bɒt]|lang=nl}} || 'bone' || Some non-[[Randstad]] dialects,{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=132}} for example those of [[Den Bosch]] and [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]]. It is open-mid {{IPAblink|ɔ}} in standard Dutch.
|-
| rowspan="9" | [[English language|English]] || [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=115}} || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|n'''o'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[nɒ̜̈t]|lang=en}} || rowspan="4" | 'not' || Near-back and weakly rounded.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=115}} Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel {{IPAblink|ʌ|ʌ̈}}.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=115}} See [[South African English phonology]]
|-
| Conservative [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Roach|2004|p=242}} || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[nɒt]|lang=en}} || Somewhat raised. Contemporary RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel {{IPAblink|ɔ}}. It is proposed that the {{IPAslink|ɒ}} vowel of Conservative RP, which is normally described as a [[Roundedness|rounded vowel]], is pronounced by some speakers without rounded lips for whom the characteristic quality is rather one of [[Sulcalization|sulcality]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lass|first=Roger|title=Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts|year=1984|pages=124}}</ref> See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Northern England English|Northern English]]{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=163}} || May be somewhat raised and fronted.{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=163}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Canadian English|Canadian]]{{sfnp|Boberg|2004|p=359}} || rowspan="2" | ''Lot'' and ''thought'' have the same vowel in Canadian English; see [[cot–caught merger]].
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|th'''ough'''t]]'' || rowspan="3" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-thought.ogg|[θɒt]|lang=en}} || rowspan="5" |'thought'
|-
| [[General American]] || Vowel {{IPA|/ɔ(:)/|lang=en}} is lowered (phonetic realization of {{IPA|/ɔ(:)/|lang=en}} is much lower in GA than in RP). However, [[Mergers of /ɒr-/ and /ɔːr-/|"Short ''o''" before ''r'' before a vowel]] (a short ''o'' sound followed by ''r'' and then another vowel, as in ''orange'', ''forest'', ''moral'', and ''warrant'') is realized as {{IPA|[oɹ~ɔɹ]|lang=en}}.
|-
|[[Inland Northern American English|Inland Northern American]]<ref>{{citation|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=1997|title=A national map of the regional dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|access-date=May 27, 2013}}</ref> || See [[Northern cities vowel shift]]
|-
| [[Indian English|Indian]]{{sfnp|Sailaja|2009|pp=24–25}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰɒʈ]|lang=en}} || {{IPA|/ɒ/|lang=en}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/|lang=en}} differ entirely by length in Indian English.
|-
| [[Welsh English|Welsh]]{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}} || {{IPA|[θɒːt]|lang=en}} || Open-mid in [[Cardiff dialect|Cardiff]]; may merge with {{IPAslink|oː}} in northern dialects.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || Many speakers{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=38}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|Gourm'''and''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː]|lang=de}} || 'gourmand' || [[Nasalization|Nasalized]]; common phonetic realization of {{IPAslink|ɑ|ɑ̃ː}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=38}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Many [[Swiss German|Swiss dialects]]{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=263}} || {{lang|gsw|m'''aa'''ne}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɒːnə]|lang=gsw}} || 'remind' || The example word is from the [[Zurich dialect]], in which {{IPA|[ɒː]|lang=gsw}} is in free variation with the unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑː}}.{{sfnp|Fleischer|Schmid|2006|p=248}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]]{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ruo|c'''å'''p}} || {{IPA|[kɒp]|lang=ruo}} || 'head' || See [[:ro:Limba istrorom%C3%A2n%C4%83#Scriere și pronunțare|Istro-Romanian pronunciation]] (in Romanian).
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Jeju language|Jeju]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Changyong |title=Jejueo: the language of Korea's Jeju Island |last2=Yang |first2=Sejung |last3=O'Grady |first3=William |date=2020 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |isbn=978-0-8248-7443-8 |location=Honolulu}}</ref> || {{nowrap|{{wikt-lang|jje|'''ᄒᆞ'''나}} ({{transliteration|jje|h'''ao'''na}})}} || {{IPA|[hɒna]|lang=jje}} || 'one' || See [[Jeju phonology]]
|-
| [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Kedah Malay|Kedah]] || {{lang|ms|tu'''a'''}} || {{IPA|[tu.ɒ]|lang=ms}} || 'old' || Northern Kedah subdialect/dialect. Allophone of {{IPAslink|a}} in word-final position in open-ended words and close-ended words that end with a glottal stop {{IPAslink|ʔ}} or a glottal fricative {{IPAslink|h}}.
|-
| [[Mansi languages|Mansi]] || Central/[[Northern Mansi|Northern]] || {{lang|mns|'''а'''м}} || {{IPA|[ɒm]|lang=mns}} || 'me' || The pronunciation of 'a' sometimes varies between {{IPA|/ɒ/|lang=mns}} and {{IPA|/o/|lang=mns}}.
|-
| [[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World |url=http://vastesiworld.org/culture/vastesi-language/ |access-date=21 November 2016 |website=Vastesi in the World}}</ref> || [[Vastese]] || {{lang|nap|u'''â'''ʃtə}} || {{IPA|[uˈwɒʃtə]|lang=nap}} || '[[Vasto]]' ||
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Dialects along the Swedish border{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|p=23}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|h'''a'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[hɒ̜ːt]|lang=no}} || 'hate' || Weakly rounded and fully back.{{sfnp|Popperwell|2010|p=23}} See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|ف‍'''‍ا'''رسی]]}} ({{transliteration|fa|f'''â'''rsi}}) || {{IPA|[fɒːɾˈsiː]|lang=fa}} || '[[Persian language|Persian]]' ||
|-
| [[Brazilian Portuguese]] || [[Carioca language|Carioca]] || {{lang|pt|'''o'''va}} || {{IPA|[ˈɒːva]|lang=pt}} || 'fish roe' || Allophone of {{IPA|/ɔ/|lang=pt}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || Some speakers{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=54}} || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak orthography|'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɒ]|lang=sk}} || 'and' || Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short {{IPA|/a/|lang=sk}} as rounded.{{sfnp|Kráľ|1988|p=54}} See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || [[Gothenburg]]{{sfnp|Riad|2014|pp=35–36}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|j'''a'''g]]}} || {{IPA|[jɒːɡ]|lang=sv}} || 'I' || More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.{{sfnp|Riad|2014|pp=35–36}}
|-
| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] || Standard<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sjoberg|first1=Andrée F.|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar|series=Uralic and Altaic Series
|volume=18|date=1963|publisher=Indiana University|location=Bloomington|pages=17}}</ref>|| {{Lang|uz|[[Uzbek alphabet|ch'''o'''y]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ʃɒj]|lang=uz}} || 'tea' || 
|}

==Near-open back rounded vowel==
{{Infobox IPA
|above=Near-open back rounded vowel
|ipa symbol=ɒ̝
|ipa symbol2=ɔ̞
}}

In some languages there is the '''near-open back rounded vowel''' (a sound between cardinal {{angbr IPA|ɒ}} and {{IPAalink|
ɔ}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{IPA|[ɒ̝]}} or {{IPA|[ɔ̞]}}.

=== Features ===
{{near-open vowel}}
{{back vowel}}
{{pharyngeal}}
{{rounded vowel}}

===Occurrence===
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Balearic Catalan|Balearic]] (except Ibizan){{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=130–131}}{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|d'''o'''nes]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪ɔ̞nəs̺]|lang=ca}} || rowspan="2" | 'women' || rowspan="2" | Main realization of {{IPA|/ɔ/|lang=ca}} (also represented as {{IPA|/ɒ/}}). May be unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}} in Majorcan and some Southern Valencian dialects. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[Valencian language|Valencian]] (general pronunciation){{sfnp|Recasens|1996|pp=130–131}}{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪ɔ̞nes̺]|lang=ca}}
|-
| [[Valencian language|Valencian]] (some speakers){{sfnp|Saborit|2009|pp=25–26}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|taul'''a''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɑwɫɔ̞̈]|lang=ca}} || 'table' || Can be realized as unrounded and/or fronted.
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || [[Leiden]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''a'''d]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[bɒ̝t]|lang=nl}} || rowspan="2" | 'bath' || rowspan="2" | Near-open fully back; may be unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ|ɑ̝}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} It corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɑ}} in standard Dutch.
|-
| [[Rotterdam]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}}
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Standard{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}|| {{Lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|m'''a'''gy'''a'''r]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r]|lang=hu}} || 'Hungarian' || Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}. Unrounded {{IPAblink|ɑ}} in some dialects.{{sfnp|Vago|1980|p=1}} See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ibibio language|Ibibio]]{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} || {{lang|ibb|d'''ọ'''}} || {{IPA|[dɒ̝́]|lang=ibb}} || 'marry' || Near-open;{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}.
|-
| [[Irish language|Irish]] || [[Ulster Irish|Ulster]]{{sfnp|Ní Chasaide|1999|p=114}} || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|'''ó'''lann]]}} || {{IPA|[ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ]|lang=ga}} || '(he) drinks' || Near-open;{{sfnp|Ní Chasaide|1999|p=114}} may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lehali language|Lehali]]{{sfnp|François|2011|p=194}} || {{lang|tql|d'''ö'''n̄}} || {{IPA|[ⁿdɒ̝ŋ]|lang=tql}} || 'yam' || Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of {{IPAslink|æ}} in a symmetrical vowel inventory.{{sfnp|François|2011|p=194}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lemerig language|Lemerig]]{{sfnp|François|2011|pp=195, 208}} || {{lang|lrz|‘'''ā'''n̄s'''ā'''r}} || {{IPA|[ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r]|lang=lrz}} || 'person' || Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of {{IPAslink|æ}} in a symmetrical vowel inventory.{{sfnp|François|2011|pp=195, 208}}
|-
| [[Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}} || {{lang|li|pl'''ao'''ts}} || {{IPA|[plɒ̝ːts]|lang=li}} || 'place' || Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔː}}.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}} Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ɔː}} in other dialects.
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Urban East Norwegian|Urban East]]{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=2}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|t'''o'''pp]]}} || {{IPA|[tʰɒ̝pː]|lang=no}} || 'top' || Near-open,{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 17}}{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=2}} also described as close-mid back {{IPAblink|o}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}. See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || Central Standard{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=140–141}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|pp=35–36}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish orthography|sk'''a''']]}} || {{audio-IPA|Sv-ska.ogg|[s̪kɒ̝͑ː]|lang=sv}} || 'be going to' || Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|pp=140–141}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɑː}}. See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1966|p=166}} || {{lang|yo|[[Yoruba alphabet|it'''ọ'''ju]]}} || {{IPA|[itɒ̝ju]|lang=yo}} || 'care' || Near-open; most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɔ}}.
|}

==See also==
* [[Turned a|Turned ''a'']]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɒ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Open vowels|back rounded vowel]]
[[Category:Back vowels]]
[[Category:Rounded vowels]]