View source for Southern Federal District

{{Short description|Federal district of Russia}}
{{About|the political group of regions by a presidential decree|geographical region|Southern Russia}}
{{About|the North Caucasian Federal District created in 2000 and renamed|the district created in 2010|North Caucasian Federal District}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Southern Federal District
| native_name        = Южный федеральный округ
| native_name_lang   = ru
| settlement_type    = [[Federal districts of Russia|Federal district]]
| image_map          = Map of Russia - Southern Federal District (2018 composition, Crimea claimed).svg
| map_caption        = Map showing location of Russia's Southern Federal District, in southwestern Russia. ([[Crimea]], whose [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|annexation]] by Russia from [[Ukraine]] is [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|mostly unrecognized]] internationally, is shown in orange.)
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{RUS}}
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = 13 May 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=Указ Президента Российской Федерации о полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе |trans-title= Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the Federal District |first=V. |last=Putin |date=13 May 2000 |url= https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4_%D0%BE%D1%82_13.05.2000_%E2%84%96_849 |language=ru |via=Wikisource |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
| seat_type          = Administrative centre
| seat               = [[Rostov-on-Don]]
| seat1_type         = Largest city
| seat1              = [[Krasnodar]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|47||N|42||E|type:adm1st_source:itwiki|display=inline}}
| leader_title       = Presidential Envoy
| leader_name        = [[Vladimir Ustinov]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_total_km2     = 447,821
| area_rank          = 7th
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=area>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b15_14p/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d01/01-01-1.doc |title=1.1. ОСНОВНЫЕ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ в 2014 г. |language=ru |trans-title=MAIN SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS 2014 |work=Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators – 2015 |publisher = [[Russian Federal State Statistics Service]] |access-date=26 July 2016}}</ref>
| population_total   = 16,319,253<ref name="2010Census" />
| total_type         = Total
| population_as_of   = [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]
| population_rank    = 4th
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban   = 62.4%<ref name="2010Census" />
| population_rural   = 37.6%<ref name="2010Census" />
| blank_name_sec1    = Federal constituent entity
| blank_info_sec1    = 6 contained (12 if including disputed oblasts and republics)
| blank1_name_sec1   = Economic regions
| blank1_info_sec1   = 1 contained (2 if containing disputed oblasts and republics)
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=GDP>{{citation |url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx 
|title=Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2022 гг.
|publisher= rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[Russian ruble|₽]] 9.816 trillion<br />[[US$]] 140 billion (2022)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = ₽ 588,461<br />US$ 8,419 (2022)
| blank_name_sec2    = [[HDI]] (2022)
| blank_info_sec2    = 0.764<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2021-07-20}}</ref><br />{{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of federal subjects of Russia by Human Development Index|7th]]
| website            = {{URL|ufo.gov.ru}}
| footnotes          = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=4 |coord={{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}}
}}
{{Location map |European Russia |relief=1|width=300|float=right
|caption=[[File:Blue pog.svg|7px|]] {{PAGENAMEBASE}} in [[Russia]]
 |mark=<!--dot-->Blue pog.svg
 |lat_deg=47 |lat_min=|lat_sec =
 |lon_deg=42|lon_min=|lon_sec =
 |label={{PAGENAMEBASE}}|position=right
}}

The '''Southern Federal District''' ({{lang-rus|Южный федеральный округ|p=ˈjuʐnɨj fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨj ˈokrʊk}}) is one of the [[federal districts of Russia|eight federal districts]] of [[Russia]]. Its territory lies mostly on the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]] of [[Southern Russia]]. The Southern Federal District shares borders with [[Ukraine]], the [[Azov Sea]], and the [[Black Sea]] in the west, and [[Kazakhstan]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]  in the east.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russiatrek.org/south-district|title=Southern Federal District, Russia Guide|website=russiatrek.org}}</ref>

==History==
The Southern Federal District was originally called the '''North Caucasian Federal District''' when it was founded on 13 May 2000, but was renamed for political reasons on 21 June 2000. On 19 January 2010, the Southern Federal District was split in two, with its former southern territories forming a new [[North Caucasian Federal District]].<ref>

{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity = Президент Российской Федерации
|ru_type = Указ
|ru_number = 849
|ru_date = 13 мая 2000 г.
|ru_title = О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе
|ru_effective_date = 13 мая 2000 г
|ru_published_in = "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112
|ru_published_date = 15 мая 2000 г
|ru_url = 
|ru_amendment_type = Указа
|ru_amendment_number = 
|ru_amendment_date = 19 января 2010 г
|ru_amendment_title = 
|en_entity = President of the Russian Federation
|en_type = Decree
|en_number = 849
|en_date = May 13, 2000
|en_title = On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District
|en_effective_date = May 13, 2000
|en_url = 
|en_amendment_type = Decree
|en_amendment_number = 
|en_amendment_date = January 19, 2010
|en_amendment_title = 
}}</ref>

On 28 July 2016, [[Crimean Federal District]] (which contains the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and the Federal city of [[Sevastopol]]) was abolished and merged into Southern Federal District in order to "improve the governance".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.ru/russia/520930|title=Крымский федеральный округ включен в состав Южного федерального округа|date=28 July 2016|publisher=[[Interfax]]|language=ru|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Crimean Federal District was established on 21 March 2014 after the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]].<ref name="rbc">{{cite news|url=http://top.rbc.ru/politics/21/03/2014/912755.shtml|title=В России создан Крымский федеральный округ|publisher=RBC|date=March 21, 2014}}</ref> The federal district includes both the [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]] and the [[federal cities of Russia|federal city]] of [[Sevastopol]], both [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 68/262|recognized]] as part of [[Ukraine]] by most of the international community.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141125161444/http://dt.ua/POLITICS/nabuv-chinnosti-zakon-pro-okupovani-teritoriyi-ukrayini-143258_.html Law about occupied territories of Ukraine]. [[Mirror Weekly]]. 15 May 2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141125161706/http://www.newsru.ua/ukraine/01oct2014/vuzy.html Higher educational institutions at the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine will not work – the minister of education]. Newsru. 1 October 2014</ref> Its population was 13,854,334 (62.4% urban) according to the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]],<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> living in an area of {{convert|420900|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name=area/>

==Demographics==
[[File:Southern Federal District pop pyramid.svg|thumb|Population pyramid of the Southern Federal District at the 2021 Russian Census]]

===Federal constituent entities===
{{Main article|Federal subjects of Russia}}
An official government translation of the [[constitution of Russia]] from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article&nbsp;5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of [[republics of Russia|republic]]s, [[krais of Russia|kray]]s, [[oblasts of Russia|oblast]]s, [[cities of federal significance]], an [[autonomous oblasts of Russia|autonomous oblast]] and [[autonomous okrug]]s, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."<ref name=gov_constitution>{{cite web |url= http://archive.government.ru/eng/gov/base/54.html |title=Constitution of the Russian Federation |publisher=Government of the Russian Federation |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref> A translation provided by Garant-Internet instead uses the term "subjects of the Russian Federation".<ref name="constitution.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-02.htm |title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation|publisher=Garant-Internet|access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

Tom Fennell, a translator, told the 2008 [[American Translators Association]] conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is a better translation than "subject".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Irina |last=Knizhnik |date=2009 |title=On legal terminology, the jury is still out |url= https://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2009-1-Winter-SlavFile.pdf |journal=SlavFile|volume=18|issue=1 |page=20 |publisher=Slavic Languages Division, [[American Translators Association]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201031130147/https://www.ata-divisions.org/SLD/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2009-1-Winter-SlavFile.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> This was supported by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department at Goltsblat [[Berwin Leighton Paisner|BLP]], saying in a 2011 presentation at a translators conference that "''constituent entity of the Russian Federation'' is more appropriate than ''subject of the Russian Federation'' (''subject'' would be OK for a monarchy)".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.eulita.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/Tammy_presentation.pdf |title=Traps & Mishaps in Legal Translation |first=Tamara |last=Nekrasova |date=2011 |publisher=Eulita |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="8" | {{Center|1={{Image label begin|fullimage=[[File:Southern Federal District (unnumbered, 2016 composition, Crimea disputed).svg|400px|Southern Federal District]]|width=400|float=center|border=1px}}
{{Image label|x=0.345|y=0.705|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Republic of Adygea|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">1</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.345|y=0.66|scale=400|text=<div style="background: #d40000; width: 52px; height: 2px; transform: rotate(315deg);"></div>}}
{{Image label|x=0.827|y=0.41|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Astrakhan Oblast|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">2</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.72|y=0.45|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Republic of Kalmykia|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">3</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.37|y=0.51|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Krasnodar Krai|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">4</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.48|y=0.38|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Rostov Oblast|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">5</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.67|y=0.22|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Volgograd Oblast|<span style="color: #d40000; font-weight: bold;">6</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.13|y=0.52|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|<span style="color: #d43500; font-weight: bold;">A</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label|x=0.08|y=0.61|scale=400|text=<big><big>[[Sevastopol|<span style="color: #d43500; font-weight: bold;">B</span>]]</big></big>}}
{{Image label end}}}}
|-
! #
! Flag
! Coat of Arms
! [[Federal subjects of Russia|Constituent entities]]
! Area in km<sup>2</sup><ref name=area/>
! Population
! Capital/administrative center
! Map of Administrative Division
|-
! 1
| [[File:Flag of Adygea.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Adygea.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Republic of Adygea]]
| 7,800
| 496,934
| [[Maykop]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Adygea.svg|50px|border]]
|-
! 2
| [[File:Flag of Astrakhan Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Astrakhan Oblast.svg|40px|border=no]]
| [[Astrakhan Oblast]]
| 49,000
| 960,142
| [[Astrakhan]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Astrakhan Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
|-
! 3
| [[File:Flag of Kalmykia.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Kalmykia.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Republic of Kalmykia]]
| 74,700
| 267,133
| [[Elista]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Kalmykia.svg|50px|border]]
|-
! 4
| [[File:Flag of Krasnodar Krai.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Krasnodar Krai.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Krasnodar Krai]]
| 75,500
| 5,838,273
| [[Krasnodar]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Krasnodarski Krai (with Crimea disputed).svg|50px|border]]
|-
! 5
| [[File:Flag of Rostov Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Rostov Oblast.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Rostov Oblast]]
| 101,000
| 4,200,729
| '''[[Rostov-on-Don]]'''
| [[File:Outline Map of Rostov Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
|-
! 6
| [[File:Flag of Volgograd Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Volgograd oblast.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Volgograd Oblast]]
| 112,900
| 2,500,781
| [[Volgograd]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Volgograd Oblast.svg|50px|border]]
|-
! data-sort-value="6.5" colspan="8" | Disputed territories
|-
!data-sort-value="8"| A
| [[File:Flag of Crimea (Latest version).svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:Emblem of Crimea.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Republic of Crimea (Russia)|Republic of Crimea]]{{efn|name=crimea|group=subject-list|Annexed by Russia in 2014; recognized internationally as a part of [[Ukraine]].}} 
| 26,100
| 1,934,630
| [[Simferopol]]
| [[File:Outline Map of Crimea in Russia (2014–2022).svg|50px|border]]
|-
!data-sort-value="8"| B
| [[File:Flag of Sevastopol.svg|50px|border]]
| [[File:COA of Sevastopol.svg|50px|border=no]]
| [[Sevastopol]]{{efn|name=crimea}}
| 900
| 547,820
| [[Sevastopol]]
| [[File:Sevastopol.png|50px|border]]
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="8" |{{notelist|group=subject-list}}
|}

== Ethnic groups ==
Ethnic composition, according to the 2010 census: Total - 13 854 334 people.
*[[Russians]] - 11,602,452 (83.75%)
*[[Armenians]] - 442,505 (3.19%)
*[[Ukrainians]] - 212 674 (1.54%)
*[[Kazakhs]] - 205 364 (1.48%)
*[[Kalmyks]] - 172,242 (1.24%)
*[[Tatars]] - 127,455 (0.92%)
*[[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] ([[Circassian people|Circassian]]) - 121 391 (0.88%)
*[[Azerbaijanis]] - 52 871 (0.38%)
*[[Turkish people|Turks]] - 51,367 (0.37%)
*[[Roma people|Roma]] - 46,067 (0.33%)
*[[Belarusians]] - 44 723 (0.32%)
*[[Chechens]] - 34,593 (0.25%)
*[[Georgians]] - 31,018 (0.22%)
*[[Germans]] - 29 312 (0.21%)
*[[Koreans]] - 27,640 (0.20%)
*[[Greeks]] - 27,313 (0.20%)
*[[Dargins]] - 24 815 (0.18%)
*[[Uzbeks]] - 16 361 (0.12%)
*[[Avars (Caucasus)|Avars]] - 16,061 (0.12%)
*[[Moldovans]] - 15 888 (0.11%)
*[[Lezgins]] - 15 241 (0.11%)
*[[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] - 12 329 (0.09%)
*[[Kurds]] - 12,056 (0.09%)
*[[Bashkirs]] - 4 942 (0.06%)
*Persons who did not indicate their nationality: 240 609 people. (1.74%)
*Representatives of other nationalities: 729,572 people. (5.26%)

=== Life expectancy ===
{{See also|List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy}}
[[File:Life expectancy in Russia -SFD.png|thumb|left|500px|[[Life expectancy]] at birth in the Southern Federal District, 1990–2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |title=Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=2022-06-01 |language=ru |trans-title=Life expectancy at birth}}</ref>]]
{{Clear|left}}

== Presidential plenipotentiary envoys ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|№
!rowspan="2"|Name (envoy)
!rowspan="2"|Photo
!colspan="3"|Term of office
!rowspan="2"|Appointed by
|-
!Start of term
!End of term
!Length of service
|-
|1
|[[Viktor Kazantsev]]
|[[File:Viktor Kazantsev 2021 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| 18 May 2000
| 9 March 2004
|{{age in years and days|2000|5|18|2004|3|9}} ({{age in days nts|2000|5|18|2004|3|9}} days)
!style="font-weight:normal" rowspan=4|[[Vladimir Putin]]
|-
| 2
|[[Vladimir Yakovlev (politician)|Vladimir Yakovlev]]
|[[File:Яковлев Владимир Анатольевич.jpg|70px]]
| 9 March 2004
| 13 September 2004
|{{age in years and days|2004|3|9|2004|9|13}}
|-
|3
|[[Dmitry Kozak]]
|[[File:Dmitry Kozak.jpg|70px]]
|13 September 2004
|24 September 2007
|{{age in years and days|2004|9|13|2007|9|24}} ({{age in days nts|2004|9|13|2007|9|24}} days)
|-
|4
|[[Grigory Rapota]]
|[[File:Григорий Алексеевич Рапота.jpg|70px]]
|24 September 2007
|14 May 2008
|{{age in days nts|2007|9|24|2008|5|14}} days
|-
|5
|[[Vladimir Ustinov]]
|[[File:Vladimir Ustinov (2014-06-04).jpg|70px]]
|14 May 2008
|present
|{{age in years and days|2008|5|14}} ({{age in days nts|2008|5|14}} days)
!style="font-weight:normal"|[[Dmitry Medvedev]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://ufo.gov.ru/index.php Southern Federal District]
*[http://eng.russ-yug.ru/ News and events of Russian South]

{{Authority control}}
{{Clear}}
{{Russian federal districts|state=collapsed}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}

[[Category:Southern Federal District| ]]
[[Category:Federal districts of Russia]]
[[Category:Geography of Southern Russia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Russia]]