View source for Tram-train

{{Short description|Tramway routes which share track with main-line railways}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about [[tram]]s sharing tracks with main-line railways. "Tram-train" can also refer to a train of two or more coupled trams operating on a regular tramway.}}
{{Distinguish|Train-tram}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 420
| image1            = Heilbronn Bahnhofsvorplatz Stadtbahn01 2002-09-08.jpg
| alt1              = A tram-train on street
| caption1          = ''[[Heilbronn Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]]'' [[street running]], in [[Heilbronn]]
| image2            = Avg-898-00.jpg
| alt2              = A tram-train on railway
| caption2          = ''Stadtbahn'' on main-line railway
| footer            = 
}}

{{Train topics}}

A '''tram-train''', also known as a '''dual-system tram''',<ref>{{Cite news |last=BATRAK |first=OLEKSANDR |date=2021-12-03 |title=First dual-system tram launched in Hungary |url=https://www.railway.supply/en/first-dual-system-tram-launched-in-hungary/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203101125/https://www.railway.supply/en/first-dual-system-tram-launched-in-hungary/ |archive-date=2021-12-03 |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=Railway Supply |language=en-US}}</ref> is an interoperable [[urban rail transit]] system in which specially designed vehicles operate as [[Tram|trams]] on urban street-level networks and as [[Train|trains]] on mainline railway tracks, alongside mainline trains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suburban to City Centre travel: Is tram-train the solution? |url=https://dbesg.deutschebahn.com/esg/news/blog/blog_tram-train_solution-8931022 |access-date=2025-08-28 |website=dbesg.deutschebahn.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

By complying with both [[light rail]] and [[heavy rail]] technical and safety standards, these vehicles can use existing tram infrastructure as well as railway lines and stations, enabling a single service to operate across both networks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Assefa |first=Nuhamin G. |last2=Carra |first2=Martina |last3=Ventura |first3=Roberto |last4=Richiedei |first4=Anna |last5=Barabino |first5=Benedetto |date=2024-10-01 |title=Assessing Tram-Train feasibility via multicriteria approach: The case of Brescia (Italy) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210539524000804 |journal=Research in Transportation Business & Management |volume=56 |article-number=101178 |doi=10.1016/j.rtbm.2024.101178 |issn=2210-5395|hdl=11379/607106 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A tram-train combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{cite web |date=14 January 2020 |title=Tram-train: Making new connections |url=http://www.tautonline.com/tram-train-making-new-connections/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |website=tautonline.com |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]}}</ref>

The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of [[Karlsruhe]] in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{cite web |title=Uk tram-train: Learning lessons |url=http://www.tautonline.com/uk-tram-train-learning-lessons/ |website=tautonline.com |date=16 February 2019 |publisher=[[Tramways & Urban Transit]]|access-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> resulting in the creation of the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]]. This concept is often referred to as the [[Karlsruhe model]],<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as [[Mulhouse tramway|Mulhouse]] in France<ref name="connections"/> and in [[Kassel RegioTram|Kassel]], [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] and [[Saarbrücken]] in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/>

An inversion of the concept is a '''train-tram''' – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the [[Zwickau Model]].

==Technology==
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 420
| image1            = RBK 703 and KGV 603 Kassel Königsplatz.jpg
| alt1              = A tram-train on street
| caption1          = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual voltage DC/AC [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] next to a [[Trams in Kassel|KVG]] [[Bombardier Flexity Classic]] tram at Königsplatz
| image2            = RBK 755 tram-train approaching Wolfhagen.JPG
| alt2              = A tram-train on railway
| caption2          = [[Kassel RegioTram]] dual mode diesel/electric [[Alstom Citadis|Alstom RegioCitadis]] approaching [[Wolfhagen]] using diesel power, on main-line railway
| footer            = 
}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 420
| image1            = I09 054 Bf Nordhausen xxx, EVT 202.jpg
| alt1              = A tram-train on street
| caption1          = A "DUO" [[Combino]] on the [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]] urban tramway, where it is electrically powered via overhead wires
| image2            = Harzquerbahn Merkwürdige Zugkreuzung - geo.hlipp.de -1016.jpg
| alt2              = A tram-train at a railway station
| caption2          = A "DUO" [[Combino]] at Ilfeld station on the [[Harzer Schmalspurbahn|HSB]] rural railway, where it is powered by an onboard diesel engine
| footer            = 
}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 420
| image1            = Řím, Porta Maggiore, úzkorozchodná elektrická jednotka.jpg
| alt1              = A tram-train on street
| caption1          = A [[Rome–Giardinetti railway|tram-train in Rome]], Italy
| image2            = Sasstram.jpg
| alt2              = A tram-train on street
| caption2          = A [[Metrosassari|tram-train in Sassari]], Italy
| footer            = 
}}

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 420
| image1            = MML M5000 (2).jpg
| alt1              = A tram-train on street
| caption1          = A pair of [[Manchester Metrolink]] [[Bombardier M5000]]s on the street in [[Manchester City Centre]], United Kingdom
| image2            = NT 150102 Navigation Road (2).jpg
| alt2              = A tram-train on rail, along with a heavy rail train
| caption2          = A pair of [[Bombardier M5000]]s on the mainline, along with a {{brc|150}} in the United Kingdom
| footer            = 
}}

The tram-train often is a type of [[interurban]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/de/ks/kassel.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Germany > Hessen > Kassel Tram / Straßenbahn}}</ref>&nbsp;— that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilton |first1=George Woodman |last2=Due |first2=John Fitzgerald |title=The Electric Interurban Railways in America |date=2000 |orig-date=1960 |publisher=Stanford University Press |at= Original preface, 1960 page ix}}</ref>

Most tram-trains are [[Standard-gauge railway|standard gauge]], which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include [[Alicante Tram]] and [[Trams in Nordhausen|Nordhausen]], which are [[Metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]].

Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as [[train stop]]s and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and [[Saarbrücken]] systems use "[[Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung|PZB]]" or "Indusi" [[automatic train protection]], so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.

==History==
The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, [[interurban streetcar]] lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. A few interurban services did share tracks with mainline steam railroads, such as the [[Daisy Line]] or [[East Bay Electric Lines]].

In 1924, in [[Trams in Hobart|Hobart]], Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23715670 |title=TRAMS AND TRAINS. |newspaper=[[The Mercury (Hobart)|The Mercury]] |location=Hobart, Tasmania |date=12 February 1924 |access-date=21 April 2012 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>

== List of tram-train systems ==
===Asia===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="60px" | Country
! width="100px"| Location
! width="220px"| System
! width="35px" | Year opened
! width="25px" | Lines
! width="30px" | Stations
! width="40px" | Length 
! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| [[Fukui (city)|Fukui]]
| [[Fukui Railway Fukubu Line|Fukui Fukubu Line]]
| 1924
| 1
| 23
| {{convert|21.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|}

=== Europe ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="60px" | Country
! width="100px"| Location
! width="220px"| System
! width="35px" | Year opened
! width="25px" | Lines
! width="30px" | Stations
! width="40px" | Length 
! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Austria}}
| [[Gmunden]]
| [[Traunseebahn|Traunsee Tram]]
| 21 March 1912
| 1
| -
| {{convert|17.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Since (1 September 2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stern-verkehr.at/portfolio/traunseetram/ |title = TRAUNSEETRAM - Stern & Hafferl Verkehr}}</ref> it has been connected to the [[Gmunden Tramway]] as part of the '''Traunseetram''' [[tram-train]] service.<ref name="rgi 2018-09-03">{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/metre-gauge-lines-in-gmunden-connected-at-last/47099.article |title=Metre-gauge lines in Gmunden connected at last |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vienna]]
| [[Badner Bahn]]
| 1873
| 1
| 36
| {{convert|30.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Baden bei Wien]]
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| [[Aarhus]]
| [[Aarhus Letbane]]
| 21 December 2017
| 2
| 51
| {{convert|110|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Tram-train and light rail<ref name=rgi20120510>{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html |title=Aarhus tram-train project gets the go-ahead |date=10 May 2012 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |archive-date=1 March 2020 |access-date=11 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301085800/https://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/aarhus-tram-train-project-gets-the-go-ahead.html }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | {{flag|France}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Lyon]]
| [[Rhônexpress]]
| 9 August 2010
| 1
| 4
| {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Tram-train de l'ouest lyonnais]]
| 22 September 2012
| 2
| 23
| {{convert|55|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Mulhouse]]
| {{ill|Tram-train Mulhouse Vallée de la Thur|fr|lt=Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-Train}}
| 12 December 2010
| Line 3
| 18
| {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Tram of [[Mulhouse tramway]] and Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-train<ref name=tre184>{{cite news | first = David | last = Haydock | title = France's first real tram train | work = Today's Railways | publisher = Platform 5 Publishing Ltd | pages = 37–40 | date = April 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nantes]]
| [[Nantes tram-train]]
| 15 June 2011
| 2
| 18
| {{convert|64|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Paris]], [[Île-de-France]]
| [[Île-de-France tramway Line 4]]
| 20 November 2006
| line 4
| 20
| {{convert|13.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express]]
| 1 July 2017
| Line 11
| 7
| {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express]]
| 10 December 2023
| Line 12
| 16
| {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express]]
| 6 July 2022
| Line 13
| 12
| {{convert|18.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Île-de-France tramway Line 14]]
| March 2025
| Line 14
| 5
| {{convert|9.9|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | {{flag|Germany}}
| [[Chemnitz]]
| [[City-Bahn Chemnitz]]
| 10 March 1997
| 4
| -
| -
|
|-
| [[Karlsruhe]]
| [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]]
| 25 September 1992
| 12
| 190
| {{convert|262.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Kassel]]
| [[Kassel RegioTram]]
| 2006
| 3
| -
| {{convert|184|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Nordhausen, Thuringia|Nordhausen]]
| [[Trams in Nordhausen]]
| 25 August 1900
| 3
| 32
| {{convert|22.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|-
| [[Saarbrücken]]
| [[Saarbahn]]
| 24 October 1997
| 1
| 43
| {{convert|44.0|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| [[Szeged]], [[Hódmezővásárhely]]
| [[Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely Tram-train|Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely tram-train]]
| 29 November 2021
| 1
|
| {{convert|31.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Italy}}
| [[Bergamo]]
| [[Bergamo–Albino light rail]]
| 24 April 2009
| 1
| 16
| {{convert|12.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Rome]]
| [[Rome–Giardinetti railway]]
| 1916
| 1
| 19
| {{convert|5.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Closed; 2015 (Centocelle-Giardinetti)
|-
| [[Sassari]]
| [[Metrosassari]]
| 27 October 2006
| 1
| 8
| {{convert|4.331|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| [[The Hague]]-[[Rotterdam]]
| [[RandstadRail]]
| 29 October 2006
| 4
| 73
| {{convert|71|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Portugal}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Porto]]
| [[Porto Metro]] Line B/Bx - (Estádio do Dragão – Póvoa de Varzim)
| 13 March 2005
| 1
| 36
| {{convert|33.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Flexity Swift|Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail]]
|-
| Porto Metro Line C - (Campanhã – Ismai)
| 30 July 2005
| 1
| 24
| {{convert|19.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{flag|Spain}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Alicante]]
| [[Alicante Tram]] Line 1 (Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – Benidorm)
| 30 July 2007
| 1
| 20
| {{convert|19.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|-
| Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – El Campello
| 2003
| 1
| 17
| {{convert|14.404|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|-
| [[Mallorca]]
| [[Mallorca rail network]], [[Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca]]
| 1994
| 3
| 29
| {{convert|85|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Ferrocarril de Sóller]]
|-
| [[Cádiz]]
| [[Cádiz Bay tram-train]]
| 26 October 2022
| 1
| 21
| {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|- 
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[Sheffield]] - [[Rotherham]]
| [[South Yorkshire Supertram#Current network|South Yorkshire Supertram]]
| 25 October 2018
| 1 
| 14
| {{convert|29|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| Tram-Train (Black) Route
|-
| [[Cardiff]] & [[South Wales Valleys]]
| [[South Wales Metro]]
| 2026
| 9
| 94
| {{convert|169.2|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|
|}

===North America===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="60px" | Country
! width="100px"| Location
! width="220px"| System
! width="35px" | Year opened
! width="25px" | Lines
! width="30px" | Stations
! width="40px" | Length 
! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Canada}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Ottawa]]
| [[Line 2 (O-Train)]]
| 15 October 2001
| 1
| 11
| {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[O-Train]], [[Hybrid rail|Diesel light]] 
|-
| [[Line 4 (O-Train)]]
| 6 January 2025
| 1
| 3
| {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[O-Train]], [[Hybrid rail|Diesel light]] 
|-
| [[Waterloo Region]]
| [[Ion rapid transit]]<ref name="Record-2017-06-26">{{cite web |url=https://www.therecord.com/news-story/7391067-derail-switches-installed-to-protect-ion-infrastructure-from-oversized-freight-trains/ |title=Derail switches installed to protect Ion infrastructure from oversized freight trains |publisher=[[Waterloo Region Record]] |first=Johanna |last=Weidner |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=January 1, 2018 }}</ref>
| 21 June 2019
| 1
| 19
| {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| [[Light rail]] 
|-
| {{flag|Mexico}}
| [[Puebla (city)|Puebla]]
| [[Puebla–Cholula Tourist Train]]
| 23 January 2017
| 1
| 2
| {{convert|17.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| (Closed; 31 December 2021; trains now sold to [[Tren Interoceánico]])
|-
| {{flag|United States}}
| [[San Diego]], [[California]]
| [[San Diego Trolley]]
| 26 July 1981
| 4
| 62
| {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|}

===South America===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="60px" | Country
! width="100px"| Location
! width="220px"| System
! width="35px" | Year opened
! width="25px" | Lines
! width="30px" | Stations
! width="40px" | Length 
! width="380px" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| {{flag|Colombia}}
| [[Bogotá]]
| [[RegioTram]]
| -
| -
| 17
| {{convert|39.6|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| 
|}

==Proposed systems==

===Africa===
* The October 6th Tram system (The O6T), [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]

===Asia===
* [[Haifa–Nazareth railway|Haifa–Nazareth]], [[State of Israel|Israel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629120537/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-162298992.html|archive-date=2014-06-29|title=Tram-Train for Haifa-Nazareth.(Transit News)}}</ref>
* [[Keelung railway station|Keelung Light Rail Transit]] ([[Nangang station|Nangang]]-[[Keelung railway station|Keelung]]), [[Taiwan]]{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

===Europe===
* [[Braunschweig]], Germany
* [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]]
* [[Cardiff]], United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction.
* [[Debrecen]], Hungary <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tram-trains may also run between Debrecen and Oradea in the future |url=https://www.debrecen.hu/en/local/news/tram-trains-may-also-run-between-debrecen-and-oradea-in-the-future |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=www.debrecen.hu |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Erlangen]], Germany – an extension of [[Straßenbahn Nürnberg]] not initially planned to use mainline rail tracks but proposed to do so in the future. The planned line to [[Herzogenaurach]] replicates a former mainline rail line
* [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]], Portugal 
* [[Trams in Gorzów Wielkopolski|Gorzów Wielkopolski]], Poland
* [[Greater Manchester]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[Manchester Metrolink]] network.<ref name="connections"/><ref name="stalybridge">{{cite web|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/ |title=Metrolink heads to Stalybridge and Middleton in 2040 expansion|date=7 January 2019|author=Place North West|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044640/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/news/metrolink-heads-to-stalybridge-and-middleton-in-2040-expansion/|archive-date=1 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Grenoble]], France
* [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], Netherlands
* [[Kiel]], Germany
* [[Kyiv]], Ukraine
* [[Košice]], [[Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS|url=https://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230004/http://imhd.sk/ke/media/mn/00001130/Planovane-modernizacie-elektrickovych-trati-MET-a-Integrovany-dopravny-system-IDS-20150119.pdf|archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> (in planning phase)
* [[León, Spain]]
* [[Liberec]] — [[Jablonec nad Nisou]], [[Czech Republic]]
* [[Linköping]], Sweden
* [[Linz]], Austria (in planning phase)
* [[Manresa]], Spain
* [[Metro de Sevilla]]. Seville has one metro line and one tram line that are not connected, but the long-term intention is to link the metro and tram systems.
* [[Oradea]], Romania - The first romanian tram-train will be in Oradea, featuring several lines, and connecting the city to the villages near, like Borș, Băile Felix or Sântandrei. The tram-train in Oradea is in planning phase, some parts of the project already accepted by the local government.
* [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]
* [[RijnGouweLijn]], Netherlands
* [[Sevastopol]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Agency Strategic Initiative|url=https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826225208/https://idea.asi.ru/attachments/6/99/943a5f-804a-4e4f-9271-f0422b44dbd6/%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC_-_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%96%D0%94_-_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_-_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%92.%D0%92__%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%98_.pdf|archive-date=2021-08-26}}</ref> 
* [[Strasbourg]], France
* [[Szeged]], Hungary. Two other destinations are being considered as of January 2022 besides the [[Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely Tram-train|Szeged - Hódmezővásárhely line]], which entered operation in November 2021. The Szeged - [[Subotica]] (Serbia) line is in early planning phase.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jöhet a Szeged-Szabadka tram-train, megjelent a tender – Szegedi hírek | website=Szeged365 | date=2021-12-02 | url=https://szeged365.hu/2021/12/02/johet-a-szeged-szabadka-tram-train-megjelent-a-tender/ | language=hu | access-date=2022-01-04}}</ref> A preparatory study was also completed for the Szeged - [[Makó]] line,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |title=Szeged-Makó elővárosi közösségi közlekedés vizsgálata - Döntéselőkészítő Tanulmány (Közlekedés - Pro-Urbe - V-Plan - Uvaterv - Unitef) |access-date=2012-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305155241/http://www.szegedvaros.hu/letoltesek/doc_download/2897-szeged-mako-elvarosi-koezoessegi-koezlekedes-vizsgalata.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 }}</ref> but the estimated costs were high, and it is also dependent on a new [[List of road-rail bridges|road-rail bridge]] over the river [[Tisa]] only in planning phase as of now.
* [[TramCamp]], [[Camp de Tarragona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain<ref name="mri 2025-07-31">{{cite web |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/light-rail-and-tram/battery-equipped-trams-with-local-styling-ordered-for-tramcamp-line/69305.article |title=Battery-equipped trams with local styling ordered for TramCamp line |website=[[Metro Report International]] |date=31 July 2025 |access-date=3 August 2025}}</ref>{{Dubious|TramCamp|date=September 2025|reason=Possible change of plans: tramway rather than tram-train}}
* [[Tramways in Wrocław|Wrocław]], Poland (2005) — [[600VDC|600 V DC]]/[[3kVDC|3 kV DC]]
* [[Turku]], Finland
* [[West Midlands conurbation]], United Kingdom. Proposed extensions to the [[West Midlands Metro]] to [[Stourbridge]] and [[Walsall]].

===Oceania===
* [[Adelaide]], [[South Australia]] – On June 5, 2008, the [[Government of South Australia]] announced plans for train-tram operation on the [[Adelaide Metro]]'s [[Outer Harbor and Port Dock lines|Outer Harbor]]/[[Grange line|Grange]] train lines and [[Glenelg tram line|City West-Glenelg]] tramline extension as part of a 10-year A$2 billion public transport upgrade.<ref>[http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf Adelaidemetro.com.au<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080721062628/http://www.adelaidemetro.com.au/general/pdfs/OMPbudget.pdf |date=July 21, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]]

===South America===
* [[RegioTram|Bogotá Commuter Rail (RegioTram)]], [[Colombia]]
* [[Cali]], [[Colombia]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/cali/el-tren-tranvia-ya-tiene-la-firma-para-arrancar-209212| title = El tren tranvía ya tiene la firma para arrancar - Cali - Colombia - ELTIEMPO.COM| date = 25 April 2018}}</ref>

==Vehicles==
Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include:
* [[Alstom]]'s RegioCitadis and Citadis Dualis, derived from the [[Alstom Citadis|Citadis]]
* [[Bombardier Flexity Link]] and [[Bombardier Flexity Swift]]
* [[Siemens S70]]
* [[Stadler Citylink]]

== Interurban ==
[[File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Zwickau Model]]'' has lightweight diesel trains running through urban streets.]]
[[File:Keishin-Line-Series800.jpg|thumb|A train running on the street section of Keishin line]]
{{See also|Street running train}}
=== Europe ===
* [[Chur]]: [[Chur–Arosa railway line]]
* [[Bad Doberan]]: [[Molli railway]]
* [[Helsingør]]: [[Hornbæk Line]]
* [[Zwickau]]: [[Trams in Zwickau]], with an on-board [[diesel generator]] (light-weight [[RegioSprinter]] diesel [[railbuses]] that also operate on street tramway)

=== Japan ===
* [[Kyoto]]: [[Keihan Electric Railway]] - [[Keihan Keishin Line|Keishin Line]] that having sections which trains runs on street level.

=== North America ===
*[[Austin, Texas]]: [[Capital MetroRail]] – [[commuter rail]] that shares more commonality with train-tram operation, with downtown [[street running]] and usage of mainline track. Uses [[diesel multiple unit]]s.

== See also ==
* [[Grooved rail]]
* [[Interurban]]
* [[Light rail]]
* [[Stadtbahn]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lightrail.nl/TramTrain TramTrain - the 2nd generation: Searching for the 'ideal' TramTrain-city]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110207170146/http://www.draemmli.info/report-mulhouse_e.html New TramTrain for Mulhouse -  Reportage and images]}} ''(English/German)''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090316133445/http://www.draemmli.info/report-tramtrain_e.html Construction of the TramTrain system in Mulhouse with images]}} ''(English/German)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231102256/http://kasig.com/ tram-train of Karlsruhe transformed in a subway in the center]
* [http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/road/Hopes-rise-for-tramtrains-pilot.2962865.jp Leeds City Region proposal ]
* [https://www.ihs.com/products/janes-urban-transport-systems.html (Jane's) Urban Transit Systems]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Trams}}
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[[Category:Electric public transport]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transport]]