Tram-train

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A tram-train, also known as a dual-system tram,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> is an interoperable urban rail transit system in which specially designed vehicles operate as trams on urban street-level networks and as trains on mainline railway tracks, alongside mainline trains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By complying with both light rail and heavy rail technical and safety standards, these vehicles can use existing tram infrastructure as well as railway lines and stations, enabling a single service to operate across both networks.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A tram-train combines the urban accessibility of a tram or light rail with a mainline train's greater speed in the suburbs.<ref name="connections">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The modern tram-train concept was pioneered by the German city of Karlsruhe in the late 1980s,<ref name="lessons">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> resulting in the creation of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn. This concept is often referred to as the Karlsruhe model,<ref name="connections"/> and it has since been adopted in other cities such as Mulhouse in France<ref name="connections"/> and in Kassel, Nordhausen and Saarbrücken in Germany.<ref name="lessons"/>

An inversion of the concept is a train-tram – a mainline train adapted to run on-street in an urban tramway, also known as the Zwickau Model.

Technology

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The tram-train often is a type of interurban<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> — that is, they link separate towns or cities, according to George W. Hilton and John F. Due's definition.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Most tram-trains are standard gauge, which facilitates sharing track with main-line trains. Exceptions include Alicante Tram and Nordhausen, which are metre gauge.

Tram-train vehicles are dual-equipped to suit the needs of both tram and train operating modes, with support for multiple electrification voltages if required and safety equipment such as train stops and other railway signalling equipment. The Karlsruhe and Saarbrücken systems use "PZB" or "Indusi" automatic train protection, so that if the driver passes a signal at a stop the emergency brakes are applied.

History

The idea is not new; in the early 20th century, interurban streetcar lines often operated on dedicated rights-of-way between towns, while running on street trackage in town. The difference between modern tram-trains and the older interurban and radial railways is that tram-trains are built to meet mainline railway standards, rather than ignoring them. A few interurban services did share tracks with mainline steam railroads, such as the Daisy Line or East Bay Electric Lines.

In 1924, in Hobart, Australia, sharing of tracks between trams and trains was proposed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

List of tram-train systems

Asia

Country Location System Year opened Lines Stations Length Notes
Template:Flag Fukui Fukui Fukubu Line 1924 1 23 Template:Convert

Europe

Country Location System Year opened Lines Stations Length Notes
Template:Flag Gmunden Traunsee Tram 21 March 1912 1 - Template:Convert citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref> it has been connected to the Gmunden Tramway as part of the Traunseetram tram-train service.<ref name="rgi 2018-09-03">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

Vienna Badner Bahn 1873 1 36 Template:Convert Baden bei Wien
Template:Flag Aarhus Aarhus Letbane 21 December 2017 2 51 Template:Convert Tram-train and light rail<ref name=rgi20120510>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag Lyon Rhônexpress 9 August 2010 1 4 Template:Convert
Tram-train de l'ouest lyonnais 22 September 2012 2 23 Template:Convert
Mulhouse Template:Ill 12 December 2010 Line 3 18 Template:Convert Tram of Mulhouse tramway and Mulhouse Thur Valley Tram-train<ref name=tre184>Template:Cite news</ref>
Nantes Nantes tram-train 15 June 2011 2 18 Template:Convert
Paris, Île-de-France Île-de-France tramway Line 4 20 November 2006 line 4 20 Template:Convert
Île-de-France tramway Line 11 Express 1 July 2017 Line 11 7 Template:Convert
Île-de-France tramway Line 12 Express 10 December 2023 Line 12 16 Template:Convert
Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express 6 July 2022 Line 13 12 Template:Convert
Île-de-France tramway Line 14 March 2025 Line 14 5 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Chemnitz City-Bahn Chemnitz 10 March 1997 4 - -
Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Stadtbahn 25 September 1992 12 190 Template:Convert
Kassel Kassel RegioTram 2006 3 - Template:Convert
Nordhausen Trams in Nordhausen 25 August 1900 3 32 Template:Convert
Saarbrücken Saarbahn 24 October 1997 1 43 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Szeged, Hódmezővásárhely Szeged-Hódmezővásárhely tram-train 29 November 2021 1 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Bergamo Bergamo–Albino light rail 24 April 2009 1 16 Template:Convert
Rome Rome–Giardinetti railway 1916 1 19 Template:Convert Closed; 2015 (Centocelle-Giardinetti)
Sassari Metrosassari 27 October 2006 1 8 Template:Convert
Template:Flag The Hague-Rotterdam RandstadRail 29 October 2006 4 73 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Porto Porto Metro Line B/Bx - (Estádio do Dragão – Póvoa de Varzim) 13 March 2005 1 36 Template:Convert Bombardier Flexity Swift light rail
Porto Metro Line C - (Campanhã – Ismai) 30 July 2005 1 24 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Alicante Alicante Tram Line 1 (Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – Benidorm) 30 July 2007 1 20 Template:Convert
Alicante Metropolitan Tram - Luceros – El Campello 2003 1 17 Template:Convert
Mallorca Mallorca rail network, Serveis Ferroviaris de Mallorca 1994 3 29 Template:Convert Ferrocarril de Sóller
Cádiz Cádiz Bay tram-train 26 October 2022 1 21 Template:Convert
Template:Flag Sheffield - Rotherham South Yorkshire Supertram 25 October 2018 1 14 Template:Convert Tram-Train (Black) Route
Cardiff & South Wales Valleys South Wales Metro 2026 9 94 Template:Convert

North America

Country Location System Year opened Lines Stations Length Notes
Template:Flag Ottawa Line 2 (O-Train) 15 October 2001 1 11 Template:Convert O-Train, Diesel light
Line 4 (O-Train) 6 January 2025 1 3 Template:Convert O-Train, Diesel light
Waterloo Region Ion rapid transit<ref name="Record-2017-06-26">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

21 June 2019 1 19 Template:Convert Light rail
Template:Flag Puebla Puebla–Cholula Tourist Train 23 January 2017 1 2 Template:Convert (Closed; 31 December 2021; trains now sold to Tren Interoceánico)
Template:Flag San Diego, California San Diego Trolley 26 July 1981 4 62 Template:Convert

South America

Country Location System Year opened Lines Stations Length Notes
Template:Flag Bogotá RegioTram - - 17 Template:Convert

Proposed systems

Africa

  • The October 6th Tram system (The O6T), Cairo, Egypt

Asia

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Europe

  • Braunschweig, Germany
  • Bratislava, Slovakia
  • Cardiff, United Kingdom. Wales & Borders franchise: South Wales Valley Lines (2022 - 2023) - rolling stock currently under construction.
  • Debrecen, Hungary <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> (in planning phase)

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> A preparatory study was also completed for the Szeged - Makó line,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> but the estimated costs were high, and it is also dependent on a new road-rail bridge over the river Tisa only in planning phase as of now.

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Oceania

South America

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Vehicles

Models of tram designed for tram-train operation include:

Interurban

File:Zwickau TrainTram.jpg
The Zwickau Model has lightweight diesel trains running through urban streets.
File:Keishin-Line-Series800.jpg
A train running on the street section of Keishin line

Template:See also

Europe

Japan

North America

See also

References

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