View source for Udmurt language

{{short description|Uralic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Udmurt
| nativename       = {{lang|udm|Удмурт кыл}} {{lang|udm-Latn|Udmurt kyl}}
| states           = [[Russia]]
| region           = [[Udmurtia]]
| ethnicity        = [[Udmurts]], [[Besermyan]]s
| speakers         = {{sigfig|271882|2}}
| date             = 2020 census
| ref              = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul }}</ref>
| familycolor      = Uralic
| fam2             = [[Permic languages|Permic]]
| nation           = {{flag|Russia}}
*{{flag|Udmurtia}}
| iso2             = udm
| iso3             = udm
| glotto           = udmu1245
| glottorefname    = Udmurt
| notice           = IPA
| map              = 5.2-Udmurt.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Udmurt dialects at the beginning of 21st century<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |article-number=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref>
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''.}}
| altname          = Votyak
| dia1             = Northern
| dia2             = Central
| dia3             = Southern
| dia4             = Besermyan
| script           = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
}}

'''Udmurt''' ({{IPAc-en|ʊ|d|ˈ|m|ʊər|t}}; [[Cyrillic]]: Удмурт) is a [[Permic languages|Permic]] language spoken by the [[Udmurt people]] who are native to [[Udmurtia]]. As a [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language, it is distantly related to languages such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Mansi language|Mansi]], [[Khanty language|Khanty]], and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]. The Udmurt language is co-official with [[Russian language|Russian]] within Udmurtia.

It is written using the [[Cyrillic]] alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in the [[Russian alphabet]]: [[Ӝ]]/ӝ, [[Ӟ]]/ӟ, [[Ӥ]]/ӥ, [[Ӧ]]/ӧ, and [[Ӵ]]/ӵ. Together with the [[Komi language|Komi]] and [[Komi-Permyak language|Permyak]] languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralic [[Language family|family]]. The Udmurt language shares similar [[Agglutination|agglutinative]] structures with its closest relative, the Komi language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Edygarova |first1=Svetlana |date=2022 |title=The Udmurt language between 1920 and 1950 |journal=Finnisch-ugrische Mitteilungen. |volume=46 |pages=91–139 |isbn=978-3-96769-277-8}}</ref> Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian [[exonym]], '''Votyak'''. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighboring languages, mainly from [[Tatar language|Tatar]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].

In 2010, per the Russian census, there were around 324,000 speakers of the language in the country, out of the ethnic population of roughly 554,000.<ref name="Endangered Languages">{{cite web | title=Udmurt | work=[[Endangered Languages Project]] | url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3010 | access-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> [[Ethnologue]] estimated that there were 550,000 native speakers (77%) out of an ethnic population of 750,000 in the former [[Russian SFSR]] (1989 census),<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=UDM Ethnologue code=UDM] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009184327/http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=UDM |date=October 9, 2008 }}</ref> a decline of roughly 41% in 21 years.

==Dialects==
Udmurt varieties can be grouped into three broad dialect groups:
* Northern Udmurt, spoken along the [[Cheptsa River]]
* Southern Udmurt
* Besermyan, spoken by the strongly [[Turkification|Turkified]] [[Besermyan]]s

A continuum of intermediate dialects between Northern and Southern Udmurt is found, and literary Udmurt includes features from both areas. Besermyan is more sharply distinguished.{{cn|date=September 2015}}

The differences between the dialects are not major and mainly involve differences in vocabulary, largely attributable to the stronger influence of Tatar in the southern end of the Udmurt-speaking area. A few differences in morphology and phonology still exist as well; for example:
* Southern Udmurt has an accusative ending ''-ыз'' {{IPA|/-ɨz/}}, contrasting with northern ''-ты'' {{IPA|/-tɨ/}}.
* Southwestern Udmurt distinguishes an eighth vowel phoneme {{IPA|/ʉ/}}.
* Besermyan has {{IPA|/e/}} in place of standard Udmurt {{IPA|/ə/}} (thus distinguishing only six vowel phonemes), and {{IPA|/ɵ/}} in place of standard Udmurt {{IPA|/ɨ/}}.

==Phonology==
Unlike other Uralic languages such as [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Udmurt does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have [[vowel harmony]].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
! ([[alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-]])<br />[[palatal consonant|palatal]]
! [[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Plosive]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|t̠ʲ|tʲ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|d̠ʲ|dʲ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|t͡s}})
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
|
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
| ({{IPA link|d͡z}})
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! <small>[[voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|f}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| ({{IPA link|x}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA link|ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʎ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}
The consonants {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by {{IPA|/p k t͡ɕ/}} respectively. As in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Udmurt exhibits regressive voicing and devoicing assimilations (the last element determines the assimilation), but with some exceptions (mostly to distinguish minimal pairs by voicing).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm|title=2. Фонетика.|website=Удмуртология|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref>

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- 
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | 
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- class=small
! colspan="2"| [[Unrounded vowel|Unrounded]]
! [[Rounded vowel|Round]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

== Orthography ==
{{main|Udmurt alphabets}}

Udmurt is written using a modified version of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Cyrillic!!Latin!!IPA!!Letter name!!Notes
|-
| А а || A a || {{IPAblink|a}} || а ||
|-
| Б б || B b || {{IPAblink|b}} || бэ ||
|-
| В в || V v || {{IPAblink|v}} || вэ ||
|-
| Г г || G g || {{IPAblink|ɡ}} || гэ ||
|-
| Д д || D d<br />Ď ď || {{IPAblink|d}}<br />{{IPA link|[dʲ}}~ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ ||
|-
| Е е || JE je<br />E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʲe}} after [[Coronal consonant|coronal]]s д, т, з, с, л, н || е ||
|-
| Ё ё || JO jo<br />O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʲo}} after д, т, з, с, л, н || ё ||
|-
| Ж ж || Ž ž || {{IPAblink|ʒ}} || жэ ||
|-
| Ӝ ӝ || DŽ dž || {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж
|-
| З з || Z z<br />Ź ź || {{IPAblink|z}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʑ}} before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ ||
|-
| Ӟ ӟ || DŹ dź || {{IPAblink|d͡ʑ}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь
|-
| И и || I i || {{IPAblink|i}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʲi}} after д, т, з, с, л, н || и ||
|-
| Ӥ ӥ || I i || {{IPAblink|i}} when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i") || Like [[Komi language|Komi]] і. Non-palatalizing form of и.
|-
| Й й || J j || {{IPAblink|j}} || вакчи и ("short i") ||
|-
| К к || K k || {{IPAblink|k}} || ка ||
|- 
| Л л || Ł ł<br />L l || {{IPAblink|ɫ}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʎ}} before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл ||
|- 
| М м || M m || {{IPAblink|m}} || эм ||
|-
| Н н || N n<br />Ň ň || {{IPAblink|n}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɲ}} before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн ||
|-
| О о || O o || {{IPAblink|o}} || о ||
|-
| Ӧ ӧ || Õ õ || {{IPAblink|ɜ}}~{{IPAblink|ə}} || ӧ ||
|-
| П п || P p || {{IPAblink|p}} || пэ ||
|-
| Р р || R r || {{IPAblink|r}} || эр ||
|- 
| С с || S s<br />Ś ś || {{IPAblink|s}}<br />{{IPAblink|ɕ}} before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс ||
|-
| Т т || T t<br />Ť ť || {{IPAblink|t}}<br />{{IPA link|[tʲ}}~c] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ ||
|-
| У у || U u || {{IPAblink|u}} || у ||
|-
| Ф ф || F f || {{IPAblink|f}} || эф || In loanwords.
|- 
| Х х || H h || {{IPAblink|x}} || ха || In loanwords.
|- 
| Ц ц || C c || {{IPAblink|t͡s}} || цэ || In loanwords.
|- 
| Ч ч || Ć ć || {{IPAblink|t͡ɕ}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь
|-
| Ӵ ӵ || Č č || {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш
|- 
| Ш ш || Š š || {{IPAblink|ʃ}} || ша ||
|- 
| Щ щ || ŠČ šč || {{IPAblink|ɕ(ː)}} || ща || In loanwords.
|-
| Ъ ъ || – || – || чурыт пус ("hard sign") || Distinguishes palatalized consonants ({{IPAslink|dʲ}} {{IPAslink|tʲ}} {{IPAslink|zʲ}} {{IPAslink|sʲ}} {{IPAslink|lʲ}} {{IPAslink|n}}) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, {{IPAslink|zʲo}} and {{IPA|/zjo/}} are written зё (''źo'') and зъё (''zjo''), respectively.
|-
| Ы ы || Y y || {{IPAblink|ɨ}}~{{IPAblink|ɯ}} || ы ||
|-
| Ь ь || – || {{IPAblink|ʲ}} || небыт пус ("soft sign") ||
|-
| Э э || E e || {{IPAblink|e}} || э ||
|-
| Ю ю || JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʲu}} after д, т, з, с, л, н || ю ||
|-
| Я я || JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}<br />{{IPAblink|ʲa}} after д, т, з, с, л, н || я ||
|}

==Grammar==
{{Main|Udmurt grammar}}
 Udmurt is an [[agglutinating]] language. It uses [[affix]]es to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.

No gender distinction is made in [[noun]]s or personal pronouns.

=== Cases ===
Udmurt has fifteen [[Grammatical case|cases]]: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases.

There is no congruency between [[adjectives]] and [[nouns]] in neutral Udmurt [[noun phrases]]; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phrase {{lang|udm|бадӟым гурт'''ын'''}} ("in a big village"; cf. [[Finnish grammar|Finnish]] inessive phrase ''{{lang|fi|iso'''ssa''' kylä'''ssä'''}}'', in which ''{{lang|fi|iso}}'' "large" is inflected according to the head noun).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Udmurt cases
|-
! Case !! Suffix !! Example !! Translation
|-
! colspan="4" | Grammatical
|-
|[[nominative case|nominative]]|| – ||{{lang|udm|гурт}} <br />{{IPA|/gurt/}}|| village
|-
|[[genitive case|genitive]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лэн}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫen/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлэн}} <br /> {{IPA|/gurtɫen/}}|| of a village / village's
|-
|[[accusative case|accusative]]|| -{{lang|udm|эз}}/-{{lang|udm|ез}}/-{{lang|udm|ты}}/-{{lang|udm|ыз}} <br />{{IPA|/ez/jez/tɨ/ɨz/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэз}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtez/}}|| village (as an object)
|-
|[[ablative]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лэсь}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫeɕ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлэсь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫeɕ/}}|| from a village
|-
|[[dative]]
|  -{{lang|udm|лы}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫɨ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлы}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫɨ/}}|| to a village
|-
|[[instrumental case|instrumental]]
|  -{{lang|udm|эн}}/-{{lang|udm|ен}}/-{{lang|udm|ын}} <br />{{IPA|/en/jen/ɨn/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэн}} <br />{{IPA|/gurten/}}|| by means of a village
|-
|[[abessive]]
|  -{{lang|udm|тэк}} <br />{{IPA|/tek/}}||{{lang|udm|гурттэк}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtːek/}}|| without a village
|-
|[[adverbial case|adverbial]]
|  -{{lang|udm|я}} <br />{{IPA|/jɑ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртъя}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtjɑ/}}|| in a village way
|-
! colspan="4" style="background:#efefef" | Locative cases*
|-
|[[inessive case|inessive]]|| -{{lang|udm|ын}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨn/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртын}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨn/}}|| in a village
|-
|[[illative case|illative]]|| -{{lang|udm|э}}/-{{lang|udm|е}}/-{{lang|udm|ы}} <br />{{IPA|/e/je/ɨ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэ}} <br />{{IPA|/gurte/}}|| into a village (or house)
|-
|[[elative case|elative]]|| -{{lang|udm|ысь}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨɕ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртысь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨɕ/}}|| from a village
|-
|[[egressive case|egressive]]|| -{{lang|udm|ысен}} <br />{{IPA|/ɨɕen/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртысен}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɨɕen/}}|| starting from a village
|-
|[[terminative]]|| -{{lang|udm|озь}} <br /> {{IPA|/oʑ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртозь}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtoʑ/}}|| end up at a village
|-
|[[prolative]]|| -{{lang|udm|этӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|етӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|ытӥ}}/-{{lang|udm|тӥ}} <br />{{IPA|/eti/jeti/ɨti/ti/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртэтӥ}} <br />{{IPA|/gurteti/}}|| along a village
|-
|[[Allative case|allative]]|| -{{lang|udm|лань}} <br />{{IPA|/ɫɑɲ/}}||{{lang|udm|гуртлань}} <br />{{IPA|/gurtɫɑɲ/}}|| towards a village
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Of all the locative cases, personal pronouns can only inflect in the allative (also called approximative).

=== Plural ===
There are two types of nominal plurals in Udmurt. One is the plural for nouns ''-{{lang|udm|ос}}/-{{lang|udm|ëс}}'' and the other is the plural for adjectives ''-{{lang|udm|эсь}}/-{{lang|udm|есь}}''.

==== Nominal plural ====
The noun is always in plural. In attributive plural phrases, the adjective is not required to be in the plural:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Attributive plural
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|чебер(есь) ''нылъ'''ёс'''''|italic=unset}}
|ćeber(eś) ''nyl'''jos'''''
|(the) beautiful ''girls''
|}
The plural marker always comes before other endings (i.e. cases and possessive suffixes) in the morphological structure of plural nominal.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Morphological order
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|ныл'''ъёс'''лы}}
|nyl'''jos'''ly
|to the girls
|-
|{{lang|udm|гурт'''ъёс'''азы}}
|gurt'''jos'''azy
|to/in their villages
|}

==== Predicative plural ====
As in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and [[Mordvinic languages]], if the subject is plural, the adjective is always plural when it functions as the sentence's [[Predicative expression|predicative]]:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Attributive plural
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|{{lang|udm|нылъёс ''чебер'''есь'''''|italic=unset}}
|nyljos ''ćeber'''eś'''''
|the girls are ''beautiful''
|-
|{{lang|udm|толъёс ''куз'''есь'''''|italic=unset}}
|toljos ''kuź'''eś'''''
|the winters are ''long''
|}
Udmurt [[pronoun]]s are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases.

=== Pronouns ===
==== Personal pronouns ====
Udmurt [[personal pronoun]]s are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to as ''it''. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal pronouns
! 
! singular
! plural
|-
! 1st person
|{{lang|udm|мон}} {{IPA|/mon/}}
|{{lang|udm|ми}} {{IPA|/mi/}}
|-
! 2nd person
|{{lang|udm|тон}} {{IPA|/ton/}}
|{{lang|udm|тӥ}} {{IPA|/ti/}}
|-
! 3rd person
|{{lang|udm|со}} {{IPA|/so/}}
|{{lang|udm|соос}} {{IPA|/soːs/}}
|}

More details:
*There are [[self-intensifier]] forms: ачим '[I] myself', ачид '[you] yourself', ачиз '[he/she/it] himself', асьмеос '[we] ourselves', асьтэос '[you] yourself', асьсэос '[they] yourself'.<ref name=asm>{{Cite web |url=http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ |title=К проблеме категории инклюзивности местоимений в удмуртском языке |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209020835/http://udman.ru/ru/press-center/nauka-lyudyam/k-probleme-kategorii-inklyuzivnosti-mestoimeniy-v-udmurtskom-yazyke/ }}</ref>

*The 1st person plural has two forms according to [[clusivity]]: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is a [[calque]] from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".<ref name=asm/>

==== Interrogative pronouns ====
Udmurt [[interrogative pronouns]] inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base form ''{{lang|udm|кыт}}-''. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Interrogative pronouns (nominative case)
!Udmurt
!English
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
|-
|{{lang|udm|ма}} {{IPA|/mɑ/}}
|what
|-
|{{lang|udm|кин}} {{IPA|/kin/}}
|who
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
|{{lang|udm|маос}} {{IPA|/mɑos/}}
|what
|-
|{{lang|udm|кинъëс}} {{IPA|/kinjos/}}
|who
|}

=== Verbs ===
Udmurt [[verb]]s are divided into two [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] groups, both having the [[infinitive]] marker ''{{lang|udm|-ны}}''.

There are three [[verbal moods]] in Udmurt: [[indicative]], [[Conditional mood|conditional]] and [[Imperative mood|imperative]]. There is also an [[optative]] mood used in certain [[dialects]]. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which include [[auxiliary verbs]]. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliary [[negative verb]] that conjugates with personal endings.

The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions):
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Personal endings of verbs
!Person
!Ending
|-
! colspan="2" |Singular
|-
|1st
| -Ø
|-
|2nd
| -{{lang|udm|д}}
|-
|3rd
| -{{lang|udm|з}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Plural
|-
|1st
| -{{lang|udm|мы}}
|-
|2nd
| -{{lang|udm|ды}}
|-
|3rd
| -{{lang|udm|зы}}
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Example conjugation: {{lang|udm|тодыны}} (conjugation I)
!Person
!Udmurt
!Transliteration
!English
|-
! colspan="4" |Singular
|-
|1st
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥсько'''}}*
|tod'''iśko'''*
|I know
|-
|2nd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськод'''}}*
|tod'''iśkod'''*
|you know
|-
|3rd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''э'''}}
|tod'''e'''
|he/she knows
|-
! colspan="4" |Plural
|-
|1st
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськомы'''}}
|tod'''iśkomy'''
|we know
|-
|2nd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''ӥськоды'''}}
|tod'''iśkody'''
|you know
|-
|3rd
|{{lang|udm|тод'''о'''}}
|tod'''o'''
|they know
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with ''{{lang|udm|-(ӥ)сько-/-(и)сько-}}''.

=== Syntax ===
Udmurt is an [[SOV language]].

==Lexicon==
Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists of [[loanword]]s.  Many loanwords are from the [[Tatar language]], which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax. 
[[Image:Otiskom.jpg|thumb|210x210px|A [[bilingual sign]] in [[Izhevsk]] proclaiming "welcome" in Russian ("{{lang|ru|добро пожаловать}}") and Udmurt ("{{lang|udm|гажаса ӧтиськом}}")]]

The Udmurt language, along with the Tatar language, influenced the language of the [[History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan|Udmurt Jews]], in the dialects of which the words of Finno-Ugric and Turkic origin there were recorded.<ref name="snioo.ru">Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), pp. 131–132. (Алтынцев А.В., [http://snioo.ru/images/stories/nu-print/nu4662013.pdf  "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана".] Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131–132: Комментарии.) {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V. 2015">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., [http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000026-c8fefc9fbc/A.%20Goldberg-Altyntsev%20-%20A%20short%20ethnographic%20overview%20of%20the%20Ashkenazic%20Jews%20group%20in%20Alnashsky%20District%20of%20Udmurt%20Republic.pdf "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807070933/http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000026-c8fefc9fbc/A.%20Goldberg-Altyntsev%20-%20A%20short%20ethnographic%20overview%20of%20the%20Ashkenazic%20Jews%20group%20in%20Alnashsky%20District%20of%20Udmurt%20Republic.pdf |date=2020-08-07 }} Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51. {{Deadlink|date=January 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref name="files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru">[http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000031-6b7256d64f/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005358/http://files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/200000031-6b7256d64f/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%8B%20%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%20%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.pdf |date=2020-08-07 }} Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1.  Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3.  {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref name="literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., [http://literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru/biblioteka/publikatsii/some-characteristics-of-the-jews-in-alnashsky-district-of-udmurt-republic/  ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק"] The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) {{in lang|yi}}</ref>

==Media==
[[File:Multilingual tag Petrova street.jpg|thumb|Bus and trolleybus stop tag on Russian and Udmurt languages in Izhevsk]]
Eurovision runners-up [[Buranovskiye Babushki]], a pop group composed of Udmurt grandmothers, sing mostly in Udmurt.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=48483&_t=buranovskiye_babushki_to_represent_russia_in_baku | title=Buranovskiye Babushki to represent Russia in Baku | date=7 March 2012| first =Olena | last = Omelyanchuk | publisher=European Broadcasting Union | access-date=12 April 2015}}</ref>

The romantic comedy film ''[[Berry-Strawberry]]'', a joint Polish-Udmurt production, is in the Udmurt language.

In 2013, the film company "Inwis kinopottonni" produced a film in the Udmurt language called ''Puzkar'' ("nest").<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGEbvAUnQ6Y "Пузкар (удмурт кино)".]</ref>

The [[Bible]] was first completely translated into Udmurt in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title=First Bible in Udmurt – arrives this week!|url=http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509154554/http://www.unitedbiblesocieties.org/news/first-bible-in-udmurt-arrives-this-week/|archive-date=9 May 2015| publisher=United Bible Societies}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Csúcs |first=Sándor |title=The Uralic Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |editor-last=Abondolo |editor-first=Daniel |location=London |pages=276–304 |chapter=Udmurt}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kel'makov |first=Valentin |title=Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia |last2=Sara Hännikäinen |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura |year=2008 |isbn=978-952-5150-34-6 |edition=2nd |location=Helsinki |language=fi}}
*{{Cite book |last=Moreau |first=Jean-Luc |title=Parlons Oudmourte |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-296-07951-9 |location=Paris}}
* {{Cite Q | Q122984591 }}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}
{{InterWiki|code=udm}}
{{OldWikisource|Udmurt}}
{{wikivoyage|Udmurt phrasebook}}
*[http://udmurt.info Udmurtology: Udmurt Language, History and Culture] {{in lang|ru}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070224030915/http://library.finugor.ru/eng/?item=u&l=2 Literature]
*[http://udmurtology.ru The First Udmurt Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421112214/http://udmurtology.ru/ |date=2017-04-21 }}{{in lang|ru}}
*[http://v4.udsu.ru/english/ Udmurt State University (has Udmurt Language Program for English speakers)]
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/udmurt.htm Udmurt language, alphabet and pronunciation]
* ''[[Vladimir Napolskikh]].'' [http://udmurt.info/pdf/library/napolskikh/winkler.pdf Review of Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Languages of the World. Materials 212)]
* [http://kyv.oahpa.no/ Udmurt – Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607164410/http://kyv.oahpa.no/ |date=2016-06-07 }} (robust finite-state, open-source)
* [https://baltoslav.eu/hulnia/udm.php?mova=en Learning Udmurt words]
*[https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/udmurt/bgn-pcgn/ BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Udmurt]

{{Uralic languages}}
{{Languages of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udmurt Language}}
[[Category:Udmurt language| ]]
[[Category:Permic languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of European Russia]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Endangered Uralic languages]]
[[Category:Udmurt culture]]
[[Category:Definitely endangered languages]]