Udmurt language
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Udmurt (Template:IPAc-en; Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia. As a Uralic language, it is distantly related to languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Mansi, Khanty, and Hungarian. The Udmurt language is co-official with Russian within Udmurtia.
It is written using the Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in the Russian alphabet: Ӝ/ӝ, Ӟ/ӟ, Ӥ/ӥ, Ӧ/ӧ, and Ӵ/ӵ. Together with the Komi and Permyak languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralic family. The Udmurt language shares similar agglutinative structures with its closest relative, the Komi language.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian exonym, Votyak. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighboring languages, mainly from Tatar and Russian.
In 2010, per the Russian census, there were around 324,000 speakers of the language in the country, out of the ethnic population of roughly 554,000.<ref name="Endangered Languages">Template:Cite web</ref> Ethnologue estimated that there were 550,000 native speakers (77%) out of an ethnic population of 750,000 in the former Russian SFSR (1989 census),<ref>Ethnologue code=UDM Template:Webarchive</ref> a decline of roughly 41% in 21 years.
Dialects
Udmurt varieties can be grouped into three broad dialect groups:
- Northern Udmurt, spoken along the Cheptsa River
- Southern Udmurt
- Besermyan, spoken by the strongly Turkified Besermyans
A continuum of intermediate dialects between Northern and Southern Udmurt is found, and literary Udmurt includes features from both areas. Besermyan is more sharply distinguished.Template:Cn
The differences between the dialects are not major and mainly involve differences in vocabulary, largely attributable to the stronger influence of Tatar in the southern end of the Udmurt-speaking area. A few differences in morphology and phonology still exist as well; for example:
- Southern Udmurt has an accusative ending -ыз Template:IPA, contrasting with northern -ты Template:IPA.
- Southwestern Udmurt distinguishes an eighth vowel phoneme Template:IPA.
- Besermyan has Template:IPA in place of standard Udmurt Template:IPA (thus distinguishing only six vowel phonemes), and Template:IPA in place of standard Udmurt Template:IPA.
Phonology
Unlike other Uralic languages such as Finnish and Hungarian, Udmurt does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony.
Consonants
The consonants Template:IPA are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by Template:IPA respectively. As in Hungarian, Udmurt exhibits regressive voicing and devoicing assimilations (the last element determines the assimilation), but with some exceptions (mostly to distinguish minimal pairs by voicing).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Round | |||
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Open | Template:IPA link | |||
Orthography
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Udmurt is written using a modified version of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet:
| Cyrillic | Latin | IPA | Letter name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | A a | Template:IPAblink | а | |
| Б б | B b | Template:IPAblink | бэ | |
| В в | V v | Template:IPAblink | вэ | |
| Г г | G g | Template:IPAblink | гэ | |
| Д д | D d Ď ď |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPA link~ɟ] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
дэ | |
| Е е | JE je E e |
Template:IPA Template:IPAblink after coronals д, т, з, с, л, н |
е | |
| Ё ё | JO jo O o |
Template:IPA Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
ё | |
| Ж ж | Ž ž | Template:IPAblink | жэ | |
| Ӝ ӝ | DŽ dž | Template:IPAblink | ӝэ | Д + Ж |
| З з | Z z Ź ź |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
зэ | |
| Ӟ ӟ | DŹ dź | Template:IPAblink | ӟе | Дь + Зь |
| И и | I i | Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
и | |
| Ӥ ӥ | I i | Template:IPAblink when preceded by д, т, з, с, л, н | точкаен и, точкаосын и ("dotted i") | Like Komi і. Non-palatalizing form of и. |
| Й й | J j | Template:IPAblink | вакчи и ("short i") | |
| К к | K k | Template:IPAblink | ка | |
| Л л | Ł ł L l |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эл | |
| М м | M m | Template:IPAblink | эм | |
| Н н | N n Ň ň |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эн | |
| О о | O o | Template:IPAblink | о | |
| Ӧ ӧ | Õ õ | Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink | ӧ | |
| П п | P p | Template:IPAblink | пэ | |
| Р р | R r | Template:IPAblink | эр | |
| С с | S s Ś ś |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPAblink before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
эс | |
| Т т | T t Ť ť |
Template:IPAblink Template:IPA link~c] before е, ё, и, ю, я, ь |
тэ | |
| У у | U u | Template:IPAblink | у | |
| Ф ф | F f | Template:IPAblink | эф | In loanwords. |
| Х х | H h | Template:IPAblink | ха | In loanwords. |
| Ц ц | C c | Template:IPAblink | цэ | In loanwords. |
| Ч ч | Ć ć | Template:IPAblink | чэ | Ть + Сь |
| Ӵ ӵ | Č č | Template:IPAblink | ӵэ | Т + Ш |
| Ш ш | Š š | Template:IPAblink | ша | |
| Щ щ | ŠČ šč | Template:IPAblink | ща | In loanwords. |
| Ъ ъ | – | – | чурыт пус ("hard sign") | Distinguishes palatalized consonants (Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink Template:IPAslink) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example, Template:IPAslink and Template:IPA are written зё (źo) and зъё (zjo), respectively. |
| Ы ы | Y y | Template:IPAblink~Template:IPAblink | ы | |
| Ь ь | – | Template:IPAblink | небыт пус ("soft sign") | |
| Э э | E e | Template:IPAblink | э | |
| Ю ю | JU ju | Template:IPA Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
ю | |
| Я я | JA ja | Template:IPA Template:IPAblink after д, т, з, с, л, н |
я |
Grammar
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Udmurt is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on.
No gender distinction is made in nouns or personal pronouns.
Cases
Udmurt has fifteen cases: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases.
There is no congruency between adjectives and nouns in neutral Udmurt noun phrases; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phrase Template:Lang ("in a big village"; cf. Finnish inessive phrase Template:Lang, in which Template:Lang "large" is inflected according to the head noun).
*Of all the locative cases, personal pronouns can only inflect in the allative (also called approximative).
Plural
There are two types of nominal plurals in Udmurt. One is the plural for nouns -Template:Lang/-Template:Lang and the other is the plural for adjectives -Template:Lang/-Template:Lang.
Nominal plural
The noun is always in plural. In attributive plural phrases, the adjective is not required to be in the plural:
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | ćeber(eś) nyljos | (the) beautiful girls |
The plural marker always comes before other endings (i.e. cases and possessive suffixes) in the morphological structure of plural nominal.
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | nyljosly | to the girls |
| Template:Lang | gurtjosazy | to/in their villages |
Predicative plural
As in Hungarian and Mordvinic languages, if the subject is plural, the adjective is always plural when it functions as the sentence's predicative:
| Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|
| Template:Lang | nyljos ćebereś | the girls are beautiful |
| Template:Lang | toljos kuźeś | the winters are long |
Udmurt pronouns are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Udmurt personal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to as it. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang Template:IPA | Template:Lang Template:IPA |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang Template:IPA | Template:Lang Template:IPA |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang Template:IPA | Template:Lang Template:IPA |
More details:
- There are self-intensifier forms: ачим '[I] myself', ачид '[you] yourself', ачиз '[he/she/it] himself', асьмеос '[we] ourselves', асьтэос '[you] yourself', асьсэос '[they] yourself'.<ref name=asm>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The 1st person plural has two forms according to clusivity: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is a calque from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".<ref name=asm/>
Interrogative pronouns
Udmurt interrogative pronouns inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base form Template:Lang-. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table:
| Udmurt | English |
|---|---|
| Singular | |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | what |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | who |
| Plural | |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | what |
| Template:Lang Template:IPA | who |
Verbs
Udmurt verbs are divided into two conjugation groups, both having the infinitive marker Template:Lang.
There are three verbal moods in Udmurt: indicative, conditional and imperative. There is also an optative mood used in certain dialects. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which include auxiliary verbs. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliary negative verb that conjugates with personal endings.
The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions):
| Person | Ending |
|---|---|
| Singular | |
| 1st | -Ø |
| 2nd | -Template:Lang |
| 3rd | -Template:Lang |
| Plural | |
| 1st | -Template:Lang |
| 2nd | -Template:Lang |
| 3rd | -Template:Lang |
| Person | Udmurt | Transliteration | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| 1st | Template:Lang* | todiśko* | I know |
| 2nd | Template:Lang* | todiśkod* | you know |
| 3rd | Template:Lang | tode | he/she knows |
| Plural | |||
| 1st | Template:Lang | todiśkomy | we know |
| 2nd | Template:Lang | todiśkody | you know |
| 3rd | Template:Lang | todo | they know |
*The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with Template:Lang.
Syntax
Udmurt is an SOV language.
Lexicon
Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists of loanwords. Many loanwords are from the Tatar language, which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax.
The Udmurt language, along with the Tatar language, influenced the language of the Udmurt Jews, in the dialects of which the words of Finno-Ugric and Turkic origin there were recorded.<ref name="snioo.ru">Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), pp. 131–132. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131–132: Комментарии.) Template:In lang</ref><ref name="Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V. 2015">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Template:Webarchive Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51. Template:Deadlink</ref><ref name="files.literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru">Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Template:Webarchive Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 3. Template:In lang</ref><ref name="literjewsudmurtia.webnode.ru">Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) Template:In lang</ref>
Media
Eurovision runners-up Buranovskiye Babushki, a pop group composed of Udmurt grandmothers, sing mostly in Udmurt.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The romantic comedy film Berry-Strawberry, a joint Polish-Udmurt production, is in the Udmurt language.
In 2013, the film company "Inwis kinopottonni" produced a film in the Udmurt language called Puzkar ("nest").<ref>"Пузкар (удмурт кино)".</ref>
The Bible was first completely translated into Udmurt in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Bibliography
References
External links
Template:InterWiki Template:OldWikisource Template:Wikivoyage
- Udmurtology: Udmurt Language, History and Culture Template:In lang
- Literature
- The First Udmurt Forum Template:WebarchiveTemplate:In lang
- Udmurt State University (has Udmurt Language Program for English speakers)
- Udmurt language, alphabet and pronunciation
- Vladimir Napolskikh. Review of Eberhard Winkler, Udmurt, München 2001 (Languages of the World. Materials 212)
- Udmurt – Finnish/Komi Zyrian dictionary Template:Webarchive (robust finite-state, open-source)
- Learning Udmurt words
- BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Udmurt