View source for Voiced retroflex flap

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɽ⟩ in IPA}}
{{redirect|Retroflex flap|the voiceless consonant|Voiceless retroflex flap}}
{{Infobox IPA
| ipa symbol = ɽ
| ipa number = 125
| decimal = 637
| x-sampa = r`
| braille = 256
| braille2 = r
| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x027D.svg
| imagesize = 150px
}}

A '''voiced retroflex flap''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɽ}}, a letter ''r'' with a tail.

==Features==
Features of a voiced retroflex flap:

{{flap}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Language!! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="mazumdar">{{Harvcoltxt|Mazumdar|2000|p=57}}</ref>
| {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|গা'''ড়ি''']]}}
| {{IPA|[ɡaɽi]}}
| 'car'
| Apical postalveolar.<ref name="mazumdar" /> See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 53–55}}</ref>
| [[North Brabant]]<ref name="GoVan107">{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|p=107}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|nl-NL|[[Dutch orthography|'''r'''iem]]|italic=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ɽim]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'belt'
| rowspan="2" | A rare word-initial variant of {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Goeman|van de Velde|2001|pp=95, 97, 101, 107}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|pp=50–51, 53–54}}</ref> Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} varies considerably among dialects. See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| Northern Netherlands<ref name=GoVan107/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Verstraten|van de Velde|2001|p=54}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Elfdalian]]
| {{lang|ovd|'''l'''uv}}
| {{IPA|[ɽʏːv]}}
| 'permission'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Enga language|Enga]]
| {{Lang|enq-Latn|yá'''l'''a}}
| {{IPA|[jɑɽɑ]}}
| 'shame'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Gokana language|Gokana]]<ref name="brosnahan">{{cite web |url=http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |title=Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni |author=L.F. Brosnahan |access-date=2013-11-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403122650/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Files/pdf/01-1/jwal-01-1-Brosnahan.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-03 }}</ref>
| {{lang|gkn|be'''l'''e}}
| {{IPA|[beːɽeː]}}
| 'we'
| Apical postalveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}}, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a [[Alveolar trill|postalveolar trill]] or simply {{IPAblink|l}} instead.<ref name="brosnahan" />
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hausa language|Hausa]]
| {{Lang|ha-Latn|ba'''r'''a}}
| {{IPA|[bəɽä]}}
| 'servant'
| Represented in Arabic script with {{angbr|ر}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]<ref name="tiwari">{{Harvcoltxt|Tiwari|2004|p=?}}</ref>
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]
| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|ब'''ड़ा''']]}}
| rowspan="2" |{{Audio-IPA|LL-Q1568 (hin)-AryamanA-बड़ा.wav|[bəɽäː]}}
| rowspan="2" |'big'
| rowspan="2" | Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.<ref name="tiwari"/> See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]
| {{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|بڑا]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=377}}</ref>
| {{Lang|ne|[[Devanāgarī|भा'''ड़ा''']]}}
| {{IPA|[bʱäɽä]}}
| 'rent'
| Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}}.<ref name="khatiwada374">{{Harvcoltxt|Khatiwada|2009|p=374}}</ref> See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
| Central dialects<ref name="heide">{{Harvcoltxt|Heide|2010|pp=3–44}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|Vå'''l[']'''erenga]]|italic=yes}}
| rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|No-Vålerenga.ogg|[ˈvôːɽɛ̝̀ŋɑ̌]}}
| rowspan="2" | '[[Vålerenga]]'
| rowspan="2" | Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/r/}}. In [[Urban East Norwegian]] it often alternates with the alveolar {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, save for a small number of words.<ref name="heide"/><ref name="kristoffersen">{{Harvcoltxt|Kristoffersen|2000|p=24}}</ref> See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| Eastern dialects<ref name="heide"/><ref name="kristoffersen"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name="masica">{{Harvcoltxt|Masica|1991|p=107}}</ref>
| {{lang|or|[[Odia script|ଗା'''ଡ଼ି''']]}}
| {{IPA|[ɡäɽiː]}}
| 'car'
| Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of {{IPA|/ɖ, ɖʱ/}}.<ref name="masica"/>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Okinawan language|Okinawan]]
| {{Lang|enq-Latn|ka'''r'''atii}}
| {{IPA|[kaɽatii]}}
| 'karate'
| Intervocalic allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}}.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Parkari Koli language|Parkari Koli]] || {{lang|kvx|{{script/Arabic|ۿُونَوا'''ڙ'''}}}} || {{IPA|[ɦuːnaʋaːɽ]}} || 'desolate, deserted' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| Some [[European Portuguese|European]] speakers<ref>[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{in lang|pt}}</ref>
| {{lang|pt-pt|[[Portuguese orthography|fala'''r''']]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[fɐˈläɽ]}}
| 'to speak'
| rowspan="3" | Allophone of {{IPAslink|ɾ}}. See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian]] [[caipira]] speakers<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175335/http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/handle/1884/3955/CARACTER%C3%8DSTICAS%20FON%C3%89TICO.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2016-03-03 }}. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21</ref><ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://cedae.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/sinteses/article/download/1198/1766 Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926191837/http://cedae.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/sinteses/article/download/1198/1766 |date=2013-09-26 }}. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)</ref>
| {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|madei'''r'''a]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[mäˈd̪eɽə]}}
| 'wood'
|-
| Some [[Central-West Region, Brazil|sertanejo]] speakers<ref>{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011010924/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/NascimentoTAM.pdf |date=2017-10-11 }}. Pages 22 and 23.</ref>
| {{lang|pt-BR|[[Portuguese orthography|ga'''r'''galha'''r''']]|italic=yes}}
| {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ]}}}}
| 'to guffaw'
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Bashir|first1=Elena|author1-link=Elena Bashir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajrEDwAAQBAJ&q=A+Descriptive+Grammar+of+Hindko,+Punjabi,+and+Saraiki|title=A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki|last2=J. Conners|first2=Thomas|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|year=2019|isbn=9781614512257|volume=4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series|pages=24|language=en|chapter=3.3.1}}</ref>
| [[Gurmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਘੋ'''ੜਾ''']]}}
| rowspan="2" | {{Audio-IPA|Pa-ਘੋੜਾ.ogg|[k̠òːɽaː]}}
| rowspan="2" | 'horse'
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| [[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]]
| {{lang|pa-Arab|[[Shahmukhi alphabet|گھو'''ڑ'''ا]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]
| [[Isle of Lewis|Lewis]]
| {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic orthography|thui'''r'''t]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[hʉɽʈ]}}
| 'said'
| Possible realisation of {{IPA|/rˠ/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Shipibo language|Shipibo]]<ref name="val282">{{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}</ref>
|{{lang|shp|'''r'''o'''r'''o}}
| {{IPA|[ˈɽo̽ɽo̽]}}
| 'to break'
| Apical postalveolar; possible realization of {{IPA|/r/}}.<ref name="val282" />
|-
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| Some dialects<ref name="kristoffersen"/>
| {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|f'''l'''agga]]|italic=yes}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Sv-en flagga.ogg|[ˈfɽagː˦˥˩ˌa˦˥˩]}}<!--Actually a weak trill (3 contacts). I couldn't fetch a better example -speaker is carefull- in Common's corpus-->
| '[a] flag'
| Allophone of [[Swedish phonology#sonorants|retroflexed]] {{IPA|/rd/}} ({{IPAblink|ɖ}}) and (single) {{IPAslink|l}}, the former especially after labials, velars or long vowels.<ref>{{citation
|last=Andersson | first=Erik
|editor-last=König | editor-first=Ekkehard | editor2-last=van der Auwera | editor2-first=Johan
|year=2002 | chapter=Swedish | pages=273–4
| isbn=0-415-28079-6 | title=The Germanic Languages | series=Routledge language family descriptions | publisher=Routledge
}}</ref> See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2"| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| {{lang|ta|[[Tamil script|நாடு]]}} / {{lang|ta-Arab|[[Arwi|{{script/Arabic|نَا'''ڊُ'''}}]]}}
| {{Audio-IPA|Ta-நாடு.oga|[naːɽɯ]}}
| 'country'
| Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of {{IPAslink|ʈ}}. See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| {{lang|te|గోడు}}
| {{Audio-IPA|LL-Q8097 (tel)-V Bhavya-గోడు.wav|[goːɽu]}}
| 'grief'
| Allophone of {{IPAslink|ɖ}}.
|-
|[[Tucano language|Tukano]]<ref name=":0">{{Harvcoltxt|Ramirez|2019|p=22}}</ref>
|Ye’pâ-Masa
|''petâ-'''d'''e''
|{{IPA|[pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆]}}
|'(relative to the) port'
|Realisation of {{Angle bracket|d}} in certain positions. Nasalised {{IPA|[ɽ͂]}} in nasal contexts.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Wapishana language|Wapishana]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|dos Santos|2006|p=34}}</ref>
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[pɨɖaɽɨ]}}
| 'your father'
|
|-
|colspan="2"| [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]]
| {{lang|wbp|ja'''rd'''a}}
| {{IPA|[caɽa]}}
| 'sleep'
| Transcribes {{IPA|/ɽ/}} as {{angbr|rd}}.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Yidiny language|Yidiny]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=R.M.W |title=A Grammar of Yidiɲ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-14242-7 |location=London, New York, Melbourne |pages=3 |language=en}}</ref> 
| colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[gambi:ɽ]}}
|'tablelands'
|
|}

== Voiced retroflex nasal flap ==
{{Infobox IPA
| above       = Retroflex nasal flap
| ipa symbol  = ɽ̃
}}

=== Features ===
Features of a retroflex nasal tap or flap:

{{flap}}
{{retroflex}}
{{voiced}}
{{nasal}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

===Occurrence===
{|class=wikitable
!Language
!Word
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
!Meaning
!Notes
|-
| [[Hindi]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|गणेश]]}} {{transliteration|hi|IAST|Ga'''ṇ'''eśa}}|| {{IPA|[ɡəɽ̃eːʃ]}} || {{gloss|[[Ganesha]]}} ||Allophone of {{IPA|/ɳ/}} when not in clusters
|-
| [[Ndrumbea language|Ndrumbea]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |first2=Ian |last2=Maddieson |date=October 1995 |title=The phonetics of Ndumbea |journal=UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics |issue=91 |pages=25–44 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3h25w3h3}}</ref>
|[[broad transcription|{{IPA|/t̠ɽáɽẽ/|cat=no}}]]
|[[narrow transcription|{{IPA|[t̠áɽ̃ã́ɻ̃ẽ]|cat=no}}]]
|'to run'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/ɽ/}} before a nasal vowel 
|-
| [[Kangri language|Kangri]]{{sfn|Eaton|2008|p=32}}
|{{lang|xnr|न्ह़ौणा}}
|{{IPA|[nɔ̌ɽ̃ɑ]}}
|{{gloss|to bathe}}
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation |last=dos Santos |first=Manoel Gomes |year=2006 |publisher=University of Campinas |place=Campinas |type=PhD thesis |title=Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe |doi=10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861 |hdl=20.500.12733/1602812|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite thesis 
|last=Eaton 
|first=Robert D. 
|date=May 2008
|title=Kangri in Context: An Areal Perspective
|type=PhD dissertation
|publisher=University of Texas
|location=Arlington
|hdl=10106/945
|hdl-access=free
}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Goeman |first1=Ton |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Co-occurrence constraints on <!--IPA template pollutes the citation's metadata-->/r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects |pages=91–112 |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics <!--|title=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique--> |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745}}
* {{citation |last=Heide |first=Eldar |year=2010 |title=Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet. |journal=Maal og Minne |language=no |volume=1 |publisher=Novus forlag |url=https://www.academia.edu/2401067}}
* {{citation |last=Khatiwada |first=Rajesh |year=2009 |title=Nepali |journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]] |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=337–380 |doi=10.1017/s0025100309990181 |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last=Kristoffersen |first=Gjert |author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen |year=2000 |title=The Phonology of Norwegian |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-823765-5}}
* {{citation |last=Labrune |first=Laurence |year=2012 |title=The Phonology of Japanese |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-954583-4}}
* {{citation |last=Mazumdar |first=Bijaychandra |title=The history of the Bengali language |date=2000 |orig-year=First published 1920 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=8120614526 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbengali0000mazu}}
* {{citation |last=Okada |first=Hideo |year=1999 |chapter=Japanese |editor=International Phonetic Association |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet |pages=117–119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-52163751-0 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_jpn_phon-2}}
* {{citation |last=Ramirez |first=Henri |title=A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I |publisher=CEDEM |year=2019 |place=Porto Velho |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/biblio:ramirez-1997-gramatica}}
* {{citation |last=Tiwari |first=Bholanath |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1966 |title=Hindī Bhāshā |place=Kitāb Mahal |publisher=Kitāb Mahal |isbn=81-225-0017-X}}
* {{citation |last1=Valenzuela |first1=Pilar M. |last2=Márquez Pinedo |first2=Luis |last3=Maddieson |first3=Ian |year=2001 |title=Shipibo |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=281–285 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342 |doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109 |doi-access=free}}
* {{citation |last=Vance |first=Timothy J. |year=2008 |title=The Sounds of Japanese |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-5216-1754-3}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Verstraten |first1=Bart |last2=van de Velde |first2=Hans |chapter=Socio-geographical variation of <!--IPA template pollutes the citation's metadata-->/r/ in standard Dutch |pages=45–61 |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans |year=2001 |title='r-atics <!--|title=Rapport d'Activités de l'Institut des Langues Vivantes et de Phonétique--> |publisher=Etudes & Travaux |place=Brussels |issn=0777-3692 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254818745}}
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin |year=1991 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɽ}}

{{IPA navigation}}
{{LetterR}}

[[Category:Retroflex consonants]]
[[Category:Tap and flap consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]