View source for Voiced uvular plosive

{{distinguish|text= the Latin letter [[G]] or the Cyrillic Komi letter [[Ԍ]]}}
{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɢ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɢ
|ipa number=112
|decimal1=610
|x-sampa=G\
|braille=*
|braille2=g
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0262.svg
|imagesize=150px
}}

A '''voiced uvular plosive''' or '''stop''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. It is pronounced like a [[voiced velar plosive]] {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, except that the tongue makes contact not on the [[soft palate]] but on the [[uvula]]. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɢ}}, a [[Small caps|small capital]] version of the Latin letter [[g]].

{{IPA|[ɢ]}} is a rare sound, even compared to other uvulars.{{sfnp|Vaux|1999}} Vaux proposes a phonological explanation: uvular consonants normally involve a neutral or a [[retracted tongue root]], whereas voiced stops often involve an [[advanced tongue root]]: two articulations that cannot physically co-occur. This leads many languages of the world to have a [[voiced uvular fricative]] {{IPA|[ʁ]}} instead as the voiced counterpart of the [[voiceless uvular plosive]]. Examples are [[Inuit language|Inuit]]; several [[Turkic languages]] such as [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]; several [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] such as [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]; as well as several [[Northeast Caucasian languages]] such as [[Ingush language|Ingush]].

==Features==
[[File:Voiced uvular plosive.svg|150px]]

Features of a voiced uvular stop:

{{plosive}}
{{uvular}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==

===Uvular===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Sudanese Arabic|Sudanese]] || {{lang|apd|[[Arabic alphabet|بقرة]]|rtl=yes}} || {{IPA|[bɑɢɑrɑ]}} || 'cow' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/q/}} in [[Standard Arabic]]. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
|[[Yemeni Arabic|Yemeni]]{{sfnp|Watson|2002|p=13}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|قات]]|rtl=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|Qgat.ogg|[ɢɑːt]}} || '[[Khat]]' || Some dialects.{{sfnp|Watson|2002|p=13}} Corresponds to {{IPA|/q/}} in [[Standard Arabic]]. See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || ''[[English orthography|'''g'''audy]]'' || {{IPA|[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]}} || 'gaudy' || Pre-uvular; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before {{IPA|/ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/}}.{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| [[Low German language|Low German]] || [[Rügen|Rügen dialect]] || {{lang|nds|lan'''g'''}} || {{IPA|[la̱ɴɢ̥]}} || 'long' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ket language|Ket]]{{sfnp|Georg|2007|pp=49, 67 and 77}} || {{lang|ket-Latn|báŋ'''q'''uk}} || {{IPA|[baŋ˩˧ɢuk˧˩]}} || 'cave in the ground' ||
Allophone of {{IPA|/q/}} after {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.{{sfnp|Georg|2007|pp=49, 67 and 77}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Kwak'wala]] || {{lang|kwk|'''ǥ'''ilakas'la}} || {{IPA|[ɢilakasʔla]}} || 'thank you' ||
|-
|[[Lishán Didán|Lishan Didan]]
|Urmi Dialect
|ב'''ק'''א‎/''ba'''qq'''a''
|{{IPA|[baɢːɑ]}}
|'frog'
|Allophone of {{IPA|/q/}} when between a vowel/sonorant and a vowel.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Malto language|Malto]]
| {{lang|mjt|तें'''ग़े'''}}
| {{IPA|[t̪eɴɢe]}}
| 'to tell'
| Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}} after {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/ʁ, ŋʁ/}} is {{IPA|/h/}} in Southern and Western dialects. See [[Malto language#Phonology|Malto#Phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] || {{lang|mn-Cyrl|[[Mongolian Cyrillic script|Мон'''г'''ол]]}}<br />{{lang|mn-Mong|[[Mongolian script|ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ]]}} || {{IPA|[mɔɴɢɔ̆ɮ]}} || 'Mongolian' || Allophone of {{IPA|/g/}} before back vowels, phonemic word-finally.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Nivkh language|Nivkh]] || {{lang|niv-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|ньыӈ '''ӷ'''ан]]}} || {{IPA|[ɲɤŋ ɢæn]}} || 'our dog' || Allophone of {{IPA|/q/}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]] 
|[[Western Persian|Iranian]]|| {{lang|fa|[[Persian alphabet|قهوه]]}} || {{IPA|[ɢæhˈve]}} || 'coffee' || See [[Persian phonology]].
|-
|colspan=2| [[Somali language|Somali]] || {{lang|so|Mu'''q'''disho}} || {{IPA|[muɢdiʃɔ]}} || '[[Mogadishu]]' || Allophone of {{IPA|/q/}}. See [[Somali phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] || {{lang|tab|[[Cyrillic script|ду'''г'''у]]}} || {{IPA|[d̪uɢu]}} || 'he' ([[Ergative case|ergative]]) ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tlingit language|Tlingit]] || {{lang|tli|'''gh'''ooch}} || {{IPA|[ɢuːt͡ʃʰ]}} || '[[hill]]' || Among some younger speakers, for standard {{IPA|[quːt͡ʃʰ]}}. See [[Tlingit phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] || {{lang|tkr-Cyrl|'''къг'''яйэ}} || {{IPA|[ɢajɛ]}} || 'stone' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] || {{lang|tkm|'''g'''ar}} || {{IPA|[ɢɑɾ]}} || 'snow' || An allophone of /ɡ/ next to back vowels
|-
| [[Xumi language|Xumi]] || Lower{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=365}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ɢʶo˩˥]}} || 'to stew' || Slightly affricated; occurs only in a few words.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365–366}} Corresponds to the cluster {{IPA|/Nɡ/}} in Upper Xumi.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=383, 387}}
|}

===Pre-uvular===
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɢ̟
|ipa symbol2=ɡ᫢
|ipa number=
|decimal=
|x-sampa=
|braille=
}}

There is also a '''voiced post-velar''' or '''pre-uvular plosive'''<ref>Instead of "pre-uvular", it can be called "advanced uvular", "fronted uvular", "post-velar", "retracted velar" or "backed velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "pre-uvular".</ref> in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular plosive, though not as front as the prototypical [[voiced velar plosive|velar plosive]]. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɢ̟}}, (symbol denotes an [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|advanced]] {{angbr IPA|ɢ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɡ̠}} or {{angbr IPA|ɡ᫢}} (both symbols denote a [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted]] {{angbr IPA|ɡ}}).

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| [[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} || ''[[English orthography|'''g'''audy]]'' || {{IPA|[ˈɡ̠oːɾi]}} || 'gaudy' || Pre-uvular; allophone of {{IPA|/ɡ/}} before {{IPA|/ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/}}.{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}} See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Yanyuwa language|Yanyuwa]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=34-35}} || colspan="1" align="center" | '''k'''uykurlu || colspan="1" align="center" | {{IPA|[ɡ̠uɡ̟uɭu]}} || 'sacred' || Pre-uvular.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=34-35}} Contrasts plain and [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] versions
|}

==See also==
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=363–379 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157 |doi-access=free |jstor=26347850 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507233339/http://katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi1.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-07}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chirkova |first1=Katia |last2=Chen |first2=Yiya |last3=Kocjančič Antolík |first3=Tanja |year=2013 |title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=381–396 |url=http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423015938/http://www.katia-chirkova.info/resources/publications/KC2013Xumi2.pdf |archive-date=2020-04-23 |doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book |last=Georg |first=Stefan |title=A Descriptive Grammar of Ket (Yenisei-Ostyak) |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-21350-0 |page=78 |doi=10.1163/ej.9781901903584.i-328 |series=Languages of Asia |volume=1}}
* {{SOWL|mode=cs2}}
* {{cite web |last1=Mannell |first1=R. |last2=Cox |first2=F. |last3=Harrington |first3=J. |year=2009 |website=An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology |title=Phonetic (Narrow) Transcription of Australian English |publisher=Macquarie University |url=http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325021215/http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/transcription/phonetic_transcription/phonetic_transcription.html |archive-date=2012-03-25}}
* {{cite book |last=Watson |first=Janet C. E. |year=2002 |title=The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |series= The Phonology of the World's Languages |isbn=9780199257591}}
* {{cite report |last=Vaux |first=Bert |title=A Note on Pharyngeal Features |orig-year=orig. pub. 1999, Harvard Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 7 |date=December 2001 |version=Version 2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/300575}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɢ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voiced Uvular stop}}
[[Category:Uvular consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Voiced oral consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]