View source for Voiceless velar plosive

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨k⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=k
|ipa number=109
|decimal=107
|x-sampa=k
|braille=k
|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x006B.svg
}}

A '''voiceless velar plosive''' or '''stop''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in almost all [[spoken language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|k}}.

A {{IPA|[k]}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[k]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many languages also have a two-way contrast between [[aspirated consonant|aspirated]] and plain {{IPA|[k]}}. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar plosive, e.g. [[Tahitian language|Tahitian]] and [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]].

Some languages have a '''voiceless pre-velar plosive''',<ref>Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".</ref> which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical [[voiceless palatal plosive|palatal plosive]].

Conversely, some languages have a '''voiceless post-velar plosive''',<ref>Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".</ref> which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical [[voiceless uvular plosive|uvular plosive]].

==Features==
[[File:Voiceless velar plosive.svg|150px]]

Features of a voiceless velar stop:

{{plosive}}
{{velar}}
{{voiceless}}
{{oral}}
{{central articulation}}
{{pulmonic}}

==Occurrence==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="2" | Language!!Word!![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!!Meaning!!Notes
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] || {{lang|ab|[[Abkhaz alphabet|а'''қ'''алақь]]}}/a'''k̇h'''alak̇h' ||{{IPA|[ˈakalakʲ]}}||'the city'|| See [[Abkhaz phonology]]
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || [[Shapsug Adyghe dialect|Shapsug]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''кь'''эт]]}}/'''k′'''ėt ||{{Audio-IPA|кьэт.ogg|[kʲat]}} || 'chicken' || rowspan="2" | Dialectal; corresponds to {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} in other dialects.
|-
| [[Temirgoy people|Temirgoy]] || {{lang|ady-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|пс'''к'''эн]]}}/ps'''k'''ėn ||{{IPA|[pskan]}} || 'to cough'
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Ahtna language|Ahtna]] || '''''g'''istaann'' || {{IPA|[kɪstʰɐːn]}}||'six'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Aleut language|Aleut]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}} || {{lang|ale-Latn|'''k'''iikax̂}} || {{IPA|[kiːkaχ]}}|| 'cranberry bush'|| 
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]]{{sfnp|Thelwall|1990|p=37}} || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|كتب]]|rtl=yes}}/'''k'''ataba ||{{IPA|[ˈkatabɐ]}}||'he wrote'|| See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]]|| [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ք'''աղա'''ք''']]}}/ k'aġak'/k'aghak ||{{IPA|[kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ]}}||'town'|| Contrasts with unaspirated form.
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || {{lang|as|[[Assamese alphabet|'''ক'''ম]]}}/kom ||{{IPA|[kɔm]}}||'less'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]]|| ܟܬܒ̣ܐ {{lang|aii-Latn|[[Syriac alphabet|'''c'''tava]]}} || {{IPA|[ktava}}]|| 'book' ||Used in most [[list of Assyrian tribes|varieties]], with the exception of the [[Urmia]] and [[Nochiya tribe|Nochiya]] dialects<br /> where it corresponds to {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}.
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|'''k'''atu]]}} || {{IPA|[kat̪u]}}|| 'cat'||
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''ক'''ম]]}}/kom ||{{IPA|[kɔm]}}||'less'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''к'''а'''к''']]}}/kak ||{{IPA|[kak]}}||'how'|| See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Cantonese]]
|{{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese character|家]]}}/{{lang|yue-Latn|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''g'''ā]]}}
|{{Audio-IPA|Yue-ga1.ogg|[kaː˥]|help=no}}
|'home'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
|[[Traditional Chinese characters|橋]]/[[Simplified Chinese characters|桥]]/[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''''k'''ìuh'']]
|[kʰi:u˨˩]
|'bridge'
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''c'''ors]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɔɾs]}} || 'hearts' || See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]||[[Cyrillic script|'''к'''у'''кк'''а]]||[ku'kːɑ]||'mother's brother'
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''k'''ost]]}} || {{IPA|[kost]}} || 'bone' || See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=61}}</ref> || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''g'''ås]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɔ̽ːs]}} || 'goose' || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɡ̊}} or {{angbr IPA|ɡ}}. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|kʰ}} or {{angbr IPA|k}}. See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Dutch language|Dutch]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''k'''oning]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkoːnɪŋ]}} || 'king' || See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[English language|English]] || [[English orthography|'''''k'''iss'']] || {{Audio-IPA|en-us-kiss.ogg|[kʰɪs]|help=no}} || 'kiss' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Esperanto]] || {{lang|eo|[[Esperanto orthography|ra'''k'''onto]]}} || {{IPA|[raˈkonto]}}|| 'tale' || See [[Esperanto phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Estonian Language|Estonian]]|| [[Estonian alphabet|'''''k'''õi'''k''''']] || {{IPA|[kɤik]}} || 'all' || See [[Estonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Filipino language|Filipino]] || {{lang|fil|[[Filipino alphabet|'''k'''uto]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkuto]}} || 'lice' || 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|'''k'''a'''kk'''u]]}} || {{IPA|[kɑkːu]}} || 'cake' || See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''c'''abinet]]}} || {{IPA|[kabinɛ]}} || 'office' || See [[French phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Georgian language|Georgian]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|'''ქ'''ვა]]}}/kva ||{{IPA|[kʰva]}}|| 'stone'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|'''K'''äfig]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɛːfɪç]}}|| 'cage'|| See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Greek language|Greek]] || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''κ'''αλόγερος]] / [[Romanization of Greek|'''k'''alógeros]]}} || {{IPA|[kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠]}}|| 'monk'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || {{lang|gu|[[Gujarati alphabet|'''કાં'''દો]]}}/kaṃde ||{{IPA|[kɑːnd̪oː]}}|| 'onion'|| See [[Gujarati phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] || {{lang|he|[[Hebrew alphabet|כסף]] / [[Romanization of Hebrew|'''k'''esef]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkesef]}}|| 'money'|| See [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] || {{lang|hil|'''k'''adlaw}} || {{IPA|[kad̪law]}} || 'laugh' || 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanāgarī|काम]]}} / {{lang|ur|[[nasta'liq|کام]]|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[kɑːm]}} || 'work' || Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Hokkien]]
|{{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|歌]]}}/{{lang|nan-Latn|[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|'''k'''oa]]}}
|{{IPA|[kua˧˨]}}
|'song'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Hokkien phonology]]
|-
|[[Traditional Chinese characters|區]]/[[Simplified Chinese characters|区]]/''[[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|'''kh'''u]]''
|[kʰu˧˨]
|'district'
|-
| [[Hmong language|Hmong]] 
| White Hmong || {{script|Hmng|[[Pahawh Hmong|𖬀𖬶]]}} / {{lang|hmv-Latn|[[Romanized Popular Alphabet|'''k'''eeb]]}} || {{IPA|[kẽ˦]}}|| 'origin', 'beginning', or 'male name'
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|a'''kk'''or]]}} || {{IPA|[ɒkkor]}}|| 'then'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ibaloi language|Ibaloi]]
|{{lang|ibl|'''K'''oma}}
|
|'rubber'
|
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|'''c'''asa]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkäːzä]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja|[[kanji|鞄]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|'''k'''aban]]}} || {{IPA|[kabaɴ]}}|| 'handbag'|| See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Kagayanen language|Kagayanen]]{{sfnp|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}} || {{lang|cgc|'''k'''alag}} || {{IPA|[kað̞aɡ]}}|| 'spirit'||
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|កម្ពុជា]]}} / {{Transliteration|km|'''k'''âmpŭchéa}} || {{IPA|[kampuciːə]}} || 'Cambodia' || See [[Khmer phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[hangul|감자]] / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''k'''amja]]}} || {{IPA|[kamdʑa]}}|| '[[potato]]'|| See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Lakota language|Lakota]] || '''''k'''imímela'' || {{IPA|[kɪˈmɪmela]}}|| 'butterfly'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]<ref name="gitr">{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}</ref> || {{lang|lb|'''g'''eess}} || {{IPA|[ˈkeːs]}} || 'goat' || Less often voiced {{IPAblink|ɡ}}. It is usually transcribed in IPA as {{angbr|ɡ}}, and it contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed {{angbr|k}}.<ref name="gitr"/> See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || [[Macedonian alphabet|'''к'''ој]] || {{IPA|[kɔj]}}|| 'who'|| See [[Macedonian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanāgarī|'''क'''वच]]}}||{{IPA|[kəʋət͡s]}}|| 'armour'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Marathi phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Malay language|Malay]] || {{lang|ms|[[Malay alphabet|'''k'''a'''k'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[käki]}} || 'leg' ||[[No audible release|Unreleased]] in syllable codas in some words, See [[Malay phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] || [[Malayalam script|കഥ]]/kada ||{{IPA|[käd̪ʰä]}} || 'story' || See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]
|{{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|高]]}}/{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''g'''āo]]}}
|{{Audio-IPA|Zh-gāo.ogg|[kɑʊ˥]|help=no}}
|'high'
| rowspan="2" |See [[Mandarin phonology]]
|-
|{{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|考]]}}/''{{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Pinyin|'''k'''ǎo]]}}''
|[kʰɑʊ˨˩˦]
|'roast' (v.)
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari|'''के'''रा]]}}||{{IPA|[keɾä]}}|| 'banana'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Nepali phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|'''k'''a'''k'''e]]}} || {{IPA|[kɑːkə]}}|| 'cake'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Odia language|Odia]] || {{lang|or|[[Odia script|'''କା'''ମ]]}}/kāma ||{{IPA|[kämɔ]}}||'work'|| Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || {{lang|ps|[[Perso-Arabic alphabet|كال]]|rtl=yes}}/kal ||{{IPA|[kɑl]}}||'year'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" |[[Persian language|Persian]]
|[[Persian orthography|کارد]]/kārd
|[kɑrd]
|'knife'
|
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Polish language|Polish]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|bu'''k''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-buk.ogg|[ˈbuk]}}|| 'beech tree'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''c'''orpo]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkoɾpu]}}|| 'body'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || {{lang|pa|[[Gurmukhi|ਕਰ]]}}/[[Perso-Arabic|کر]]/kar||{{IPA|[kəɾ]}}|| 'do'|| Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Romanian language|Romanian]]<ref>[[Dicționarul explicativ al limbii române|DEX]] Online: [http://dexonline.ro/search.php?cuv=c]</ref>||{{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''c'''ând]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɨnd]}}|| 'when'|| See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Padgett|2003|p=42}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''к'''орот'''к'''ий]]}}/korotkij ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-короткий.ogg|[kɐˈrotkʲɪj]}}|| 'short'|| See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''к'''ост]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''k'''ost]]}} || {{IPA|[kȏːs̪t̪]}} || 'bone' || See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''k'''osť]]}} || {{IPA|[kɔ̝sc]}}|| 'bone'|| See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Slovene language|Slovene]]
|{{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|'''k'''ost]]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[ˈkôːs̪t̪]}}
|'bone'
|Aspirated before [[close vowel]]s. See [[Slovene phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''c'''asa]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkäsä]}}|| 'house'|| See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''k'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰuː]}}|| 'cow'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] || {{lang|syl|[[Sylheti Nagari script|'''ꠇꠤ'''ꠔꠣ]]}}/kita ||{{IPA|[kɪt̪à]}}||'what'|| 
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil script|'''க'''ல்]] ||{{IPA|[kəl]}} || 'rock' || See [[Tamil phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || కాకి/kāki ||{{IPA|[kāki]}} || 'crow' ||Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]]
|ไก่|{{lang|th|[[Thai script|ไ'''ก่''']]}}/kị̀
|{{IPA|[kaj˨˩]}}
|'chicken'
||Contrasts with an aspirated form.
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|'''k'''ula'''k''']]}} || {{IPA|[kʰuɫäk]}}|| 'ear'|| See [[Turkish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]] || кауар/kawar
|{{IPA|[kawar]}}
| 'slat'|| Found mostly in loanwords. See [[Ubykh phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|'''к'''олесо]]}}/koleso ||{{IPA|[ˈkɔɫɛsɔ]}}|| 'wheel'|| See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''c'''am]]}} || {{IPA|[kam]}}|| 'orange'|| See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|'''c'''alon
|[kʰalɔn]
|'heart'
|See [[Welsh phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''k'''eal}} || {{IPA|[kɪəl]}}|| '[[calf (animal)|calf]]' || See [[West Frisian phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2" | [[Yi language|Yi]]|| {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꇰ]]}} / {{lang|ii-Latn|'''g'''e}} || {{IPA|[kɤ˧]}}|| 'foolish'|| Contrasts [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and unaspirated forms.
|-
| [[Zapotec language|Zapotec]]|| [[Tilquiapan Zapotec|Tilquiapan]]{{sfnp|Merrill|2008|p=108}} || '''''c'''anza''|| {{IPA|[kanza]}}|| 'walking'||
|}

==See also==
*[[Hard and soft C]]
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|k}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Velar consonants]]
[[Category:Voiceless stops]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Central consonants]]