Mount Fuji

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox mountain Template:Infobox Chinese

Template:Nihongo is an active stratovolcano located on the Japanese island of Honshu, with a summit elevation of Template:Cvt. It is the highest mountain in Japan, the second-highest volcano on any Asian island (after Mount Kerinci on the Indonesian island of Sumatra), and the seventh-highest peak of an island on Earth.<ref name=Fujiinfo /> Mount Fuji last erupted from 1707 to 1708.<ref name="GSJ_active" /><ref name="Britannica" />

It is located about Template:Cvt southwest of Tokyo, from where it is visible on clear days. It has an exceptionally symmetrical cone, which is covered in snow for about five months of the year. It is a Japanese cultural icon and is frequently depicted in art and photography, as well as visited by sightseers, hikers, and mountain climbers.<ref name="readersnatural">Template:Cite book</ref>

Mount Fuji is one of Japan's Template:Nihongo along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku. It is a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan's Historic Sites.<ref name="channelnewsasia.com">Template:Cite news</ref> It was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.<ref name="channelnewsasia.com" /> According to UNESCO, Mount Fuji has "inspired artists and poets and been the object of pilgrimage for centuries". UNESCO recognizes 25 sites of cultural interest within the Mount Fuji locality. These 25 locations include Mount Fuji and the Shinto shrine, Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Etymology

Template:Further The current kanji for Mount Fuji, Template:Lang and Template:Lang, mean "wealth" or "abundant" and "man of status" respectively. The origins of this spelling and the name Fuji continue to be debated. In Japanese, kanji characters are often applied by sound, and the meaning of the kanji may have nothing to do with the name of the mountain. It was named Fuji before the kanji was applied to it.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

富士山記 (Fuji-san Ki) written by Miyako no Yoshika (都良香) in Heian period states, ”The name of the mountain, Fuji, is taken from the name of the county."

A text of the 9th century, Tale of the Bamboo Cutter, says that the name came from Template:Nihongo and also from the image of Template:Nihongo Template:Nihongo Template:Efn ascending the mountain slopes.<ref>Template:Cite book Template:Wikibooks inline</ref> An early folk etymology claims that Fuji came from Template:Lang (not + two), meaning without equal or nonpareil. Another claims that it came from Template:Lang (not + to exhaust), meaning never-ending.

Hirata Atsutane, a Japanese classical scholar in the Edo period, speculated that the name is from a word meaning "a mountain standing up shapely as an Template:Nihongo of a rice plant". British missionary John Batchelor (1855–1944) argued that the name is from the Ainu word for "fire" (fuchi) of the fire deity Kamui Fuchi, which was denied by a Japanese linguist Kyōsuke Kindaichi on the grounds of phonetic development (sound change). Fuji and Fuchi are known to be false friends, and Batchelor's argument is rejected by modern academics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Huchi means "old woman" and ape is the word for "fire", thus ape huchi kamuy is the fire deity. Research on the distribution of place names that fuji suggests that fuji originates in the Yamato language rather than Ainu. Japanese toponymist Kanji Kagami claimed that the name has the same root as Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo, and came from its "long well-shaped slope".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Vovin proposed an alternative hypothesis based on Old Japanese reading Template:IPA: the word may have been borrowed from Eastern Old Japanese Template:IPA 火主, meaning "fire master".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Variations

In English, the mountain is known as Mount Fuji. Some sources refer to it as "Fuji-san", "Fujiyama" or, redundantly, "Mt. Fujiyama". Japanese speakers refer to the mountain as "Fuji-san". This "san" is not the honorific suffix used with people's names, but the Sino-Japanese reading of the character Template:Nihongo used in Sino-Japanese compounds. In Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki romanization, the name is transliterated as Huzi.

Other Japanese names that have become obsolete or poetic include Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo, Template:Nihongo, and Template:Nihongo, created by combining the first character of Template:Lang, Fuji, and Template:Lang, mountain.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

History

Mount Fuji is widely regarded to have an attractive volcanic cone. It has been a frequent subject of Japanese art, especially after 1600, when Edo (now Tokyo) became the capital and people saw the mountain while traveling on the Tōkaidō road. According to historian H. Byron Earhart, "in medieval times it eventually came to be seen by Japanese as the "number one" mountain of the known world of the three countries of India, China, and Japan".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The mountain is mentioned in Japanese literature throughout the ages and is the subject of many poems.<ref>Template:Cite tech report</ref>

The summit has been thought of as sacred since ancient times, and was therefore forbidden to women. In 1872 the Japanese government issued an edict (May 4, 1872, Grand Council of State Edict 98) stating, "Any remaining practices of female exclusion on shrine and temple lands shall be immediately abolished, and mountain climbing for worship, etc., shall be permitted."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Tatsu Takayama was the first woman on record to summit Mount Fuji in the fall of 1832.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Ancient samurai used the base of the mountain as a remote training area, near the present-day town of Gotemba. The shōgun Minamoto no Yoritomo held yabusame archery contests in the area in the early Kamakura period.

The first ascent by a foreigner was by Sir Rutherford Alcock in September 1860, who ascended the mountain in 8 hours and descended in 3 hours.<ref name = alcock>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Alcock's brief narrative in The Capital of the Tycoon was the first widely disseminated description of the mountain in the West.<ref name = alcock />Template:Rp Lady Fanny Parkes, the wife of British ambassador Sir Harry Parkes, was the first non-Japanese woman to summit, in 1867.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Photographer Felix Beato climbed Mount Fuji two years later.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On March 5, 1966, BOAC Flight 911, a Boeing 707, broke up in flight and crashed near the Mount Fuji Gotemba New fifth station, shortly after departure. All 113 passengers and 11 crew members died, which was attributed to clear-air turbulence caused by lee waves downwind of the mountain. A memorial for the crash victims sits near Gotemba New Fifth Station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Today, Mount Fuji is an international destination for tourism and mountain climbing.<ref name="climbing">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the early 20th century, populist educator Frederick Starr's Chautauqua lectures about his ascents of Mount Fuji were widely known in America.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A Japanese saying suggests that a wise person will climb Mt. Fuji once in their lifetime, but only a fool would climb it twice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It remains a popular symbol in Japanese culture, including making numerous movie appearances,<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> inspiring the Infiniti logo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and appearing in medicine with the Mount Fuji sign.<ref name="pmid10987907">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="pmid15115834">Template:Cite journal</ref>

In September 2004, the staffed weather station at the summit was closed after 72 years in operation. Observers monitored radar sweeps that detected typhoons and heavy rains. The station, which was the highest in Japan at Template:Cvt, was replaced by an automated system.<ref name=upi_2004/>

Mount Fuji was added to the World Heritage List as a Cultural Site on June 22, 2013.<ref name="channelnewsasia.com" />

Geography

File:Fujisan-video-views-airplane-bullet-train2014.ogv

Mount Fuji is a distinctive feature of the geography of Japan. It stands Template:Cvt tall and is located near the Pacific coast of central Honshu, just southwest of Tokyo. It straddles the boundary of Shizuoka and Yamanashi prefectures. Four small cities surround it - Gotemba to the east, Fujiyoshida to the north, Fujinomiya to the southwest, and Fuji to the south - accompanied by towns and villages. It is surrounded by five lakes: Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Sai, Lake Motosu and Lake Shōji.<ref name="gvp">Template:Cite gvp</ref> They, and nearby Lake Ashi in Kanagawa Prefecture, provide views. The mountain is part of Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. It can be seen more distantly from Yokohama, Tokyo, and sometimes as far as Chiba, Saitama, Tochigi, Ibaraki and Lake Hamana under skies. It was photographed from space during a space shuttle mission.<ref name="sts-107">Template:Cite web</ref>

Climate

The summit has a tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ET). The temperature is low at high altitude, and the cone is covered by snow for several months of the year. The lowest recorded temperature is Template:Cvt recorded in February 1981, and the highest temperature was Template:Cvt recorded in August 1942.

Fuji's seasonal snowcap appears at an average date of 2 October. In 2024, the snowcap formed on 6 November, the latest-occurring since records began in 1894.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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Geology

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Mount Fuji is located at a triple junction trench where the Eurasian Plate, North American Plate, and Philippine Sea Plate meet.<ref name=MooresTwiss1995>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=NatGeogFuji>Template:Cite web</ref> These three plates form the western part of Japan, the eastern part of Japan, and the Izu Peninsula respectively.<ref name=Piotr/> The Pacific Plate is subducting beneath these plates, resulting in volcanic activity. Mount Fuji is located near three island arcs: the Southwestern Japan Arc, the Northeastern Japan Arc, and the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc.<ref name=Piotr>Template:Cite book</ref> The Fuji triple junction is only Template:Convert from the Boso triple junction.

Fuji's main crater is Template:Cvt in diameter and Template:Cvt deep. The bottom of the crater is Template:Cvt in diameter. Slope angles from the crater to a distance of Template:Cvt are 31°–35°, the angle of repose for dry gravel. Beyond this distance, slope angles are about 27°, which is caused by an increase in scoria. Mid-flank slope angles decrease from 23° to less than 10° in the piedmont.<ref name=Piotr/>

Scientists have identified four distinct phases of volcanic activity in the formation of Mount Fuji. The first phase, called Sen-komitake, is composed of an andesite core deep within the mountain, discovered in 2004. Sen-komitake was followed by the "Komitake Fuji", a basalt layer believed to have formed several hundred thousand years ago. Approximately 100,000 years ago, "Old Fuji" was formed over the top of Komitake Fuji. The modern, "New Fuji" is believed to have formed over the top of Old Fuji around 10,000 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Pre-Komitake started erupting in the Middle Pleistocene in an area Template:Cvt north of Mount Fuji. After a relatively short pause, eruptions began again, which formed Komitake Volcano. These eruptions ended 100,000 years ago. Ashitaka Volcano was active from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago and is located Template:Cvt southeast of Mount Fuji. Mount Fuji started erupting 100,000 years ago, with Ko-Fuji (old-Fuji) forming 100,000 to 17,000 years ago, but it is now almost completely buried. A large landslide on the southwest flank occurred about 18,000 years ago. Shin-Fuji (new-Fuji) eruptions in the form of lava, lapilli, and volcanic ash have occurred between 17,000 and 8,000 years ago, between 7,000 and 3,500 years ago, and between 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. Flank eruptions, mostly in the form of parasitic cinder cones, ceased in 1707. The largest cone, Omuro-Yama, is one of more than 100 cones aligned NW-SE and NE-SW through the summit. Mt. Fuji also has more than 70 lava tunnels and extensive lava tree molds. Two large landslides are at the head of the Yoshida-Osawa and Osawa-Kuzure valleys.<ref name=Piotr/>

Template:As of, the volcano was classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month), and ended about January 1, 1708 (Hōei 4, 9th day of the 12th month).<ref name="1707 eruption"/> The eruption formed a new crater and a second peak, named Mount Hōei, halfway down its southeastern side. Fuji spewed cinders and ash that resembled rainfall in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.<ref>Template:Cite book </ref> Since then, no signs of an eruption are recorded. On the evening of March 15, 2011, however, a magnitude 6.2 earthquake at shallow depth occurred a few kilometres from Mount Fuji on its southern side.

Recorded eruptions

About 11,000 years ago, a large amount of lava erupted from the west side of the top. This lava formed new Fuji, which is the main body of Mount Fuji. Since then, the tops of ancient Fuji and new Fuji have been side by side. About 2,500–2,800 years ago, the top part of ancient Fuji was destroyed in a large sector collapse and only the top of Shin-Fuji remained. Ten known eruptions can be traced to reliable records.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Date(s)	Notes	Template:Refh
July 31, 781	The eruption was recorded in the Shoku Nihongi, and it was noted that "ash fell", but there are no other details.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
April 11 – May 15, 800 February 13, 802	The Nihon Kiryaku states that during the first phase, the skies were dark even during the daytime. The second phase is known from the Nippon Kiseki, which notes that gravel fell like hail.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
June–September 864 December 865 – January 866	Both phases were recorded in the Template:Lang. This eruption created three of the Fuji Five Lakes: Motosu, Shōji, and Saiko, from a single lake that became separated by lava flow.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
November 937	This was recorded in the Nihon Kiryaku.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
March 999	It is noted in the Honchō Seiki that news of an eruption was brought to Kyoto, but no other details are known.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
January 1033	According to the Nihon Kiryaku, news of this eruption was brought to Kyoto two months later.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
April 17, 1083	The only contemporary recording of this was written by a Buddhist monk and can be found in the Fusō Ryakuki. Later writings indicate that the sound of the eruption may have been heard in Kyoto.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
between January 30, 1435, and January 18, 1436	A record of this appears in the Ōdaiki, a chronicle kept by the monks at Kubo Hachiman Shrine in Yamanashi City, and it states that a flame was visible on Mount Fuji. As there is no mention of smoke, this appears to have been a Hawaiian eruption (lava only).	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
August 1511	The Katsuyamaki (or Myōhōjiki), written by monks at Myōhō-ji in Fujikawaguchiko, indicates that there was a fire on Mount Fuji at this time, but as there is no vegetation at the described location, this was almost certainly a lava flow.	<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
December 16, 1707	The Hōei eruption	<ref name="1707 eruption">Template:Cite web</ref>

Current eruptive danger

Template:Update section Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, media speculated that the shock might induce volcanic unrest at Mount Fuji. In September 2012, mathematical models created by the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NRIESDP) suggested that the pressure in Mount Fuji's magma chamber could be 1.6 megapascals higher than before its 1707 eruption. This was interpreted by some media outlets to mean that an eruption of Mount Fuji could be imminent.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Absent any method of directly measuring the pressure of a volcano's magma chamber however, indirect calculations of the type used by NRIESDP remained speculative and unverifiable. Other indicators suggestive of heightened eruptive danger, such as active fumaroles and recently discovered faults, are typical occurrences at this type of volcano.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Eruption fears continued into the 2020s. In 2021, a new hazard map was created to help residents plan for evacuation, stoking fears because of its increased estimate of lava flow and additional vents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Soon afterwards, a 4.8 magnitude earthquake hit the area.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Japan Meteorological Agency however, assured the public that the earthquake did not increase the eruption risk. In 2023, a new evacuation plan was developed to account for the 2021 hazard map update.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Aokigahara forest

Aokigahara forest sits at Fuji's northwest base. Folk tales and legends tell of ghosts, demons, yūrei and yōkai haunting the forest, and in the 19th century, Aokigahara was one of many places where poor families abandoned their young and elderly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Approximately 30 suicides are counted yearly, with a high of nearly 80 2002.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The recent increase prompted local officials to erect signs that attempt to convince suicidal individuals to reconsider, which have disrupted some attempts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Earlier suicides have created an allure that has persisted across decades.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Many hikers mark their routes by leaving colored plastic tape behind as they pass, raising concern about effects on the forest's ecosystem.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Access

Transport

The closest airport with scheduled international service is Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport. It opened in June 2009. It is about Template:Cvt from Mount Fuji.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) and Narita International Airport are approximately three hours and 15 minutes from Mount Fuji.

Climbing routes

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Approximately 300,000 people climbed Mount Fuji in 2009.<ref name="NPJ">Template:Cite web</ref> The most popular period for people to hike up Mount Fuji is from July to August, while huts and other facilities are operating and the weather is warmest.<ref name="NPJ" /> Buses to the trail heads typically used by climbers start running on July 1.<ref name=ClimbingSeason>Template:Cite web</ref> Climbing from October to May is discouraged, after several high-profile deaths amid cold weather.<ref name="offseason">Template:Cite AV media</ref> Most Japanese climb the mountain at night to be in a position at or near the summit when the sun rises. The morning light is called Template:Lang goraikō, "arrival of light".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The four major routes to the summit each have numbered stations along the way. They are (clockwise, starting north): Yoshida, Subashiri, Gotemba, and Fujinomiya routes.<ref name=MountainTrails>Template:Cite web</ref> Climbers usually start at the fifth stations, as these are reachable by car or by bus. The summit is the tenth station on each trail. The stations on different routes are at different elevations; the highest fifth station is located at Fujinomiya, followed by Yoshida, Subashiri, and Gotemba. Four routes start from the base of the mountain: Shojiko, Yoshida, Suyama, and Murayama routes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Even though it has only the second-highest elevation, the Yoshida route is the most popular. It offers a large parking area and many large mountain huts where climbers can rest or stay. During the summer season, most Mount Fuji climbing tour buses arrive there. The next most popular is the Fujinomiya route, which has the highest fifth station, followed by Subashiri and Gotemba. The ascent from the fifth station can take anywhere between five and seven hours, while the descent can take from three to four hours.<ref name=MountainTrails /> Even though most climbers do not ascend the Subashiri and Gotemba routes, many descend these because of their ash-covered paths. From the seventh station to near the fifth station, running down these ash-covered paths takes approximately 30 minutes.

Tractor routes accompany the climbing routes. These routes are used to bring food and other materials to huts on the mountain. Because the tractors usually take up most of the width of these paths and tend to push large rocks from the side of the path, tractor paths are off-limits to climbers on sections that are not merged with the climbing or descending paths. Nevertheless, people often ride mountain bikes down tractor routes from the summit. This is particularly risky, as it may send rocks into others.

The four routes from the base of the mountain offer historical sites. Murayama is the oldest route, while the Yoshida route has many old shrines, teahouses, and huts along its path. These routes are gaining popularity and are undergoing restoration, although still relatively uncommon. Bears have been sighted along the Yoshida route.

Huts at and above the fifth stations are usually staffed during climbing season, but those below the fifth stations are not usually staffed. Yoshida has the most huts, while Gotemba has the fewest. The huts along the Gotemba route also tend to open later and close earlier than those along the Yoshida route. Because Mount Fuji is designated as a national park, it is illegal to camp above the fifth station.

Eight peaks surround the summit. The highest point in Japan, Ken-ga-mine, is where the Mount Fuji Radar System used to be (replaced by an automated system on October 1, 2008).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Climbers can visit each of these peaks.

Paragliding

Paragliders take off in the vicinity of the fifth station, Gotemba parking lot, between Subashiri and Hōei-zan peak on Fuji's south side, and at other locations, depending on wind direction. Several paragliding schools use the wide sandy/grassy slope between Gotemba and Subashiri parking lots as a training hill.

Overtourism concerns

On 1 February 2024, the Yamanashi prefectural government imposed a mandatory fee of 2,000 yen ($13) for hikers using the Yoshida trail beginning in the summer season as part of efforts to ease congestion and provide funding for safety protocols.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It later announced that it would impose a daily limit of 4,000 hikers on the trail and close it between 4 p.m. and 3 a.m. except for guests in mountain lodges.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Shizuoka prefectural government subsequently announced that it would close the Subashiri, Gotemba and Fujinomiya trails at the same time with the same exceptions, citing concerns over congestion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In culture

Shinto mythology

In Shinto mythology, Kuninotokotachi (国之常立神^?, Kuninotokotachi-no-Kami, in Kojiki) (国常立尊^?, Kuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto, in Nihon Shoki) is one of the two gods born from "something like a reed that arose from the soil" when the earth was chaotic. According to the Nihon Shoki, Konohanasakuya-hime, wife of Ninigi, is the goddess of Mount Fuji, where Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha is dedicated to her.

In ancient times, the mountain was worshipped from afar. The Asama shrine was set up at the foothills to ward off eruptions. In the Heian period (794–1185), volcanic activity subsided and Fuji was used as a base for Shugendō, a syncretic religion combining mountain worship and Buddhism. Worshippers began to climb the slopes, and by the early 12th century, Matsudai Shonin had founded a temple on the summit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fuji-kō was an Edo period cult centred around the mountain that was founded by an ascetic named Hasegawa Kakugyō (1541–1646).<ref name="melton">Template:Cite book</ref> The cult venerated the mountain as a female deity, and encouraged its members to climb it. In doing so, they would be reborn, "purified and... able to find happiness." The cult waned in the Meiji period, and although it persists to this day, it has been subsumed into Shintō sects.<ref name="melton"/>

Popular culture

As a national symbol of the country, the mountain has been depicted in media such as paintings, woodblock prints (such as Hokusai's Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji and One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji from the 1830s), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime, pottery<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and even Kawaii subculture.

Before its explosive eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was once known as "The Fuji of America", for its striking resemblance to Mount Fuji. Mount Taranaki in New Zealand is also said to bear a resemblance to Mount Fuji, and for this reason has been used as a stand-in for the mountain in films and television.

Notes

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References

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External links

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Fujisan (Mount Fuji) – Smithsonian Institution: Global Volcanism Program
Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
Mount Fuji Tours

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Mount Fuji

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