Banten
Template:Short description Template:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox settlement
Banten (Template:Langx, Pegon: بنتن) is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Sea on the north, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Sunda Strait (which separates Java from the neighbouring island of Sumatra) on the west and shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. The province covers an area of Template:Cvt. It had a population of over 11.9 million in the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> up from about 10.6 million in 2010.<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> The estimated mid-2024 population was 12,431,390, still increasing by about 106,000 people per year.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.36)</ref> Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten was split off to become a separate province on 17 October 2000.
The northern half (particularly the eastern areas near Jakarta and the Java Sea coast) has recently experienced rapid rises in population and urbanization, and the southern half (especially the region facing the Indian Ocean) has a more traditional character but an equally fast-rising population.
Present-day Banten was part of the Sundanese Tarumanagara kingdom from the fourth to the seventh centuries AD. After the fall of Tarumanegara, it was controlled by Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms such as the Srivijaya Empire and the Sunda Kingdom. The spread of Islam in the region began in the 15th century; by the late 16th century, Islam had replaced Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in the province, with the establishment of the Banten Sultanate. European traders began arriving in the regionTemplate:Sndfirst the Portuguese, followed by the British and the Dutch. The Dutch East India Company, VOC (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), finally controlled the regional economy, gradually weakening the Banten Sultanate. On 22 November 1808, Dutch Governor-General Herman Willem Daendels declared that the Sultanate of Banten had been absorbed into the Dutch East Indies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This began the Bantam Residency, 150 years of direct Dutch rule. In March 1942, the Japanese invaded the Indies and occupied the region for three years before their August 1945 surrender. The region was returned to Dutch control for the next five years before the Dutch left and it was ruled by the Indonesian government. Banten became part of the province of West Java, but separatist efforts led to the creation of the separate province of Banten in October 17, 2000.<ref name="Britannica2">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Etymology
The name "Banten" has several possible origins. The first is from the Sundanese phrase katiban inten, which means "struck down by diamonds". The phrase comes from the history of the Bantenese people, who were animists before adopting Buddhism and Hinduism. After Islam began to spread in Banten, the community began to recognize and embrace Islam. The spread of Islam in Banten is described as being "struck down by diamonds".<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref>
Another origin story is that the Indonesian Hindu god Batara Guru traveled from east to west, arriving at Surasowan (present-day Serang). When he arrived, Batara Guru sat on a stone which became known as watu gilang. The stone glowed, and was presented to the king of Surasowan. Surasowan was reportedly surrounded by a clear, star-like river, and was described as a ring covered with diamonds (Sundanese: ban inten). This evolved into "banten".<ref name=":0" />
Another possibility is that "Banten" comes from the Indonesian word bantahan (rebuttal), because the local Bantenese people resisted the Dutch colonial government.<ref name=":0" /> The word "Banten" appeared before the establishment of the Banten Sultanate as the name of a river. The high plains on its banks were called Cibanten Girang, shortened to Banten Girang (Upper Banten). Based on research in Banten Girang, the area has been settled since the 11th and 12th centuries.<ref>Guillot, Claude, Lukman Nurhakim, Sonny Wibisono, "La principauté de Banten Girang", Archipel, 1995, Volume 50, No. 50, pp. 13-24.</ref> During the 16th century, the region developed rapidly towards Serang and the northern coast. The coastal area later became the Sultanate of Banten, founded by Sunan Gunung Jati, which controlled almost all of the former Sunda Kingdom in West Java. Sunda Kelapa (Batavia) was captured by the Dutch, and Cirebon and the Parahiyangan region were captured by the Mataram Sultanate. The Banten Sultanate was later converted into a residency by the Dutch.<ref name=":0" />
History
Early historyTemplate:Anchor
During the fifth century, Banten was part of the kingdom of Tarumanagara. The fourth-century Lebak inscription, discovered in 1947 in a lowland village on the Cidanghiyang River in Template:Interlanguage link, contains two lines of Sanskrit poetry in the Pallawa script<ref>OV (Oudheidkundige Verslag) 1949; 1950:20</ref> which describes life in the kingdom under the reign of Purnawarman.<ref name="Soekmono">Template:Cite book</ref> The kingdom collapsed after an attack by Srivijaya, and western Java became part of the Sunda Kingdom. In the Chinese Chu-fan-chi, written around 1225, Chou Ju-kua wrote that Srivijaya ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java during the early 13th century. Chu-fan-chi identified the port of Sunda as strategic and thriving, with pepper from Sunda among the highest quality. The population were made up of farmers, and their houses were built on wooden poles (rumah panggung). Robbery, however, was common.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
According to Portuguese explorer Tome Pires, Bantam (Banten) was an important early-16th-century port in the Kingdom of Sunda along with the ports of Pontang, Cheguide (Cigede), Tangaram (Tangerang), Calapa (Sunda Kelapa) and Chimanuk (on the Cimanuk river estuary).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1527, as the Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast, newly-converted Javanese Muslims under Sunan Gunungjati captured the port of Banten and the surrounding area from the Sundanese and established the Sultanate of Banten. According to Portuguese historian João de Barros, Banten was the center of the sultanate and a major Southeast Asian port (rivaling Malacca and Makassar). The town of Banten was in the middle of the bay, about Template:Cvt across. It was 850 fathoms in length. A river, navigable by junks, flowed through the center of the town; a small tributary extended to the town's edge. The present-day river is smaller, and only navigable by small boats. A fortress near the town had brick walls seven palms thick. Armed, wooden defence buildings were two stories high. The town square was used for military activities and folk art, with a market in the morning. The palace was on the south side of the square. Next to the palace is a tall, flat-roofed building known as Srimanganti, which was used by the king to meet his subjects. West of the square is the Great Mosque of Banten.Template:Citation needed
Colonial era
When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia, the Portuguese had long been in Banten. The English established a factory in Banten, followed by the Dutch. The French and the Danish also came to trade in Banten. In the competition among European traders, the Dutch emerged victorious. The Portuguese left Banten in 1601 after their fleet was destroyed by the Dutch off the coast during the Dutch–Portuguese War.Template:Citation needed
In 16th century, Chinese junk ships regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men usually converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Although the Dutch won the war, they preserved the Banten Sultanate. The maritime sultanate relied on trade, and the pepper monopoly in Lampung made the Banten authorities intermediaries. The sultanate grew rapidly, becoming a commercial center.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As sea trade increased throughout the archipelago, Banten became a multi-ethnic region. Assisted by the British, Danish and Chinese, Banten traded with Persia, India, Siam, Vietnam, the Philippines, China and Japan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The reign of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa was the sultanate's height.<ref>Nana Supriatna, Sejarah, PT Grafindo Media Pratama, Template:ISBN.</ref> Under his reign, Banten had one of the strongest navies in the region, built to European standards with help from European shipbuilders and attracted Europeans to the sultanate.<ref name="Ambary">Template:Cite book</ref> To secure its shipping lanes, Banten sent its fleet to Sukadana (the present-day Ketapang Regency in West Kalimantan) and conquered it in 1661.<ref name="Ota">Template:Cite journal</ref> Banten also tried to escape the pressure of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), which had blockaded incoming merchant ships.<ref name="Ambary" />
A power struggle developed around 1680 between Ageng Tirtayasa and his son, Abu Nashar Abdul Qahar (also known as Sultan Haji). The disagreement was exploited by the VOC, who supported Haji and causing a civil war. Strengthening his position, Haji sent two envoys to meet King Charles II of England in London in 1682 to obtain support and weapons.<ref name="Titik">Template:Cite book</ref> In the ensuing war, Ageng withdrew from his palace to Tirtayasa (present-day Tangerang); on 28 December 1682, the region was seized by Haji with Dutch assistance. Ageng and his other sons, Pangeran Purbaya and Syekh Yusuf from Makassar, retreated to the southern Sunda interior. On 14 March 1683, Sultan Ageng was captured and imprisoned in Batavia.Template:Citation needed
The VOC continued to pursue and suppress Sultan Ageng's followers, led by Prince Purbaya and Sheikh Yusuf. On 5 May 1683, the VOC sent Lieutenant Untung Surapati and his Balinese troops, joining forces led by VOC Lieutenant Johannes Maurits van Happel to subdue the Template:Interlanguage link and Dayeuhluhur regions; on 14 December 1683, they captured Sheikh Yusuf.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Heavily outnumbered, Prince Purbaya surrendered. Surapati was ordered by Captain Johan Ruisj to pick up Purbaya and bring him to Batavia. They met with VOC forces led by Willem Kuffeler, but a dispute between them destroyed Kuffeler's forces; Surapati and his followers became fugitives from the VOC.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Lampung was given to the VOC on 12 March 1682 by Sultan Haji as compensation for the company's support, and a 22 August 1682 letter gave the VOC the province's pepper monopoly.<ref>Amir Hendarsah, Cerita Kerajaan Nusantara, Great! Publisher, Template:ISBN.</ref> The sultanate also had to reimburse the VOC for losses caused by the war.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After Sultan Haji's death in 1687, the VOC's influence in the sultanate began to increase; the appointment of a new sultan required the approval of the governor-general in Batavia. Sultan Abu Fadhl Muhammad Yahya ruled for about three years before he was replaced by his brother, Pangeran Adipati (Sultan Abul Mahasin Muhammad Zainul Abidin). The civil war in Banten left instability for the next government, due to dissatisfaction with the VOC's interference in local affairs.<ref name="Ota" /> Popular resistance peaked again at the end of the reign of Sultan Abul Fathi Muhammad Syifa Zainul Arifin. The sultan sought VOC assistance against the rebellion, and Banten became a vassal state of the company in 1752.<ref name="Ota2">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1808, at the peak of the Napoleonic Wars, Governor-general Herman Willem Daendels ordered the construction of the Great Post Road to defend Java from British attack.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Daendels ordered the sultan of Banten to move his capital to Anyer and provide labor to build a port in Ujung Kulon. The sultan defied Daendels' order, and Daendels ordered an attack on Banten and the destruction of Surosowan Palace. The sultan and his family were held in the palace before their imprisonment in Fort Speelwijk. Sultan Abul Nashar Muhammad Ishaq Zainulmutaqin was then exiled to Batavia. On 22 November 1808, Daendels announced from his Serang headquarters that the sultanate had been absorbed into the Dutch East Indies.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The sultanate was abolished in 1813 by the British after the invasion of Java.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> That year, Sultan Muhammad bin Muhammad Muhyiddin Zainussalihin was disarmed and forced to abdicate by Thomas Stamford Raffles; this ended the sultanate. After the British returned Java to the Dutch in 1814 as part of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Banten became a residentie (residency) of the Dutch East Indies.<ref name="Britannica2" />
Japanese occupation and independence
The Empire of Japan invaded the East Indies, expelling the Dutch, and occupied Banten in March 1942. During their three years of occupation, the Japanese built the Saketi–Bayah railway in southern Lebak to transport brown coal from the Bayah mines. The project involved a workforce of about 1,000 rōmusha (local forced labourers) and a few engineers and technicians (mainly Dutch), supervised by the Japanese.<ref name="Poeze2">Template:Cite book</ref> The rōmusha working in the mines were taken from Central and East Java, the railway rōmusha were primarily from Banten. The construction took 12 million human days over 14 months.<ref name="Sato19942">Template:Cite book</ref> Working conditions were harsh due to food shortages, lack of medical care, and the tropical climate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Casualties are estimated at 20,000 to 60,000, not including mine workers.<ref name="Poeze2" />
After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the Dutch East Indies declared independence as the Republic of Indonesia. This was opposed by the returning Dutch, resulting in the Indonesian war of independence. During the war, Banten remained under Indonesian control. On 26 February 1948, the State of West Java (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) was established; on 24 April 1948, it was renamed Pasundan. Pasundan became a federal state of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was incorporated into the Republic of Indonesia on 11 March 1950.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
After Indonesian independence, Banten became part of the province of West Java. Separatist sentiment led to the creation of the province of Banten in October 17, 2000.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>
Geography
Banten lies between 5°7'50" and 7°1'11" south latitude and 105°1'11" and 106°7'12" east longitude.<ref>According to the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 23 (2000).</ref> The province has a land area of Template:Cvt.<ref>Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2014.</ref>
It is near the Sunda Strait's sea lanes, which link Australia and New Zealand with Southeast Asia. Banten also links Java and Sumatra. The region has a number of industries; its seaports handle overflow cargo from the seaport in Jakarta,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and are intended to be an alternative to the Port of Singapore.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Its location on the western tip of Java makes Banten the gateway to Java, Sumatra and the adjacent areas of Jakarta, Indonesia's capital. Bordering the Java Sea on the north, the Sunda Strait on the west and the Indian Ocean on the south, the province has abundant marine resources.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The land area includes some 81 offshore islands (large enough to have names) of which 50 are in Pandeglang Regency, 4 in Lebak Regency, 9 in Serang Regency, 5 in Cilegon City and 11 in Tangerang Regency.
Topography
The province ranges in altitude from sea level to Template:Cvt. Banten is primarily lowland (below 50 metres above sea level) in Cilegon, Tangerang, Pandeglang Regency, and most of Serang Regency. The central Lebak and Pandeglang Regencies range from Template:Cvt, and the eastern Lebak Regency ranges in altitude from Template:Cvt at the summit of Mount Halimun.
Banten's geomorphology generally consists of lowlands and sloping and steep hills.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The lowlands are generally in the north and south.
The sloping hills have a minimum height of Template:Cvt above sea level. Mount Gede, north of Cilegon, has an altitude of Template:Cvt above sea level; there are also hills in the southern Serang Regency, in the Mancak and Waringin Kurung Districts. The southern Pandeglang Regency is also hilly. In eastern Lebak Regency, bordering Bogor Regency and Sukabumi Regency in West Java, most of the region consists of steep hills of old sedimentary rock interspersed with igneous rocks such as granite, granodiorite, diorite and andesite. It also contains valuable tin and copper deposits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
Banten's climate is influenced by the South and East Asian Monsoons and the alternating La Niña or El Niño. During the rainy season, the weather is dominated by a west wind (from Sumatra and the Indian Ocean south of the Indian subcontinent) joined by winds from Northern Asia crossing the South China Sea. The dry season is dominated by an east wind which gives Banten severe droughts, especially on the northern coast during El Niño. Temperatures on the coast and in the hills range from Template:Cvt, and temperatures in the mountains from Template:Cvt above sea level range from Template:Cvt.
The heaviest rainfall ranges from Template:Cvt during the rainy season from September to May, covering half of the western Pandeglang Regency. Rainfall from Template:Cvt covers half of Tangerang Regency, the northern Serang Regency, and the cities of Cilegon and Tangerang. In the dry season (from April to December), the peak rainfall of Template:Cvt covers half of the northern Serang and Tangerang Regencies and the cities of Cilegon and Tangerang. The lowest dry-season rainfall, Template:Cvt from June to September, covers half of the southern Tangerang Regency and 15 percent of southeastern Serang Regency.
Government and administrative divisions
Banten consists of four regencies (kabupaten) and four autonomous cities (kota), listed below with their populations in the 2010<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011"/> and 2020 censuses<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> and the official estimates for mid-2024 as well as those projected for mid 2025.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2025">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2025 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.36)</ref> The cities and regencies are subdivided into 155 districts (kecamatan) as at 2024, in turn sub-divided into 314 urban villages (kelurahan) and 1,238 rural villages (desa).
Over half (54.48% in mid 2023) of the population lives in the northeast corner of the province on just 14.6% of its land area. This corner, which comprises Tangerang Regency, Tangerang City and South Tangerang City, is part of the Jakarta metropolitan area (Jabodetabek).
| Kode Wilayah |
Name of City or regency |
Capital | Area (km2) |
Pop'n 2010 census |
Pop'n 2020 census |
Pop'n estimate mid-2024 |
Pop'n projected mid 2025 |
HDI<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> 2014 estimate |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 36.72 | Cilegon | 162.51 | 374,559 | 434,896 | 455,620 | 460,400 | 0.715 (Template:Fontcolor) | |
| 36.73 | Serang | 265.79 | 577,785 | 692,101 | 734,870 | 745,560 | 0.702 (Template:Fontcolor) | |
| 36.02 | Lebak Regency | Rangkasbitung | 3,312.18 | 1,204,095 | 1,386,793 | 1,449,210 | 1,463,820 | 0.616 (Template:Fontcolor) |
| 36.01 | Pandeglang Regency | Pandeglang | 2,771.41 | 1,149,610 | 1,272,687 | 1,325,950 | 1,338,370 | 0.620 (Template:Fontcolor) |
| 36.04 | Serang Regency | Ciruas | 1,469.91 | 1,402,818 | 1,622,630 | 1,701,800 | 1,720,320 | 0.639 (Template:Fontcolor) |
| Western Banten totals |
7,981.80 | 4,708,867 | 5,409,107 | 5,667,450 | 5,728,470 | |||
| 36.74 | South Tangerang | 164.86 | 1,290,322 | 1,354,350 | 1,399,500 | 1,402,160 | 0.791 (Template:Fontcolor) | |
| 36.71 | Tangerang | 178.35 | 1,798,601 | 1,895,486 | 1,963,970 | 1,971,650 | 0.758 (Template:Fontcolor) | |
| 36.03 | Tangerang Regency | Tigaraksa | 1,027.76 | 2,834,376 | 3,245,619 | 3,400,490 | 3,435,160 | 0.695 (Template:Fontcolor) |
| Eastern Banten totals (Greater Tangerang) |
1,370.97 | 5,923,299 | 6,495,455 | 6,763,960 | 6,808,970 | |||
| Banten totals | 9,352.77 | 10,632,166 | 11,904,562 | 12,431,390 | 12,537,440 | 0.698 (Template:Fontcolor) | ||
The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The Banten I Electoral District consists of the regencies of Pandeglang and Lebak, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Banten II Electoral District consists of the regency of Serang, together with the cities of Ciligon and Serang, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Banten III Electoral District consists of the regency of Tangerang, together with the cities of Tangerang and South Tangerang, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.<ref>Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.</ref>
Regency capitals
Under the Law No. 2 of 1993, Tangerang was incorporated as a city on 27 February 1993 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Cipasera.
Under the Law No. 15 of 1999, Cilegon was incorporated as a city on 20 April 1999 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Serang.
Under the Law No. 32 of 2007, Serang was incorporated as a city on 14 August 2007 from the Serang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Ciruas.
Under the Law No. 51 of 2008, South Tangerang (formerly Cipasera) was incorporated as a city on 26 November 2008 from the Tangerang Regency, of which it had been the administrative capital. It was replaced by Tigaraksa.
Demographics
The 2006 population of Banten was 9,351,470, with 3,370,182 children (36.04 percent), 240,742 elderly people (2.57 percent), and the remaining 5,740,546 people aged between 15 and 64. It was Indonesia's fifth-most-populous province, after West Java, East Java, Central Java and North Sumatra. By mid-2022, the estimated total had risen to 12,251,985.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Provinsi Banten Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.36)</ref>
Ethnic groups
The Bantenese people are the largest group in the province, forming 47% of the total population. They mostly inhabit the central and southern part of the province. The origins of the Bantenese people; which are closely related to the Banten Sultanate, are different from the Cirebonese people whom are not part of the Sundanese people nor the Javanese people (unless it is from the result of a mixture of two major cultures, namely Sundanese and Javanese). The Bantenese people along with the Baduy people (Kanekes) are essentially a subdivision of the Sundanese people which occupies the former region of the Banten Sultanate (region of Bantam Residency after the abolishment and annexation by the Dutch East Indies). Only after the formation of the Banten Province did people began to regard the Bantenese as a group of people with a culture and language of their own.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Most of the north Banten population is Javanese. Most of the Javanese are migrants from central and eastern Java. The Betawi people live in greater Jakarta, including Tangerang. Chinese Indonesians may also be found in urban areas, also primarily in the greater Jakarta area. The Benteng Chinese (a subgroup of Chinese Indonesians) lives in Tangerang and the surrounding area, and are distinct from other Chinese Indonesians.<ref name="Lohanda (1996)">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Knorr (2014)">Template:Cite book</ref>
Languages
The province's dominant language is Sundanese.<ref name="ethnologue.com">Language maps of Indonesia (Java and Bali)</ref><ref name="ECAI – Pacific Language Mapping">Template:Cite web</ref> Its indigenous people speak a dialect derived from archaic Sundanese, classified as informal in modern Sundanese.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Mataram Sultanate tried to control West Java, including Banten; the Sultanate of Banten defended its territory except for Banten. In the mountains and most of present-day Banten, the "loma" version of the Sundanese language is dominant; this version is considered "harsh" by people from Parahyangan. Bantenese is commonly spoken, especially in the southern Pandeglang and Lebak Regencies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Near Serang and Cilegon, the Javanese Banyumasan dialect is spoken by about 500,000 people.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In northern Tangerang, Betawi is spoken by Betawi immigrants. Indonesian is also widely spoken, especially by urban migrants from other parts of Indonesia. The Baduy people speak the Baduy language, also an archaic form of Sundanese.<ref name="KSBADB">Template:Cite web</ref>
Religion
Most residents are Muslims (94.85% of population),<ref name="RELIGION">Template:Cite web</ref> and the Banten Sultanate was one of the largest Islamic kingdoms on the island of Java. The province also has other ethnicities and religions, including the Benteng Chinese community in Tangerang and the Baduy people who practice Sunda Wiwitan in Kanekes, Leuwidamar, Lebak Regency.
Based on archaeological data, early Banten society was influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist Tarumanagara, Sriwijaya and Sunda Kingdoms. According to the Babad Banten, Sunan Gunung Jati and Maulana Hasanuddin spread Islam extensively in the region. Maulana Yusuf reportedly engaged in da'wah in the interior, and conquered Pakuan Pajajaran.
The sultan of Banten's genealogy reportedly traced back to Muhammad, and the ulamas were influential. Tariqa Sufism developed in the region.
Culture
Banten's culture is based on Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. It includes the pencak silat martial arts, the Saman dance, and Template:Interlanguage link. Religious sites include the Great Mosque of Banten and the Keramat Panjang Tomb.Template:Citation needed
The Baduy people live in central and southern Banten. The Inner Baduy tribes are native Sundanese who are opposed to modernization in dress and lifestyle, and the Outer Baduy tribes are more open to modernization. The Baduy-Rawayan tribe lives in the Kendeng Cultural Heritage Mountains, an area of Template:Cvt spanning the Kanekes area, Leuwidamar District, Lebak Regency. Baduy villages are generally located on the Ciujung River in the Kendeng Mountains.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:AnchorWeapons
The golok, similar to a machete, is Banten's traditional weapon. Formerly a self-defence weapon, it is now a martial-arts tool. The Baduy people use goloks for farming and forest hunting. Other traditional weapons include the kujang, kris, spear, sledgehammer, machete, sword and bow and arrow.
Traditional housing
Traditional housing in Banten has thatched roofing, with floors made of split and pounded bamboo. This type of traditional house is still widely found in areas inhabited by the Kanekes and Baduy peoples.
Template:AnchorClothing
Bantenese men traditionally wear closed-neck shirts and trousers belted with batik, perhaps with a golok tucked into the belt. Bantenese women traditionally wear a kebaya, decorated with a hand-crafted brooch at the waist. Hair is tied into a bun, and decorated with a flower.
Template:AnchorIslamic architecture
Three-level mosque architecture is symbolic of tariqa ihsan (beauty) and sharia (law).<ref name=":1" />
Template:AnchorPencak silat
Pencak silat is a group of martial arts, rooted in Indonesian culture, which reportedly existed throughout the archipelago since the seventh century. It began to be recorded when it was influenced by the ulamas during the spread of Islam in the 15th century. At that time, martial arts were taught with religious studies in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). Religion and pencak silat became intertwined. Silat evolved from folk dancing, becoming part of the region's defense against invaders.
Banten is known for its warriors, who are proficient in the martial arts.<ref name=":1" /> Debus (from Template:Langx) is a Bantenese martial art which was developed during the 16th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism
Banten is one of the favorite tourist areas in Indonesia, especially for local residents from Jakarta and West Java, especially Bogor. The Banten region, which is close to the west coast of Java Island, has a panorama located in Banten Bay such as Template:Ill, Template:Ill and others as well as resort islands such as Umang and Sangiang Islands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The uniqueness of the Banten community, especially the Baduy people who still maintain their ancestral customs, is also interesting to explore, as well as the rare Javan rhinoceros sanctuary in the Ujung Kulon National Park which has been designated as a world heritage site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Banten also has historical tourist destinations such as the Great Mosque of Banten, the Old Banten Museum, the Multatuli Museum.
Tanjung Lesung Beach, in the Panimbang district of western Pandeglang Regency, covers about Template:Cvt. A proposed special economic zone in 2012, the Tanjung Lesung SEZ became operational on 23 February 2015.<ref name="eight">Template:Cite web</ref> Pulau Dua, covering about Template:Cvt near Serang, is known for its ocean coral, fish and of birds. Between April and August each year, it is visited by about 40,000 birds from 60 species from Australia, Asia and Africa. Originally an island, sedimentation has joined it to mainland Java.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transport
Template:Unreferenced section Banten is in western Java. In 2006, Template:Cvt of its national roads were in good condition; Template:Cvt were in fair condition, and Template:Cvt were in poor condition. At the end of that year, Template:Cvt of Banten's Template:Cvt provincial road network were in good condition; Template:Cvt were in fair condition, and Template:Cvt were in poor condition. The province's national roads are congested; provincial roads have less traffic, and congestion is generally localized.
Rail transport is declining; 48 percent of Banten's Template:Cvt rail network was operational in 2005, with an average of 22 passenger trains and 16 freight trains per day. Most lines were single-track, and the main line was the Template:Cvt Merak-Tanah Abang, Tangerang-Duri, Cilegon-Cigading line, and Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link serving Manggarai-Soetta Airport along with the Skytrain. Then Jakarta MRT Phase 3 with Balaraja to Cikarang, will be construction in 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is Indonesia's main national airport. Other airports include the general-aviation Pondok Cabe Airport in South Tangerang, Budiarto Airport in Tangerang (for training), and Gorda Airport in Serang (used by the Indonesian Air Force).
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Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Tangerang, gateway to Jakarta and Indonesia -
KRL Commuterline train at the Tangerang railway station -
Bus at Poris terminal in Tangerang -
The Port of Merak has ferry service to Sumatra.
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Economy
Template:Pie chart Template:Unreferenced section Template:Update section Banten's 2006 population totaled 9,351,470, with 36.04 percent children, 2.57 percent elderly, and the remainder 15 to 64 years old. The province's 2005 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) was primarily from the manufacturing industry sector (49.75 percent), followed by the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (17.13 percent), transportation and communication (8.58 percent), and agriculture (8.53 percent). Industry had 23.11 percent of jobs, followed by agriculture (21.14 percent), trade (20.84 percent) and transportation and communication (9.5 percent). The northern part of the province is more economically developed than the southern part.
It is strategically located between Java and Sumatra. Most investment is in Tangerang, South Tangerang and the rest of the north because of their infrastructure and proximity to Jakarta. Infrastructure in southern Banten lags behind that of the north, and Banten's development policies have prioritised growth over equality in Pandeglang and Lebak regencies; investors choose areas with existing infrastructure to ensure competitiveness.
Cuisine
Template:Interlanguage link is a Bantenese food similar to goat or curried rawon. Found in Serang Regency, it is believed to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula and was brought by Arab traders during the spread of Islam in Indonesia.<ref name="en.tempo.co_BantenIntr">Template:Cite web</ref> Other Bantenese foods include nasi sumsum (from Serang Regency, made of white rice and buffalo-bone marrow), mahbub, shark fin soup, milkfish and duck satays, duck soup, laksa Tangerang, rice vermicelli, beef jerky and emping.
Sports
Football
There are multiple football clubs based in Banten. Each of them usually represent each one of Banten's regencies and cities. Two clubs are currently playing in Liga 1, Persita Tangerang and Dewa United, both play at Indomilk Arena in Tangerang regency. The rest are playing in the lower division of Indonesian football, namely Persikota Tangerang which represented the city of Tangerang with its home base at the Benteng Stadium and Persic Cilegon based at Krakatau Steel Stadium in Cilegon playing in Liga 3 while Perserang Serang (with its home ground at Maulana Yusuf Stadium) playing in Liga 2.
Motorsports
In 2009, the Lippo Village International Formula Circuit was built in a bid to host the A1 Grand Prix. The series was removed from the schedule, and the track was used for local motorsports before it was dismantled for the Lippo Village expansion; the paddock area was reclaimed by Pelita Harapan University. A replacement street circuit, BSD City Grand Prix, was built in BSD City for local motorsports.
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of Banten consists of a shield containing a mosque dome, the Great Mosque tower, the Kaibon gate, rice stalks numbering 17 grains, cotton with 8 stalks, 4 petals, and 5 flowers, a mountain, sea, gearwheel, two runway lines, a ribbon, a Javan rhinoceros, and the motto Template:Sc.
The mosque dome symbolizes the religious character of Banten's people, while the five-pointed star represents belief in God Almighty. The Great Mosque tower symbolizes high spirit guided by the will of God. The Kaibon gate represents Banten as a gateway of world civilization, economy, and international traffic toward globalization. The yellow rice (17 grains) and white cotton (8 stalks, 4 brown petals, 5 flowers) symbolize Banten as an agrarian region, sufficient in food and clothing; the numbers 17-8-45 refer to the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. The black mountain symbolizes natural wealth, lowlands, and highlands. The Javan rhinoceros symbolizes the people’s persistence in upholding truth and being protected by law. The blue sea with 17 white waves represents Banten as a maritime region rich in marine resources. The grey gearwheel (10 teeth) symbolizes the spirit of development and the industrial sector. Two white runway lines symbolize Soekarno–Hatta International Airport's runway; the yellow beacon light represents encouragement to achieve aspirations. The yellow ribbon symbolizes the unity and integrity of the Bantenese people. The Javan rhinoceros also represents the province’s identity fauna, recognized as a world heritage species.
The colors have their own meanings: red for bravery, white for purity and wisdom, yellow for glory and nobility, black for determination and perseverance, grey for resilience, blue for peace and calm, green for fertility, and brown for prosperity. The motto IMAN TAQWA (faith and piety) serves as the foundation of development towards an independent, advanced, and prosperous Banten Darussalam.
References
Notable people
References
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Further reading
External links
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