Świętochłowice

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}}Template:Main other{{#ifexpr:{{#invoke:ParameterCount|main|mapframe|image_map|image_map1|pushpin_map}} >2 |Template:Main other}} Świętochłowice ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a city with powiat rights in Silesia in southern Poland,Template:TERYT near Katowice. It is also one of the central cities of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2 million, and is located in the Silesian Highlands, on the Rawa River (tributary of the Vistula).

It is situated in the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999, previously in Katowice Voivodeship, and before then, of the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship. Świętochłowice is one of the cities of the 2.7 million conurbation – Katowice urban area and within a greater Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area populated by about 5,294,000 people.<ref>European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The population of the city is 49,762 (2019).

History

Initially, Świętochłowice was divided into two parts: the older Małe Świętochłowice (Little Świętochłowice) and newer Duże Świętochłowice (Big Świętochłowice), which date back to the 12th and 13th centuries, respectively.<ref name=um>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The oldest known mention of Świętochłowice comes from 1313, while the present-day district of Chropaczów was mentioned in 1295.<ref name=um/> Both settlements were located within the Duchy of Bytom of fragmented Poland and remained under the rule of the Piast dynasty until 1532, as part of the duchies of Bytom and Opole, before passing to the Kingdom of Bohemia.<ref name=msr>Miejska strategia rozwiązywania problemów społecznych Świętochłowic na lata: 2006–2015, Świętochłowice 2005, p. 13 (in Polish)</ref> The village received Magdeburg rights at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Until the end of the 17th century, the village of Świętochłowice was owned by the families of Świętochłowski, Paczyński, Kamieński, Rotter, Skall, Myszkowski and Guznar.<ref name=um/>

File:Pomnik Powstanca Slaskiego w Chropaczowie.jpg

Pre-war Silesian Insurgent Monument, destroyed by the Germans during the occupation of Poland

In 1742 the settlement was annexed by Prussia<ref name=msr/> and from 1871 to 1922 it was part of Germany. Both parts of Świętochłowice merged in 1790.<ref name=um/> In the 19th and first part of the 20th century the area rapidly industrialized (based on the numerous local resources, including coal and zinc), leading to the transformation of the village into an industrial settlement. In the early 20th century, numerous Polish organizations were established there. During the Silesian Uprisings the present-day districts Lipiny and Template:Ill were captured by the Polish insurgents in 1920. In the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite, in Świętochłowice 51.9% voted for Germany, while in Chropaczów 70.0% voted for Poland, and in Lipiny and Piaśniki combined 56.4% voted for Poland. In 1922 all named settlements were integrated with the re-established Polish state. In 1929 Zgoda became part of Świętochłowice as its new district.<ref name=um/> In 1939 Świętochłowice was granted city rights with effect from January 1, 1940, however, due to outbreak of World War II, the actual implementation of this law did not take place until 1947.<ref name=um/><ref name=msr/>

In early September 1939, during the German invasion of Poland which started World War II, Świętochłowice was the site of Polish defense, also by the civilian population. Already on September 3–4, 1939, Wehrmacht and Freikorps troops murdered 10 Poles in Świętochłowice (see Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Afterwards, the town was occupied by Germany. In 1943, the Germans established the Eintrachthütte concentration camp, a forced labour subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In early 1945 it was occupied by the Soviets, who established the Zgoda labour camp.

After the war, Świętochłowice once again restored to Poland. In 1951 its city limits were extended with Chropaczów and Lipiny becoming new districts.<ref name=um/>

Location

File:GZM location map.svg

Świętochłowice within the Metropolis GZM.

Świętochłowice is situated in the middle of a highly populated area of Upper Silesia and is part of the Metropolis GZM, the largest urban center in Poland and one of the largest in Europe.

Template:Adjacent communities

Population

Currently (2013) Świętochłowice has about 53,000 inhabitants and is thus the city county with the highest population density in Poland. The population of the entire urban area is about 3.5 million.

Climate and soil

Świętochłowice is situated in Silesian-Krakowian climate-zone. The annual precipitation totals to about Template:Convert. The wettest month is July and the driest February. The average temperature is approximately Template:Convert in January and Template:Convert in July.

Brunate and swamp soils predominate in Świętochłowice.

Districts

File:Świętochłowice Subdivisions.svg

Subdivisions of Świętochłowice.

Świętochłowice has five administrative subdivisions:

Sights

The Template:Interlanguage link, devoted to the history of the Silesian Uprisings (1919–1921), is located in Świętochłowice. In addition, the city has historical industrial architecture, town halls, churches, tenement houses and familoks.