1205

The Latin Empire (purple) and partition of the Byzantine Empire (c. 1205).

Year 1205 (MCCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar.

Events

By place

Byzantine Empire

• Spring – Theodore I Laskaris is proclaimed Byzantine emperor (or basileus), formally founding the Empire of Nicaea, after repelling the invasions of rivals David Komnenos and Manuel Maurozomes into his domains. His appointment is an open challenge to the legitimacy of the Latin emperor Baldwin I, who rules over large parts of the former Byzantine Empire and regards Theodore as a usurper.<ref>Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228), p. 352. Leiden: Brill. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• March 19 – Battle of Adramyttion: The Byzantine army, under Constantine Laskaris (brother of Theodore I), appears before the walls of Adramyttium – surprising the Latin garrison. Meanwhile, Henry of Flanders, not wanting to remain trapped within the city, opens the gates and charges out with his heavy cavalry. He and his knights defeat the Byzantine forces, who are scattered and forced to retreat.<ref>Geoffrey of Villehardouin. Memoirs or Chronicle of the Fourth Crusade and the conquest of Constantinople, p. 63. Echo Library, 2007.</ref>
• March – Byzantine officials in Adrianople revolt and expel Latin administrators, requesting Bulgarian support from Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, against Baldwin I who assembles an army (some 40,000 men) and marches to aid the Byzantines. Meanwhile, Baldwin sets out from Constantinople in force, he arrives at Adrianople and promptly begins to siege the city by the end of March.
• April 14 – Battle of Adrianople: Latin forces under Baldwin I are defeated and eliminated in a successful ambush by Bulgarians, Vlachs and Cumans. Baldwin is captured and taken as prisoner to Veliko Tarnovo – where he is locked up at the top of a tower in the Tsarevets fortress. Later, Baldwin is possibly executed by orders of Kaloyan (this according to the Byzantine historian George Akropolites).<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre, p. 107. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• Summer – Battle of Koundouros: Byzantine forces (some 5,000 men) under Michael Doukas, governor of the Theme of the Peloponnese (and later Despot of Epirus), tries to stop the Latin army (some 700 knights and foot soldiers) at the Olive Grove of Koundouros. The Byzantines are defeated by William of Champlitte, who later founds the Principality of Achaea (a vassal state of the Latin Empire).
• Othon de la Roche, a Burgundian nobleman, founds the Duchy of Athens (one of the Crusader states set up in Greece) and takes the title of "Grand Lord" (Megaskyr) in Athens.<ref>Setton, Kenneth M. (1976). "A Note on Michael Choniates, Archbishop of Athens (1182–1204)", p. 235.</ref>

Europe

• January 6 – Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans and is crowned again with great ceremony at Aachen by Archbishop Adolf of Cologne. After several threats, Adolf is removed from office by Pope Innocent III and excommunicated, on July 19. Philip is able to increasingly assert his kingship against Otto of Brunswick (who is also crowned king of Germany) in the northern parts of the Alps.<ref>Wihoda, Martin (2015). Vladislaus Henry: The Formation of the Moravian Identity, p. 93. Brill.</ref>
• May 29 – Andrew II, brother of the late King Emeric, is crowned ruler of Hungary and Croatia at Székesfehérvár, after his 5-year-old nephew, Ladislaus III, suddenly dies in Vienna. Andrew introduces a new policy for royal grants, which he calls "new institutions". He distributes large portions of his domain–such as royal castles and all estates attached to them–to supporters and Hungarian nobles.<ref>Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary (895–1526), pp. 91–92. I.B. Tauris Publishers. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• June 19 – Battle of Zawichost: Polish forces under High Duke Leszek the White defeat the Kievan army at Zawichost. During the ambush, Roman Mstislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, is killed. He is succeeded by his two infant sons, Daniel and Vasilko. Their principalities are ruled by their mother Anna of Byzantium, but the boyars of Galicia–Volhynia forces her and the young princes into exile.<ref>David Nicolle & Viacheslav Shpakovsky (2001). Osprey: Campaign Nr. 98: Kalka River 1223. Genghis Khan's Mongols invade Russia, p. 19. Template:ISBN.</ref>
• Summer – King Philip II ("Augustus") conquers most of the Angevin lands, including much of Aquitaine. Fearing a French invasion of England itself, John, King of England ("Lackland") requires every English male over 12 years to enter a mobilization "for the general defense of the realm and the preservation of peace". John prepares an expedition force of his own, but the barons refuse to cross the Channel.<ref name=Warren>Template:Cite book</ref>

England

• William of Wrotham, Lord Warden of the Stannaries, oversees a reform of English currency. In keeping with other high-ranking bureaucrats of his time, this is just one of Wrotham's many offices. He is also "keeper of ports", the forerunner of the First Lord of the Admiralty, supervisor of the mints of Canterbury and London, ward of the vacant Diocese of Bath and Wells and archdeacon of Taunton.<ref name=Warren/>

Levant

• April 1 – Aimery of Cyprus, king of Jerusalem, dies of food poisoning caused by white mullet. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Hugh I as ruler of Cyprus. His mother, Queen Isabella I becomes regent over the young boy, but she dies suddenly four days after her husband. The High Court of Cyprus appoints Walter of Montbéliard (brother-in-law of Aimery) as regent and Hugh's guardian.<ref>Lock, Peter (2006). The Routledge Companion to the Crusades, p. 103. Routledge. Template:ISBN.</ref>

Africa

• Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir establishes Almohad domination over the eastern parts of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). He appoints General Abu Mohammed ibn Abi Hafs as governor of Ifriqiya.<ref name=Picard1997>Template:Cite book</ref>

By topic

Religion

• July 15 – Pope Innocent III lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude, because they had crucified Jesus.

Births

• January 26 – Emperor Lizong of Song (or Zhao Yun), Chinese emperor (d. 1264)
• March (or May) – Elisabeth of Swabia, queen of Castile and León (d. 1235)<ref>Luis Suárez Fernández, Historia de Espana antigua y media, (Ediciones Rialp, S.A., 1976), 29.</ref>
• July 10 – Hōjō Masamura, Japanese nobleman (d. 1273)
• November 5 – As-Salih Ayyub, Ayyubid ruler (d. 1249)
• unknown dates
  • Bruno von Schauenburg, Bohemian bishop (d. 1281)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Wenceslaus I ("the One-Eyed"), king of Bohemia (d. 1253)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• probable
  • Azzo VII d'Este, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1264)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Batu Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1255)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • Walter IV ("the Great"), French nobleman (d. 1246)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Deaths

• January 2 – Baldwin II, Count of Guînes, French nobleman and knight
• April 1 – Aimery of Cyprus (or Amaury), king of Jerusalem
• April 5 – Isabella I, queen and regent of Jerusalem (b. 1172)
• April 14
  • Garnier de Traînel (or Traisnel), French bishop
  • Louis I, French nobleman and knight (b. 1172)
• May 7 – Ladislaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1200)
• May/June – Enrico Dandolo (or Henry), doge of Venice (b. 1107)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• June 14 – Walter III, Count of Brienne (or Gautier), French nobleman
• June 19 – Roman Mstislavich, Kievan prince (b. 1152)
• July 4 – Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg ("the Generous"), German nobleman
• July 10 – Hatakeyama Shigeyasu, Japanese samurai
• July 13 – Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury
• August 8 – Savaric FitzGeldewin, English bishop
• unknown dates"
  • Alan IV ("the Young"), viscount of Rohan (b. 1166)
  • Alexios Aspietes, Byzantine governor and usurper<ref>Template:ODB</ref>
• probable – Baldwin I, emperor of the Latin Empire (b. 1172)