1941 in aviation

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Repair of the Fiat Cr-42 fighter aircraft of the Royal Hungarian Air Force, 1941
Repair of the Fiat Cr-42 fighter aircraft of the Royal Hungarian Air Force, 1941

This is a list of aviation-related events from 1941:

Events

  • During the spring and summer, the Imperial Japanese Navy's air arm conducts Operation 102, its second major bombing campaign against Chongqing.<ref>Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 121.</ref>
  • By early autumn, the Imperial Japanese Navy has turned all air operations on the Chinese mainland over to the Imperial Japanese Army.<ref name="Peattie, Mark R. 2001, p. 122">Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 122.</ref>
  • The Aeronautical Corporation of America renames itself Aeronca.<ref>Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, Template:ISBN, p. 16.</ref>
  • The United States Navy retires the ZMC-2 and sells it for scrap. It is the only successfully operated metal-skinned airship ever built, completing 752 flights and logging 2,265 hours of flight time in nearly 12 years of U.S. Navy service at Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey.<ref name=pacemontgomeryzitarosa>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Morrow>Morrow, Walker C. and Carl B. Fritsche. The Metalclad Airship ZMC-2. 1967.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

January

  • The Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) withdraws all bombers and biplane fighters from the Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corps)—its expeditionary force based in Belgium for operations against the United Kingdom—leaving only Fiat G.50 Freccia monoplane fighters in the Corpo.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wikipedia Corpo Aereo Italiano article.</ref>
  • The Imperial Japanese Navy forms its first air fleet, the Eleventh Air Fleet.<ref>Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 151.</ref>
  • Imperial Japanese Navy Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue argues that control of the sea will first require control of the air above it, that aircraft could achieve this control without assistance by aircraft carriers or other surface ships, and that land-based bombers and flying boats had become so potent that the aircraft carrier has become obsolete.<ref>Peattie, Mark R., Sunburst: The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909-1941, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 2001, Template:ISBN, pp. 159-161.</ref>
  • January 5 – Ferrying an Airspeed Oxford from Prestwick, Scotland, to RAF Kidlington, England, pioneering English aviator Amy Johnson goes off course in poor weather, runs out of fuel, and bails out as her aircraft crashes into the Thames Estuary. The Royal Navy barrage balloon ship Template:HMS attempts to rescue her, but a swell pushes her into the ship's propellers, which kill her. Her body is never recovered.
  • January 7 – Adolf Hitler orders Luftwaffe Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft to begin supporting German U-boat operations in the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Mason, David, U-Boat: The Secret Menace, New York: Ballantine Books, 1968, no ISBN, p. 48.</ref>
  • January 9 – 10 Italian bombers attack a Gibraltar-to-Malta convoy escorted by the British aircraft carriers Template:HMS and Template:HMS, scoring no hits and losing two of their number to Fairey Fulmar fighters from Ark Royal.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 166.</ref>
  • January 9–10 (overnight) – 135 British bombers attack oil targets in Gelsenkirchen, Germany.<ref name="Hinchcliffe, Peter 2001, p. 59">Hinchcliffe, Peter, The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces Versus Bomber Command, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 59.</ref>
  • January 10 – German aircraft make their combat debut in the Mediterranean theater. German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers and Junkers Ju 88s of Fliegerkorps X join Italian bombers in attacking the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS in the Mediterranean while she is escorting the Gibraltar-to-Malta convoy. The Italian attacks are ineffective, but the German aircraft score six hits, knocking Illustrious out of action until the end of November.<ref name="Sturtivant, Ray 1990, p. 61">Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 61.</ref><ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, pp. 166-168.</ref>
  • January 11 – Fliegerkorps X aircraft continue attacks on the Gibraltar-to-Malta convoy, damaging the light cruiser Template:HMS and fatally damaging the light cruiser Template:HMS.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 168.</ref>
  • January 16 – 60 German dive bombers make a massed attack on the Malta Dockyard in an attempt to destroy the damaged British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious, but she receives only one bomb hit. Incessant German and Italian bombing raids will target Malta through March, opposed by only a handful of British fighters.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 169">Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 169.</ref>
  • January 17 – During the French-Thai War, the Battle of Ko Chang opens with a bombing attack on Royal Thai Navy warships at Ko Chang, Thailand, by a French Loire 130 flying boat and ends with Royal Thai Air Force aircraft bombing French warships. All air attacks in the battle are ineffective, although a Thai bomb which fails to explode hits the French light cruiser La Motte-Picquet.
  • January 18 – A large German air raid strikes MaltaTemplate:'s airfields and other facilities.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 169"/>
  • January 19 – German aircraft again attack the Malta dockyard, causing underwater damage to HMS Illustrious.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 169"/>
  • January 20 – Brazil merges the air arms of the Brazilian Army and Brazilian Navy to form an independent air force<ref>Scheina, Robert L., Latin America: A Naval History 1810-1987, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1987, Template:ISBN, p. 196.</ref> called the National Air Forces. The National Air Forces will be renamed the Brazilian Air Force in May.

February

March

April

  • The last aircraft of the Corpo Aereo Italiano (Italian Air Corps) return to Italy from Belgium, ending the participation of the Regia Aeronautica in attacks on England.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
  • The United States Department of War orders the U.S. ArmyTemplate:'s First, Second, Third, and Fourth Air Forces each to set up a separate bomber and interceptor command.<ref>Sweetman, John, Schweinfurt: Disaster in the Skies, New York: Ballantine Books, Inc., 1971, p. 23.</ref>
  • The United States Navy makes its first attempts to interest commercial aviators in reporting submarine sightings.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume I: The Battle of the Atlantic September 1939-May 1943, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, p. 289.</ref>
  • U.S. Navy officer Marc Mitscher proposes that the Navy develop amphibious gliders with flying-boat hulls with a goal of deploying an amphibious glider force capable of delivering an entire United States Marine Corps brigade of 715 men to a hostile beachhead, the gliders to be towed by Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina amphibian aircraft. The U.S. Navy's amphibious glider program will produce two prototype gliders before being terminated in September 1943.<ref>Guttman, Robert, "Flying-Boat Gliders," Aviation History, September 2016, p. 13.</ref>
  • April 3 – The British aircraft carrier Template:HMS flies off 12 RAF Hawker Hurricanes to Malta from a point south of Sardinia.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 175">Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 175.</ref>
  • April 6 – Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.
  • April 6–10 – In Operation Punishment, German Luftwaffe aircraft bomb Belgrade, Yugoslavia,<ref>Brandt, Anthony, "The Balkanized War", Military History, May 2012, pp. 33, 35.</ref> killing 4,000 people. The Germans shoot down 20 Yugoslav Air Force fighters attempting to defend the city, while over the first two days the Germans lose at least 32 aircraft over Belgrade.
  • April 9 – The United States Army redesignates the Northeast Air District as the First Air Force. It is responsible for the northeastern United States.
  • April 15
    • The Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO) signs an agreement with the Chinese government to equip and administer the American Volunteer Group in China.
    • A German reconnaissance aircraft with a camera and exposed film of Soviet installations crashes near Rovno in the Soviet Union, but no Soviet attention to preparations for a possible German attack results.<ref name="Hardesty_p17"/>
    • Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French forces, issues a formal declaration, requesting that French nationals serving the RAF apply to be incorporated into the Free French Air Force by 25 April. Their service in a foreign country's armed forces violated French civil law, but de Gaulle's declaration promises that they will face no charges of wrongdoing if they meet the 25 April deadline.
  • April 16 – London comes under intense bomber attack, with nearly 900 tonnes (992 short tons) of high explosive dropped on the city.
  • April 17 – Eighteen surviving Yugoslav Air Force aircraft flee Yugoslavia, bringing Yugoslav aerial resistance to the German invasion to an end. In its 11 days of combat, the Yugoslav Air Force attacked targets in Italy, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, and Greece and attacked German, Italian, and Hungarian troops.
  • April 20 – South African Squadron Leader Marmaduke "Pat" Pattle is shot down and killed in a Hawker Hurricane over the Saronic Gulf off Piraeus, Greece, during a German bombing raid on the city. German and Italian records later confirm 27 aerial victories for him, although unofficial sources credit him with 44 and 50 victories, and as the leading Gloster Gladiator (15 kills) and Hawker Hurricane (35 kills) ace. Based on the unofficial totals, he is considered by some to be the RAF's World War II ace of aces.<ref>O'Connor, Derek, "Balkan Top Gun", Aviation History, November 2012, pp. 50, 55.</ref>
  • April 21–22 – Operating unopposed, German aircraft sink 23 ships in Greek waters, including a Greek destroyer and two hospital ships.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 178.</ref>
  • April 23 – German Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers sink the Greek battleships Kilkis and Lemnos off Salamis Island, Greece, during the German invasion of Greece.<ref>Gray, Randal, ed., ConwayTemplate:'s All the WorldTemplate:'s Fighting Ships 1906-1921, Annapolis. Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985, Template:ISBN, p. 384.</ref><ref>Chesneau, Roger, ed., ConwayTemplate:'s All the WorldTemplate:'s Fighting Ships 1922-1946, New York: Mayflower Books, Inc., 1980, Template:ISBN, p. 404.</ref>
  • April 27
    • HMS Argus flies off 23 RAF Hurricanes to Malta.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 175"/>
    • Evacuating British troops from Greece, the Dutch troopship Slamat is sunk by German Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers. The British destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS rescue 700 survivors before themselves being sunk by the Stukas. Only 50 men ultimately survive from the three ships.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 180.</ref>

May

  • Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish aircraft attack Vichy French shipping and shore targets in Syria.<ref name="Thetford, Owen 1991, p. 144">Thetford, Owen, British Naval Aircraft Since 1912, Sixth Edition, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1991, Template:ISBN, p. 144.</ref>
  • Royal Navy Swordfish of No. 814 Squadron from Template:HMS assist in quelling a rebellion in Iraq, bombing the barracks at Samawa and Nasiriyah.<ref name="Thetford, Owen 1991, p. 144"/>
  • Antishipping strikes by Malta-based RAF Bristol Blenheims and Fleet Air Arm Swordfish against Axis convoys in the Mediterranean in May and June will leave German and Italian forces in North Africa too short of ammunition to conduct a counteroffensive after defeating the British Operation Battleaxe in June.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 196.</ref>
  • May 2 – The Anglo-Iraqi War between British forces and a pro-Axis Iraqi government begins with 41 RAF Station Habbaniya- and Shaibah-based planes launching a surprise attack against Iraqi forces surrounding Habbaniya and Iraqi airfields. Royal Iraqi Air Force aircraft respond. By the end of the day, the British have destroyed 22 Iraqi aircraft on the ground, losing five of their own.
  • May 3–6 – RAF aircraft continue to attack Iraqi positions surrounding RAF Habbinya and Iraqi airfields, eventually forcing Iraq forces to withdraw on May 6.
  • May 6 – Igor Sikorsky sets a world endurance record for helicopter flight of 1 hour 32 minutes, in a Sikorsky VS-300.
  • May 6–7 (overnight) through 11-12 (overnight) – RAF Bomber Command mounts four major raids on Hamburg, Germany, over the course of six nights, averaging 128 bombers per raid. The second, third, and fourth raids combined kill 233, injure 713, and leave 2,195 homeless.<ref name="Hinchcliffe, Peter 2001, p. 75">Hinchcliffe, Peter, The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces Versus Bomber Command, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 75.</ref>
  • May 7 – 40 RAF aircraft attack Iraqi reinforcements headed for Habbaniya, inflicting about 1,000 casualties and paralyzing the Iraqi column. Over the next few days, British aircraft destroy the remainder of the Royal Iraqi Air Force.
  • May 10
    • Flying via Vichy French-controlled Syria, aircraft of the German Luftwaffe begin to arrive at Mosul, Iraq, to support Iraqi forces against the British under the command of Fliegerführer Irak.
    • Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland to try to negotiate an alliance with Britain against the Soviet Union.
    • 550 German bombers drop more than 700 tons (711 tonnes, 635,036 kg) of bombs on London, killing 1,500 people and seriously injuring 1,800.<ref>Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the WorldTemplate:'s Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006, Template:ISBN, p. 271.</ref>
  • May 14
    • German aircraft begin daily bombing of Crete to soften it up for the upcoming German airborne assault on the island.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, pp. 182-183.</ref>
    • The RAF receives authorization to attack German aircraft on Vichy French airfields in Syria. British fighters disable two Heinkel He 111s on the ground at Palmyra, Syria.
  • May 15
  • May 15–16 – Iraqi and German aircraft attack a British column moving into Iraq from Palestine.
  • May 18 – RAF aircraft bomb Iraqi positions around Fallujah and along the road from Fallujah to Baghdad.
  • May 19 – 57 British aircraft attack Iraqi positions around Fallujah. dropping 10 tons (9,072 kg) of bombs as well as leaflets in 134 sorties. German aircraft attack RAF Habbaniya.
  • May 20
    • Germany invades Crete in Operation Merkur ("Mercury"), the Luftwaffe's first large airborne assault and the first mainly airborne invasion in military history, dropping 10,000 paratroopers and 750 glider troops on the island; 610 bombers, dive-bombers, and fighters, 500 transport aircraft, and 80 gliders support the operation. The Germans encounter such unexpectedly heavy opposition from British and Commonwealth troops on the island that they fear the operation will fail.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 185">Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971, p. 185.</ref>
    • Italian CANT Z.1007 high-level bombers sink the British destroyer Template:HMS south-east of Crete.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 187.</ref>
  • May 21
  • May 22
  • May 23
    • 24 German dive bombers attack the British destroyers Template:HMS and Template:HMS as they attempt to retire after a patrol north of Crete the previous night, sinking both. Among the survivors is Captain Lord Louis Mountbatten.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 190.</ref>
    • German aircraft attack British positions around Fallujah for the first time, with little effect.
  • May 24 – Nine Swordfish torpedo bombers from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS score a torpedo hit on the German battleship Bismarck in the North Atlantic Ocean, aggravating damage she had sustained early in the day in the Battle of Denmark Strait.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 99.</ref>
  • May 26
    • 15 Swordfish from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS attack Bismarck, scoring two torpedo hits. One hit damages BismarckTemplate:'s port rudder so badly that she becomes unmaneuverable, allowing British surface ships to catch and sink her the following morning.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, pp. 99-100.</ref>
    • German dive-bombers set the British infantry landing ship Template:HMS on fire, preventing her from bringing reinforcements to Crete.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 191">Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 191.</ref>
    • Eight aircraft from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS raid the Axis airfield at Scarpanto. Retaliating German dive-bombers badly damage Formidable and a destroyer; the following day they also damage the battleship Template:HMS.<ref name="Sons 1971, p. 191"/>
  • May 27 – Twelve Italian Fiat CR.42 Falco bombers arrive at Mosul to support Iraqi forces against the British under the command of the German Fliegerführer Irak.
  • May 29
    • Surviving elements of Fliegerführer Irak depart Iraq.
    • German dive-bombers attack a British naval task force as it retires from Crete with evacuated British troops aboard. They fatally damage the destroyer Template:HMS, sink the destroyer Template:HMS, and damage the light cruisers Template:HMS, Template:HMS and Template:HMS. A single bomb that strikes Orion kills 260 and wounds 280.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 192-194.</ref>
    • The United States Army Air Corps forms Ferrying Command to fly newly manufactured aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean to the United Kingdom.
  • May 30 – German bombers damage the Australian light cruiser Template:HMAS as she retires after evacuating troops from Crete. Two more British destroyers are damaged before the evacuation is complete.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, pp. 194-195.</ref>
  • May 31 – The Anglo-Iraq War ends with the collapse of Iraqi resistance.

June

  • The destruction of bridges along the Burma Road by Imperial Japanese Navy bombers based at Hanoi in French Indochina forces the road to close.<ref name="Peattie, Mark R. 2001, p. 122"/>
  • The Japan Air Industries Company Ltd. and the International Aircraft Company Ltd. merge to form Nippon Kokusai Koku Kogyo K.K. (the Japan International Air Industries Company Ltd)., best known as Kokusai.<ref>Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, Template:ISBN, p. 27.</ref>
  • June 1
    • German Junkers Ju 88 bombers sink the British light cruiser Template:HMS Template:Convert north of Alexandria, Egypt, as she retires after evacuating troops from Crete.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 195.</ref>
    • Germany completes the conquest of Crete. German airborne forces have suffered such heavy losses – probably 6,000 to 7,000 casualties and 284 aircraft lost – in the eleven days of fighting that Germany never again attempts a large airborne operation.
  • June 2 – The United States Navy commissions Template:USS, its first escort aircraft carrier - at the time designated an "aircraft escort vessel" (AVG) - at Norfolk Navy Yard in Portsmouth, Virginia.<ref>Cressman, Robert J. "Historic Fleets: An Experiment Proves Her Value in War", Naval History, June 2011, p. 14.</ref>
  • June 8 – General Yakov Smushkevich, the commander of the Soviet Air Forces from 1939 to 1940 who had overseen their poor performance during the Winter War with Finland, is arrested as part of the 1941 purge of the Soviet armed forces. He will be executed in October.<ref name=executedtoday1941twentyredarmyofficers>executedtoday.com "1941: Twenty Red Army Officers"</ref>
  • June 8–July 8 – The British invade Syria, and aerial combat between British and Vichy French aircraft ensues.
  • June 16
  • June 17 – The British Royal Navy commissions its first escort aircraft carrier, HMS Empire Audacity. She later will be renamed HMS Audacity and become the world's first escort carrier to deploy in combat.
  • June 17–19 – Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to fly a bomber across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • June 20 – The United States Department of War creates the United States Army Air Forces, with General Henry H. Arnold as its first commander. As part of the reorganization, General Headquarters Air Force is renamed Air Force Combat Command; the new Army Air Forces organization consists of Air Force Combat Command (its combat element) with the logistics and training element of the earlier United States Army Air Corps now retaining this name for such elements, during the war years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • June 22
    • Germany invades the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). At sunrise, a Luftwaffe force of 500 bombers, 270 dive bombers, and 480 fighters make a surprise attack on 66 forward Soviet airbases, destroying over 100 Soviet Air Force aircraft on the ground at one base alone. By 13:30 hours, the Germans have destroyed 800 Soviet aircraft in exchange for ten of their own. By the end of the day, the Germans have destroyed 1,811 Soviet aircraft – 1,489 on the ground and 322 in the air.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 11-12, 15.</ref>
    • Soviet Tupolev SB-2 and Ilyushin DB-3 bombers suffer heavy losses in attacks on German airfields near Warsaw; German fighters shoot down 20 out of 25 Soviet bombers on one raid.<ref name="Hardesty_p12">Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 12.</ref>
    • During the first hour of Operation Barbarossa, Soviet pilot Lieutenant I. I. Ivanov of the 46th Fighter Air Regiment rams a Heinkel He 111, the first of 10 Soviet taran attacks against Luftwaffe combat aircraft that day and more than 200 during the war; Ivanov is killed in the ramming.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 27-28.</ref>
  • June 23 – During the second day of Operation Barbarossa, the Soviets lose another 1,000 aircraft.<ref name="Hardesty_p15">Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 15.</ref>
  • June 24 – The commander of the Soviet Air Forces, General Pavel Rychagov, is arrested as part of the 1941 purge of the Soviet armed forces because he had called Soviet military aircraft "flying coffins". His wife, aviator Maria Nesterenko, will be arrested on 25 June for failing to denounce him as a state criminal. After Rygachov is tortured, they both will be executed in October.<ref name=braithwaitep147/><ref name=executedtoday1941twentyredarmyofficers/>
  • June 28
    • In the early morning hours, 35 British bombers attempting an attack on Bremen stray so far off course that they mistakenly bomb Hamburg – Template:Convert northeast of Bremen – instead, losing five of their number to German night fighters over the city while killing seven people, injuring 39, and leaving 280 homeless.<ref name="Hinchcliffe, Peter 2001, p. 75"/>
    • At the end of the first week of Operation Barbarossa, the Luftwaffe has destroyed 4,017 Soviet aircraft in exchange for 150 of its own.<ref name="Hardesty_p15"/>
  • June 30

July

August

September

  • The total of Soviet aircraft destroyed since the German invasion of the Soviet Union began on June 22 reaches 7,500.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 61.</ref>
  • During the month, Soviet Air Force Frontal Aviation aircraft assigned to the Western Front fly 4,101 sorties against German forces building up for a ground offensive against Moscow, dropping 831 tons (754 metric tons) of bombs and claiming 120 enemy aircraft destroyed on the ground and 89 in the air. Aircraft assigned to the neighboring Bryansk and Reserve Fronts report similar levels of activity. The 81st Bomber Air Division of Soviet Long-Range Bomber Aviation strikes staging bases for Luftwaffe raids on Moscow.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 64-65.</ref>
  • The Grumman Martlet fighter makes its first carrier deployment aboard Royal Navy aircraft carriers on convoy protection duties. It is the first carrier-based combat use of any variant of the Grumman F4F Wildcat.<ref>Crosby, Francis, The Complete Guide to Fighters & Bombers of the World: An Illustrated History of the WorldTemplate:'s Greatest Military Aircraft, From the Pioneering Days of Air Fighting in World War I Through the Jet Fighters and Stealth Bombers of the Present Day, London: Anness Publishing Ltd., 2006, Template:ISBN, p. 33.</ref>
  • September 5–12 – Nine U.S. Army Air Forces Boeing B-17D Flying Fortress bombers fly from Hickam Field in Hawaii to Clark Field in the Philippine Islands via Midway Atoll, Wake Island, Port Moresby in New Guinea, and Darwin, Australia.<ref>Aviation Hawaii: 1940-1949 Chronology of Aviation in Hawaii</ref>
  • September 12 – Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS strike Glomfjord, Norway, sinking two merchant ships without loss to themselves.<ref name="Sturtivant, Ray 1990, p. 86"/>
  • September 14 – An escort aircraft carrier deploys for combat for the first time, as the Royal NavyTemplate:'s Template:HMS puts to sea to escort her first convoy.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 80.</ref> It is the first time that an aircraft carrier has been committed directly to convoy defense, and the first operations by an aircraft carrier against Axis forces attacking convoys in the Atlantic Ocean since mid-September 1939.
  • September 23 – Hans-Ulrich Rudel single-handedly sinks the Soviet battleship Marat flying a Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber.
  • September 27 – During Operation Halberd, Italian aircraft attack a Malta-bound convoy and its escorts in the Mediterranean, damaging the British battleship Template:HMS and fatally damaging a merchant cargo ship.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, pp. 199, 201.</ref>
  • September 30 – The Germans begin their ground offensive against Moscow, Operation Typhoon, supported by the LuftwaffeTemplate:'s Luftflotte 2 (2nd Air Fleet), which the Soviets estimate has 950 aircraft. Soviet Air Force units in the area have only 391 aircraft and are quickly overwhelmed.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 64, 65.</ref>

October

  • Aircraft from the British aircraft carrier Template:HMS strike Glomfjord, Norway, sinking two merchant ships for the loss of two Fairey Albacores.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 87.</ref>
  • October 1 – Inter-Island Airways is renamed Hawaiian Airlines.
  • October 2 – Heini Dittmar sets a new airspeed record of Template:Convert in a Messerschmitt Me 163A. The record is unofficial because the flight (and the Me 163 programme) is kept secret, and remains "unbroken" until officially exceeded by the American Douglas Skystreak in August 1947.
  • October 6 – During the first week of Operation Typhoon, the Soviet Air Force has flown 700 sorties against German forces driving toward Moscow.<ref name="Hardesty, Von 1982, p. 66">Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 66.</ref>
  • October 9 – Since October 1, German aircraft supporting Operation Typhoon have flown more than 4,000 sorties against the Soviet Western Front alone.<ref name="Hardesty, Von 1982, p. 66"/>
  • October 11–18 – Soviet Air Force aircraft strike Luftwaffe staging airfields along the northwestern, western, and southwestern approaches to Moscow.<ref name="Hardesty, Von 1982, p. 74">Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 74.</ref>
  • October 11–12 – After Soviet intelligence detects Luftwaffe plans for a major air attack on October 12 targeting industrial complexes, airfields, railroad terminals, and logistical facilities in the Soviet Western Front area, Soviet Air Force aircraft mount a major preemptive strike against German airfields at Vitebsk, Smolensk, Orel, Orsha, Siversk, and elsewhere overnight on October 11–12, followed by another large raid on the morning of October 12. The Soviets claim 500 German aircraft destroyed, although German sources do not confirm that number.<ref name="Hardesty, Von 1982, p. 74"/>
  • October 18 – The German drive on Moscow stalls because of mud, and will make little progress until the ground freezes in mid-November. During this period, the Soviet Air Force flies 26,000 sorties in support of forces defending Moscow.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 69-70.</ref>
  • October 27 – Victor Talalikhin, the Soviet UnionTemplate:'s first major air hero of World War II, is killed in action during a dogfight with German aircraft.
  • October 28 – As part of the 1941 purge of the Soviet armed forces, 20 officers of the Soviet armed forces are executed. Among those shot are General Yakov Smushkevich, commander of the Soviet Air Forces from 1939 to 1940 who had overseen its poor performance during the Winter War with Finland,<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 54.</ref> General Pavel Rychagov, commander of the Soviet Air Forces from 1940 to 1941, and Rychagov's wife, aviator Maria Nesterenko. Rychagov is executed because he had called Soviet military aircraft "flying coffins" and Nesterenko because she had failed to denounce him as a state criminal.<ref name=braithwaitep147/><ref name=executedtoday1941twentyredarmyofficers/>

November

  • Italy begins the conversion of the passenger liner Template:SS into the first Italian aircraft carrier, later named Aquila ("Eagle"). The conversion will halt in an incomplete state when Italy surrenders to the Allies in September 1943 and will never be finished.<ref>Chesneau, Roger, ed., ConwayTemplate:'s all the WorldTemplate:'s Fighting Ships 1922-1946, New York: Mayflower Books, 1980, Template:ISBN, pp. 290-291.</ref>
  • November 7–8 (overnight) – 392 British bombers attack Berlin, Cologne, and Mannheim, losing 36 of their number – a heavy 9.2 percent loss rate.<ref>Hinchcliffe, Peter, The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces Versus Bomber Command, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 2001, Template:ISBN, p. 79.</ref>
  • November 12 – The British aircraft carrier Template:HMS is sunk in the Mediterranean east of Gibraltar by the Template:GS.
  • November 15-December 5 – The Luftwaffe carries out 41 raids on Moscow. Soviet air defenses claim an average of 30 to 40 German aircraft shot down per day during the attacks.<ref name="Hardesty, Von 1982, p. 66"/> During the same period, the Soviet Air Force, better prepared for cold-weather operations than the Luftwaffe, reportedly flies 15,840 sorties while Luftwaffe aircraft supporting Operation Typhoon manage only 3,500. Soviet sources claim that the Luftwaffe loses 1,400 aircraft during this time.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 71.</ref>
  • November 17 – Ernst Udet, the LuftwaffeTemplate:'s Director-General of Equipment and the second-highest German ace of World War I (62 victories), commits suicide.
  • November 22
    • The German fighter ace Werner Mölders dies in the crash of a Heinkel He 111 bomber at Breslau while riding as a passenger on his way to Ernst UdetTemplate:'s funeral. His official kill total stands at 115 at the time of his death, although he is believed to have shot down another 30 Soviet aircraft for which he received no credit while making unauthorized combat flights during the last months of his career.
    • Malta-based British aircraft attack an Axis convoy bound from Naples to North Africa, damaging the Italian light cruiser Luigi di Savoia Duca degli Abruzzi.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 207.</ref>
  • November 30
  • November 30-December 4 – U.S. Navy patrol aircraft based in the Philippine Islands monitor Japanese naval and shipping activity at Camranh Bay in French Indochina.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume XIII: The Liberation of the Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944-1945, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989, p. 100.</ref>

December

  • December 1 – The Civil Air Patrol is founded in the United States.<ref>Mauro, Stephen, "CAP Seeks Congressional Gold Medal", Aviation History, May 2012, p. 12.</ref>
  • December 2 – Adolf Hitler orders the LuftwaffeTemplate:'s Fliegerkorps II to redeploy from the Soviet Union to Sicily and North Africa and together with Fliegerkorps X to form Luftflotte 2 under the command of Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, and orders Kesselring to achieve air superiority over southern Italy and North Africa, suppress Allied forces on Malta, ensure safe passage of Axis convoys to North Africa, paralyze Allied sea traffic in the Mediterranean, and prevent Allied supplies from arriving at Tobruk and Malta. The redeployment will reverse the balance of power at sea in the Mediterranean in favor of the Axis.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 211.</ref>
  • December 5 – The Soviets begin a major counteroffensive to push German forces back from the Moscow area. In the western sector of the Soviet offensive alone, the Soviets commit 1,376 aircraft to support the offensive, opposing a Soviet-estimated 580 German planes.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 74-75.</ref> In the southwestern sector, the 286 available Soviet aircraft make a concerted effort to destroy the 2nd Panzer Army, flying 5,066 combat sorties during the month.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 69-76.</ref>
  • December 7 (December 8 west of the International Date Line) – The Imperial Japanese Navy makes a devastatingly successful surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and other U.S. military facilities on Oahu, Hawaii. Six aircraft carriers launch 353 warplanes in two waves. They sink five American battleships and ten other vessels, damage three other battleships, and destroy 188 U.S. aircraft, killing 2,402 and wounding 1,282. The Japanese lose 29 aircraft, five midget submarines, and 65 killed.
  • December 8
  • December 9
    • Japanese aircraft which landed at captured airfields at Patani and Singora, Thailand, the previous day already have destroyed on the ground 60 of the 100 British aircraft based in northern Malaya. By December 12, the Japanese will have complete air superiority over northern Malaya.<ref name=diamond2017Junep54/>
    • Soviet air reconnaissance confirms a large-scale German troop withdrawal west of Klin in response to the Soviet winter counteroffensive.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 75.</ref>
  • December 9–14 – With the German air threat to Moscow in decline, Soviet Air Defense Forces fighters of the 6th Fighter Air Corps join Soviet Air Force Frontal Aviation aircraft in supporting the Soviet winter ground offensive, attacking retreating German troops columns west of Moscow near Klin, Solnechnogorsk, and other locations in heavy snow and extreme cold.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 69-77.</ref>
  • December 10
    • French Indochina-based Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi G3M bombers (Allied reporting name "Nell") sink the Royal Navy battleship Template:HMS and battlecruiser Template:HMS in the South China Sea east of Malaya using torpedoes. They are the first capital ships to be sunk at sea by aircraft alone.<ref>Chant, Chris, The WorldTemplate:'s Great Bombers, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 2000, Template:ISBN, p. 48.</ref>
    • In the Philippines, 54 Japanese naval bombers systematically destroy Cavite Navy Yard and a significant part of neighboring Cavite with precision bombing from Template:Convert during a two-hour attack. The submarine Template:USS is sunk pierside at the Navy Yard, the first American submarine ever sunk by enemy action.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931-April 1942, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, pp. 171-172.</ref>
    • After a courageous attack against Japanese ships off the Philippines, U.S. Army Air Force Captain Colin Kelly, a B-17C Flying Fortress pilot, becomes one of the earliest American heroes of World War II when he stays at the controls of his stricken bomber long enough for his crew to escape and is killed when his plane explodes. He is mistakenly reported to have deliberately crashed his stricken plane into the Japanese battleship Template:Ship.
    • A Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber from the aircraft carrier Template:USS piloted by Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson sinks the Japanese submarine I-70 northeast of Oahu.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931-April 1942, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, p. 217.</ref> I-70 is the first Japanese submarine ever sunk by enemy forces and the first enemy warship sunk by the U.S. armed forces during World War II.
  • December 11
  • December 12 – The U.S. Navy creates the Naval Air Transport Service (NATS) to provide emergency deliveries of materiel to front-line forces when delivery by ship would take too long.<ref>Niderost, Eric, "Clippers to the Rescue", Aviation History, November 2012, p. 30.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • December 14–19 – Japanese naval aircraft from Kwajalein Atoll strike Wake Island repeatedly.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931-April 1942, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, pp. 245-246.</ref>
  • December 15–16 (overnight) – The Soviet Union makes the first combat parachute assault in its history, dropping 415 men behind German lines near Teryayeva Sloboda in support of an advance by the Soviet 30th Army. Due to poor coordination of operations and a lack of fighter cover, the Soviet paratroopers suffer heavy casualties and narrowly escape annihilation.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, pp. 76.</ref>
  • December 17
    • In the Philippine Islands, United States Army Air Forces P-40 Warhawk pilot Lieutenant Colonel Boyd Wagner shoots down his fifth Japanese plane near Vigan, becoming the first American ace of World War II.<ref>McGowan, Sam, "Early American Ace: Boyd Wagner and His Squadron Mates Flying P-40 Fighters Held the Line For a Time In the Philippines", World War II History, December 2010, pp. 65-70.</ref><ref>Wikipedia Boyd Wagner article.</ref>
    • Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa ("peregrine falcon"; Allied reporting name "Oscar") fighters, attack a formation of 12 Royal Australian Air Force No. 453 Squadron Brewster Buffalo fighters over Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, shooting down five of them and damaging four. The only Japanese loss is a Ki-43 that crashes after its wing collapses as it pulls out of a dive.<ref>[Guttman, John, "Nakajima′s Fragile Falcon," Aviation History, May 2017, pp. 31, 34.]</ref>
    • Aircraft from Template:HMS damage the German submarine Template:GS so badly that her crew later scuttles her. It is the first time that escort aircraft carrier-based aircraft contribute to the sinking of a submarine.
    • A Yokosuka E14Y floatplane (Allied reporting name "Glen") launched by the Japanese submarine I-7 conducts a post-strike reconnaissance flight over Pearl Harbor. It is the E14YTemplate:'s combat debut.<ref>Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, Template:ISBN, p. 453.</ref>
  • December 17–20 – All surviving B-17 Flying Fortress bombers of the United States Army Air ForcesTemplate:'s Far East Air Force are withdrawn from the Philippine Islands to Australia. All other Far Eastern Air Force aircraft are destroyed or captured by the Japanese.
  • December 17–26 – Soviet Air Force Frontal Aviation aircraft fly 1,289 combat sorties in support of five Soviet armies driving on Rzhev, claiming 16 German aircraft shot down.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 76.</ref>
  • December 20 – The Nationalist Chinese Air ForceTemplate:'s American Volunteer Group, the "Flying Tigers", sees its first combat near Kunming, China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • December 21
    • The LuftwaffeTemplate:'s Fliegerkorps II begins a steadily escalating bombing and sea mining campaign against Malta with a goal of knocking out British air and naval forces based there.<ref>Macintyre, Donald, The Naval War Against Hitler, New York: Charles ScribnerTemplate:'s Sons, 1971, no ISBN, p. 217.</ref>
    • The German submarine Template:GS torpedoes and sinks the British escort carrier Template:HMS while she is escorting a convoy about Template:Convert west of Cape Finisterre. During her three months of operations, AudacityTemplate:'s aircraft have shot down five Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condors, damaged three more, and driven one off, contributed to the sinking of a German submarine, and greatly interfered with the operations of German submarines against convoys she had escorted, proving the value of escort carrier escort of convoys. As a result, the Allies will begin to commit escort carriers to convoy escort operations in the Atlantic Ocean again in 1943.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, pp. 80-81.</ref>
  • December 21–22 – Aircraft from the Japanese carriers Template:Ship and Template:Ship strike Wake Island, which will fall to the Japanese on December 23.<ref>Morison, Samuel Eliot, History of U.S. Naval Operations in World War II, Volume III: The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931-April 1942, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1988, pp. 245-247.</ref>
  • December 22 – A radar-equipped Fairey Firefly sinks a German submarine (Template:GS) at night, the first such victory.
  • December 27–28 – 132 British bombers attack Düsseldorf, Germany.<ref name="Hinchcliffe, Peter 2001, p. 59"/>
  • December 31
    • Since October 1, the Soviet Union has formed 71 new air regiments.<ref>Hardesty, Von, Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, Template:ISBN, p. 78.</ref>
    • During 1941, German night fighters defending Germany have shot down 421 British bombers, a tenfold increase over 1940.<ref>Hinchcliffe, Peter, The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces vs. Bomber Command, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 107.</ref>

First flights

January

February

  • Curtiss O-52 Owl<ref>Boyne, Walter J., "'Messerschmitt Killer'", Aviation History, November 2012, p. 56.</ref>
  • February 2 – Curtiss XP-46A<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 171.</ref>
  • February 18 – Grumman XP-50<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, Template:ISBN, p. 231.</ref>
  • February 19 – Airspeed Cambridge T2449
  • February 25 – Messerschmitt Me 321

March

  • Kawasaki Ki-60<ref>Francillon, René J., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1979, Template:ISBN, p. 111.</ref>

April

May

June

  • Brewster XSB2A-1, prototype of the Brewster SB2A Buccaneer and Brewster Bermuda<ref>Polmar, Norman, "A Lackluster Performance, Part II," Naval History, June 2017, p. 62.</ref>
  • June 14 – Martin 187, prototype of the Martin Baltimore

July

  • July 19 – Beech Model 26, prototype of the Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita<ref>Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, Template:ISBN, p. 97.</ref>

August

September

  • Polikarpov TIS
  • September 18 – Curtiss XP-60<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 173.</ref>

December

Entered service

February

April

May

July

August

September

  • Bell Airacobra (British export version; U.S. Army Air Forces designation P-400) with No. 601 Squadron, RAF<ref>David, Donald, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Nobles Books, 1997, Template:ISBN, p. 106.</ref>

November

December

Retirements

May

References

Template:Reflist

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