1951 in aviation

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Template:Short description Template:Yearbox Template:Portal This is a list of aviation-related events from 1951:

Events

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  • With no aircraft left on order and no prospects for new orders, the Curtiss-Wright Corporation closes down its Aeroplane Division and sells all of its aircraft designs, projects, prototypes, and factories to North American Aviation.<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 108.</ref>
  • During the year, Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela (LAV) begins service between Venezuela and Lima, Peru, and Bogotá, Colombia.
  • Early 1951 – The Royal Navy embarks a helicopter unit on an aircraft carrier for the first time, aboard Template:HMS.<ref>Sturtivant, Ray, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, Template:ISBN, p. 182.</ref>

January

  • U.S. Navy aircraft from the aircraft carriers of Task Force 77 provide support to United Nations troops fighting on the front line in Korea, including long-range interdiction, emergency close air support, and air cover for landings and evacuations.<ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 220.</ref>
  • January 1
  • January 13 – An Air Carriers Douglas VC-47D-27-DK Skytrain (registration (VR-HEP) on a domestic flight in the Federation of Malaya crashes into the mountain Bukit Besar, killing all 10 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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    • The month ends as the worst for the United Nations forces in Korea in terms of air losses, with 44 U.N. aircraft lost to enemy ground fire alone. More than 600 American aircraft have been lost in air-to-air combat or due to enemy ground fire since the Korean War began in June 1950.<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 268">Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 268.</ref>

February

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  • February 21 – English Electric Canberra BMk2 WD932 becomes the first jet to make an unrefuelled transatlantic flight, flying from RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland to Gander in Newfoundland, Canada. The Canberra makes the fight in a record time of 4 hours 37 minutes.<ref>Gunston, Bill, and Peter Gilchrist, Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2, Osprey, 1993, Template:ISBN, p. 150.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • February 26 – U.S. Navy carrier aircraft of Task Force 77 begin 38 consecutive days of attacks on enemy railroads and highways along the east coast of Korea.<ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, pp. 221, 222.</ref>

March

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  • March 2
    • U.S. Navy AD Skyraiders of Attack Squadron 195 (VA-195) from the aircraft carrier Template:USS begin a lengthy series of raids against a railroad bridge across a deep ravine south of Kilchu, Korea, discovered earlier that day by their commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Harold Carlson. They damage the southern approach to the bridge in their first strike.<ref name="Knott, Robert C. 2004, pp. 42-43">Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, pp. 42-43.</ref><ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 276.</ref>
    • Mid-Continent Airlines Flight 16, a Douglas DC-3A (registration N19928) stalls during a left turn at low altitude on approach to Sioux City Municipal Airport in Sioux City, Iowa, and crashes, killing 16 of the 25 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • March 3 – The second strike by VA-195 against the Kilchu railroad bridge destroys one span, damages another span, and shifts two more spans out of line. Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie, commanding Task Force 77, dubs the target "Carlson's Canyon."<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 272">Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 272.</ref>
  • March 6 – The Martin aircraft company gains production rights to the English Electric Canberra as the B-57.
  • March 7 – VA-195 makes its third strike against the railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon," dropping the northernmost of the two spans it had shifted in its March 3 attack.<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 272"/>
  • March 11 – A Pacific Overseas Airlines Douglas R5D-1 Skymaster (registration HS-POS) crashes into hills on Hong Kong Island just after takeoff from Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong, killing all 24 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • March 15
    • VA-195 makes its fourth strike against the railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon," destroying some wooden replacement spans, dropping a span at the southern end, and damaging the northern approach. Later in the month, U.S. Air Force B-29 Superfortresses seed the valley floor with long-time-delay bombs.<ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 272</ref>
    • A Qantas flying boat makes a survey flight from Sydney, Australia, to Valparaíso, Chile, via Easter Island, a first flight of this type across the South Pacific.
  • March 21

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April

  • United Nations intelligence estimates credit the People's Republic of China with 1,250 planes based in Manchuria, about 800 of them Soviet-built jets. Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force General Hoyt Vandenberg expresses concern that the U.N. is close to losing air superiority over North Korea.<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 268"/>
  • The United States Navy has activated 13 aircraft carriers from the National Defense Reserve Fleet to bolster its capabilities during the Korean War.<ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 221.</ref>
  • April 1 – U.S. Navy carrier-based jets are used as fighter-bombers for the first time as F9F Panthers of Fighter Squadron 191 (VF-191) aboard Template:USS attack a railroad bridge near Songjin, Korea, with 100- and 250-pound (45- and 113-kg) bombs.<ref name="operations40"/>
  • April 2 – The fifth and sixth strikes by U.S. Navy Attack Squadron 195 (VA-195) against the almost-rebuilt railroad bridge in "Carlson's Canyon" at Kilchu, Korea, leave only the concrete bridge piers standing. VA-195Template:'s campaign has defeated enemy attempts to repair the bridge. However, the North Koreans have built a bypass road with eight new bridges that are harder to hit and easier to repair, and keep their supplies moving, and VA-195 gives up on further strikes. VA-195Template:'s attacks on the bridge will inspire the 1953 novella The Bridges at Toko-ri by James Michener and the 1954 movie of the same name based on it.<ref name="Knott, Robert C. 2004, pp. 42-43"/><ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 272-273.</ref>
  • April 4 – U.S. Navy aircraft carriers of Task Force 77 conclude 38 consecutive days of aerial interdiction in Korea, during which their aviators have claimed the destruction of 54 railroad and 37 highway bridges and to have ruptured railroad tracks in 200 other places. The railroad system along the east coast of North Korea has been reduced from carrying two-thirds to carrying one-third of North Korean and Chinese supplies since the attacks began on February 25.<ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 222.</ref>
  • April 6 – During a flight in California from Santa Maria Municipal Airport in Santa Maria to Santa Barbara Municipal Airport in Santa Barbara, Southwest Airways Flight 7 – a Douglas C-47A-90-DL Skytrain (registration N63439) – crashes into the rising slope of a ridge at an altitude of Template:Convert in Refugio Pass, killing all 22 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • April 30 – Six aircraft from the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Template:USS attack the Hwachon Dam, attempting to destroy its sluice gates to prevent North Korea from shutting them and allowing the Pukhan River below to dry up so that North Korean and Chinese troops could cross the riverbed. Dropping one Template:Convert bomb each, they punch a hole in the dam but miss the sluice gates.<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 273">Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 273.</ref>

May

  • May 1 – The only combat use of torpedoes during the Korean War occurs when U.S. Navy AD Skyraiders of Attack Squadron 195 (VA-195) from Template:USS, escorted by F4U Corsairs of Fighter Squadrons 192 and 193 (VF-192 and VF-193) from the same carrier, attack the Hwachon Dam with torpedoes, wrecking the center sluice gate and flooding the Pukhan River. All aircraft return safely. It is the only occasion on which naval aircraft have used torpedoes to attack a dam.<ref name="Isenberg, Michael T. p. 273"/><ref>Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 43.</ref> No aerial torpedo attack has been conducted by any country since.<ref>Polmar, Norman, "The Versatile, Durable Skyraider", Naval History, October 2011, p. 16.</ref>
  • May 6 – Air Vietnam, the national flag carrier of South Vietnam, is founded.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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June

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July

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  • July 3 – United States Navy Lieutenant junior grade John K. Koelsch and his crewman, Aviation Mate Third Class George M. Neal, are shot down in an HO3S helicopter by enemy ground fire while trying to rescue United States Marine Corps Captain James V. Wilkins, who had been shot down behind enemy lines and was badly burned. Koelsch and Neal rig a litter to carry Wilkins out of the area, but eventually are captured on July 12, and Koelsch dies on October 16, 1951, while in captivity. For his actions, Koelsch posthumously becomes the first helicopter pilot to receive the Medal of Honor.<ref>Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 48.</ref>
  • July 6 – Aerial refueling is used under combat conditions for the first time, with a KB-29 Superfortress tanker refueling four RF-80 Shooting Star reconnaissance aircraft over North Korea
  • July 12 – A Lóide Aéreo Nacional Douglas C-47B-13-DK Skytrain (registration PP-LPG) abandons a landing attempt in adverse weather at Aracaju Airport in Aracaju, Brazil, overflies the runway, and crashes after beginning a right turn, killing all 33 people on board. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in Brazilian history and the third-deadliest worldwide involving any variant of the Douglas DC-3.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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August

September

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  • September 13
    • The United States Marine CorpsTemplate:'s first transport helicopter squadron, Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161), conducts history's first mass helicopter resupply mission in Operation Windmill I, lifting Template:Convert of equipment to a U.S. Marine Corps battalion on the front line in Korea and evacuating 74 casualties, all in one hour, using Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 54">Thorson, Craig A., "Marine Chopper Salvage," Aviation History, May 2012, p. 54.</ref>
    • In Operation Windmill II, Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) lifts Template:Convert of equipment to a U.S. Marine Corps unit on the front line in Korea in 18 flights over the course of one hour, using Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 54"/>
  • September 15 – A stunt plane piloted by United States Air Force First Lieutenant Norman Jones crashes into the crowd at the Fall Festival Day air show in Flagler, Colorado, when Jones attempts a loop or slow roll (sources differ) from an altitude of Template:Convert. Jones, six other adults, and 13 children die in the second-deadliest air show accident in U.S. history.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • September 21 – In Operation Summit, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the worldTemplate:'s first mass combat deployment by helicopter, when Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) uses 12 Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to land 224<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 54"/> or 228<ref name="Knott, Robert C. 2004, p. 63">Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 63.</ref> U.S. Marines and Template:Convert of equipment onto Hill 844 near Kansong, Korea.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 54"/><ref name="Knott, Robert C. 2004, p. 63"/>
  • September 27
    • In Operation Blackbird, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the worldTemplate:'s first nighttime combat troop lift by helicopter and the only large-scale night helicopter lift of the Korean War, when Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) uses Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters to land 223 U.S. Marines in a landing zone in Korea in 2 hours 20 minutes.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 55">Thorson, Craig A., "Marine Chopper Salvage," Aviation History, May 2012, p. 55.</ref>
    • A U.S. Air Force Curtiss C-46D-10-CU Commando crashes into Japan's Mount Tanazawa, killing all 14 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • September 28 – The U.S. Marine Corps loses a transport helicopter operationally for the first time in history when a Sikorsky HRS-1 of Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) is destroyed in a crash during a night training flight in Korea. All three men on board escape without injury.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 55"/>
  • September 30 – The Douglas Aircraft Company rolls out the X-3 Stiletto supersonic research aircraft at its plant in Santa Monica, California.<ref>Guttman, Jon, "Douglas X-3 Stiletto," Aviation History, November 2016, pp. 14-15.</ref>

October

  • Based on information supplied by Korean guerrillas, eight AD Skyraiders from U.S. Navy Fighter Squadron 54 (VF-54) attack a meeting place of Communist leaders in Kapsan, North Korea, with Template:Convert bombs and napalm. Intelligence evaluation indicates that 500 Communists are killed.<ref>Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 52.</ref><ref>Isenberg, Michael T., Shield of the Republic: The United States Navy in an Era of Cold War and Violent Peace, Volume I: 1945-1962, New York: St. Martin's Press, Template:ISBN, p. 176.</ref>
  • A U.S. Navy helicopter from the battleship Template:USS flies Template:Convert inland to rescue a downed pilot from the aircraft carrier Template:USS, a very lengthy rescue mission for the time.<ref>Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, Template:ISBN, p. 35.</ref>
  • Communist aircraft inflict significant damage on the Royal Navy frigate HMS Black Swan while she is operating in the Han River in Korea.<ref>Muir, Malcolm, Jr., Sea Power on Call: Fleet Operations June 1951-July 1953, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2005, Template:ISBN, p. 24.</ref>
  • October 3 – Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron 1 (HS-1), the U.S. Navy's first anti-submarine warfare helicopter squadron, is commissioned.
  • October 8 – An Aero Transportes SA Douglas C-47A-30-DK Skytrain (registration XA-GOR) crashes into the mountain Cerro Blanco in Mexico during a domestic flight from Mexico City to Minatitlán, killing all 10 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • October 11 – In Operation Bumble Bee, 12 Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters of Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) relieve an entire U.S. Marine Corps battalion on the front line in Korea, with each helicopter carrying six Marines at a time Template:Convert to the front and bringing six Marines at a time out to the rear area on the return trip. In under six hours, they transport a total of 958 Marines.<ref name="Thorson, Craig A. 2012, p. 55"/>
  • October 15

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  • October 18 – The Government of Colombia changes the name of Colombia′s national civil aviation authority from the Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics to the National Department of Civil Aeronautics and resubordinates it from the Ministry of War to the Ministry of Public Works.
  • October 22
    • In Operation Bushbeater, the U.S. Marine Corps makes the first use of vertical envelopment tactics when patrol teams of the 1st Marine Division use Template:Convert-long knotted ropes to descend from Sikorsky HRS-1 helicopters of Marine Transport Helicopter Squadron 161 (HMR-161) in Korea. Two of the helicopters lose lift over rough terrain and crash, but no one aboard is injured.<ref>Thorson, Craig A., "Marine Chopper Salvage," Aviation History, May 2012, pp. 55-57.</ref>
    • During a domestic flight in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from Beograd to Skopje, a Jat Airways Douglas C-47A-20-DK Skytrain (registration YU-ACC) crashes near Skopje, killing 12 people.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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November

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  • November 17 – An Overseas National Airways (ONA) Douglas DC-4 (N79992) on a training flight collided with a California Eastern Airways DC-4 (N4002B) near Oakland Airport, Oakland, California, while both aircraft were on instrument check flights with hoods installed in the left-hand side of the cockpits. The collision resulted in the destruction of the ONA DC-4 and death of all three pilots aboard it and damage to the California Eastern aircraft but no deaths to those two pilots. Investigators determined that the cause of the collision was the failure of the training pilot and, in the case of California Eastern, the lack of an observer.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
  • November 21 – A Deccan Airways Douglas C-47A-25-DK Skytrain (registration VT-AUO) flies too low on approach in very poor visibility to Dum Dum Airport in Calcutta, India, strikes trees, and crashes, killing 16 of the 17 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • November 30 – On a single mission, U.S. Air Force F-86 Sabre pilot George A. Davis, Jr., attacks nine Tupolev Tu-2 (NATO reporting name "Bat") bombers over the mouth of the Yalu River and shoots down three of them in three passes, then shoots down a MiG-15 over Korea Bay that had been pursuing another F-86 and lands at Kimpo Airport with only five U.S. gallons (4.2 Imperial gallons; 19 liters) of fuel remaining. The four kills make him the fifth U.S. ace of the Korean War. With seven kills of Japanese aircraft during World War II, he becomes the first U.S. pilot to become an ace in two wars. The day's victories also make him a double ace and an ace in both piston-engine aircraft and jet,<ref>Hollway, Don, "The Magnificent Seven," Aviation History, November 2014, p. 30.</ref> and losses among the Tu-2 formation prompt the Chinese Air Force to abandon bombing raids for the rest of the Korean War.

December

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  • December 12 – Alaska Air becomes the first airline to fly over the North Pole.
  • December 13 – U.S. Air Force Major George Davis of the 334th Fighter Squadron shoots down four MiG-15s in a single day.
  • December 16 – A fire breaks out in the right engine nacelle of a Miami Airline Curtiss C-46F-1-CU Commando (registration N1678M) as it takes off from Newark Airport. As the plane attempts to return to the airport, it strikes a vacant house and a brick storage building in Elizabeth, New Jersey, and comes to rest inverted and partially submerged in shallow water along the bank of the Elizabeth River, after which a severe gasoline fire breaks out and spreads to the brick building. The crash and fire kill all 56 people on board and seriously injure one person on the ground. At the time, it is the second-deadliest aviation accident in United States history and the second-deadliest accident involving any variant of the C-46.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
  • December 22 – Arriving at Mehrabad Airport in Tehran, Iran, in a snowstorm, a Misrair SNCASE SE.161 Languedoc (registration SU-AHH) circles the airport twice and then crashes west of it, killing all 22 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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  • December 31 – The U.S. Air Force's Strategic Air Command has an inventory of 1,165 aircraft, including 658 bombers.<ref>Ross, Steven T., American War Plans 1945-1950: Strategies For Defeating the Soviet Union, Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass, 1996, Template:ISBN, p. 139.</ref>

First flights

January

  • January 3 – Brochet MB.100<ref name="jawa51 p6">Bridgman 1951, p. 6c.</ref>
  • January 23 – Douglas XF4D-1, prototype of the Douglas F4D Skyray<ref>Knott, Robert C., Attack From the Sky: Naval Air Operations in the Korean War, Washington, D.C.: Department of the Navy Naval Historical Center, 2004, Template:ISBN, p. 189.</ref>

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

  • August 4 – Breguet Vultur<ref name="jawa52p30"/>
  • August 5 – HAL HT-2, India's first indigenously designed basic trainer.
  • August 5 – Supermarine Swift<ref name="jawa52p30"/> WJ960
  • August 7 – McDonnell F3H Demon<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, p. 304.</ref> 125444
  • August 10 – Short Sperrin<ref name="jawa52p30"/>
  • August 31 – Supermarine Type 508<ref name="jawa52p30"/> VX133

September

  • September 7 – Auster B.4 G-AMKL
  • September 20 – Grumman XF9F-6, prototype of the Grumman F9F-6, later F-9, Cougar<ref>Swanborough, Gordon, and Peter M. Bowers, United States Navy Aircraft Since 1911, London: Putnam, 1976, Template:ISBN, p. 233.</ref>
  • September 26 – de Havilland Sea Vixen WG326

October

  • October 4 – Brochet MB.80<ref name="jawa52p30"/>
  • October 5 – Convair CV-340<ref>Donald, David, ed., The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft, New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1997, Template:ISBN, p. 273.</ref>

November

December

  • December 10 – Fiat G.80, Italy's first true jet<ref name="jawa52p30"/>
  • December 10 – Kaman K-225, first turbine-powered helicopter<ref name="jawa52p30"/>
  • December 12 – de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter prototype<ref name="jawa52p30"/> CF-DYK-X
  • December 27 – North American XFJ-2B, prototype of the FJ-2 Fury<ref>Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987, Template:ISBN, p. 348.</ref>

Entered service

January

  • January 24 – British European Airways introduces the Pionair (a Douglas DC-3 modified by Scottish Aviation) into service.

February

May

June

July

August

October

December

Retirements

References

Template:Reflist

  • Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.
  • Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1952–53. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1952.
  • de Narbonne, Roland. "Novembre 1951, dans l'aéronautique française: Un faux prototype... un hélicoptère artisanal". Le Fana de l'Aviation, November 2011, No. 504. pp. 78–79 (in French).
  • de Narbonne, Roland. "Décembre 1951, dans l'aéronautique française: Un planeur original". Le Fana de l'Aviation, December 2011, No. 505. p. 78 (in French).

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