2000 United States Senate elections
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox election The 2000 United States Senate elections were held on November 7, 2000. The elections coincided with other federal and state elections, including the presidential election which was won by Republican George W. Bush. These elections took place 6 years after Republicans had won a net gain of eight seats in Senate Class 1. Despite George W. Bush's victory in the presidential election, the Republicans lost four senate seats, the most a winning president's party has lost since the passage of the 17th Amendment. This election marked the first election year since 1990 where Democrats made net gains in the Senate. Democrats defeated incumbent Republicans in Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, and Washington, and they won an open Republican-held seat in Florida. In Missouri, the winner was elected posthumously. The Republicans defeated Democratic incumbent Chuck Robb in Virginia, and won an open seat in Nevada. Additionally, Republican Senator Paul Coverdell of Georgia died earlier in the year and was replaced by Democratic appointee Zell Miller, who then went on to win the special election.
These elections resulted in an equal 50–50 split between Republicans and Democrats, with the Vice President casting the tie-breaking votes in the Senate. This was the second tied Senate, after the results in the 1880 elections. Democrats thereby technically won control of the Senate briefly from the Republicans but for only 17 days, since Democrat Al Gore was still Vice President and President of the Senate at the beginning of the new congressional term that started on January 3, 2001, and would remain so until the new Republican Vice President and President of the Senate Dick Cheney would be inaugurated on Inauguration Day on January 20th, 2001, restablishing the Republican majority. However, the Republican majority would only last until June 6, 2001, when Liberal Republican Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party and became an independent, deciding to caucus with the Democrats, switching control again to the Democrats. Democrats would lose their majority in the Senate again, being reduced to a plaurity, after the death of Democratic Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone, before Republicans would once more and finally regain the majority in the Senate again after Republican Jim Talent won the 2002 United States Senate special election in Missouri, but since the election was held close to the end of the congressional term, it was decided Democrats would maintain technically maintain control of the Senate before the new one started. Republicans were able to firmly establish their majority in the 2002 midterm elections, and Democrats would not regain control of the Senate again until the 2006 midterm elections.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Until 2020, this was the last time that Democrats would win a Senate seat in Georgia. This is the last election cycle with only Republicans and Democrats in the Senate, and the last election cycle in which Republicans won seats in Rhode Island and Vermont.
Results summary
| style="background:Template:Party color; width:50%" | 50 | style="background:Template:Party color; width:50%" | 50 |
| Democratic | Republican |
| Parties | Breakdown | Total seats | Popular vote | Total candidates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up | Elected | Not up | 2000 | +/- | Vote | % | GeneralTemplate:Efn | |||
| Template:Party color cell | Democratic Party | 15 | 19 | 31 | 50 | Template:Increase 4 | 36,780,875Template:Efn | 47.039% | 33 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Republican Party | 19 | 15 | 35 | 50 | Template:Decrease 4 | 36,725,431Template:Efn | 46.968% | 34 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Libertarian Party | - | - | - | - | - | 1,036,684 | 1.326% | 22 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Green Party | - | - | - | - | - | 652,329 | 0.834% | 8 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Independent | - | - | - | - | - | 365,614 | 0.468% | 24 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Constitution Party | - | - | - | - | - | 286,816 | 0.367% | 8 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Reform Party | - | - | - | - | - | 190,509 | 0.244% | 8 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Independence Party | - | - | - | - | - | 183,764 | 0.235% | 2 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Socialist Workers Party | - | - | - | - | - | 15,996 | 0.020% | 2 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Other parties | - | - | - | - | - | 1,461,975 | 1.870% | 12 | |
| Template:Party color cell | Write-in | - | - | - | - | - | 324,295 | 0.415% | - | |
| Total | 34 | 34 | 66 | 100 | - | 78,191,797 | 100.0% | 153 | ||
Source: Template:Cite web
Change in composition
Before the elections
After the July 27, 2000, appointment in Georgia.
After the elections
Beginning of the first session
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Gains and losses
Retirements
Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
One Republican and four Democrats retired instead of seeking re-election. John Chafee of Rhode Island had previously announced his intent to retire at the end of his term, however, he died in office on October 24, 1999.
Defeats
One Democrat and five Republicans sought re-election but lost in the general election.
Post-election changes
One Democratic senator-elect died on October 16, 2000, having been elected posthumously, and was replaced by a Democrat.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Missouri (Class 1) |
Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:SortnameTemplate:Efn | Template:Party shading/Democratic | Template:Sortname |
Race summary
Special elections during the previous Congress
In this special election, the winner was seated between January 1, 2000, and January 2, 2001.
| State | Incumbent | Result | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Georgia (Class 3) |
Zell Miller | Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 2000 Template:Small | Interim appointee elected November 7, 2000. | Template:Plainlist |
Elections to the next Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 2001.
All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.
Closest races
In ten races the margin of victory was under 10%
| District | Winner | Margin |
|---|---|---|
| Washington | data-sort-value=-1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 0.09%<ref name= Clerk/> |
| Michigan | data-sort-value=-1 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 1.6% |
| Missouri | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 2.1% |
| Nebraska | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 2.3% |
| New Jersey | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic | 3.0% |
| Montana | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 3.4%Template:Efn |
| Virginia | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican (flip) | 4.6% |
| Florida | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 4.8% |
| Minnesota | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Democratic | Democratic (flip) | 5.5% |
| Pennsylvania | data-sort-value=0.5 Template:Party shading/Republican | Republican | 6.9% |
Arizona
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Jon Kyl won re-election to a second term, as no candidate was nominated from the Democratic Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Independent Bill Toel,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Green party nominee Vance Hansen, and Libertarian party nominee Barry Hess each got more than 5% of the vote, a strong third party performance.
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California
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also The heavily financed and popular senator Dianne Feinstein (D) easily won re-election to her second full term defeating the underfunded and underdog candidate Representative Tom Campbell (R) by over 19 points. Campbell even lost his own congressional district by almost 15 points.
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Despite touting his service as a moderate Republican representing a strongly Democratic district, Campbell was underfunded and a decided underdog against the popular, heavily financed Feinstein. By February, he spent barely $1 million without any PAC money.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Campbell has generally supported gay rights and abortion. He also opposes the war on drugs and calls himself a "maverick", similar to U.S. senator John McCain.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Campbell was badly defeated, losing by over 19 points. Template:Election box begin no change Template:Election box winning candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box candidate with party link no change Template:Election box invalid no change Template:Election box total no change Template:Election box turnout no change Template:Election box hold with party link without swing
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Connecticut
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Joe Lieberman won re-election to a third term over Republican Philip Giordano, Mayor of Waterbury and former State Representative. While running for re-election, he was also Al Gore's running mate in the 2000 presidential campaign. With Gore losing the presidency to George W. Bush, Lieberman returned to the Senate and remained there for another 13 years, when he retired. Had the Gore–Lieberman ticket won, Lieberman would have become U.S. Vice President and forced to resign his Senate seat, which would have led to a 2002 special election. It would also have led Republican Governor John G. Rowland to temporarily appoint an interim replacement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Lieberman, a very popular<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> centrist<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> incumbent, focused on his vice presidential campaign. He refused to show up at the debates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Giordano was a heavy underdog, as he was ignored by the press and as he debated alone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Delaware
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican William Roth ran for re-election to a sixth term, but was defeated by Governor Tom Carper.
For 16 years the same four people had held the four major statewide positions. Because of term limits on the Governor's position Thomas Carper could not run again. Both he and U.S. Representative Michael Castle wanted to be U.S. senator. Roth would not retire, and fellow Republican Castle decided against a primary.
Roth, 79, was in the U.S. Senate for 30 years. He was the Chairman of the Finance Committee. Carper, 53, was a popular Governor and former U.S. Congressman of Delaware's At-large congressional district, who announced his major candidacy against Roth back in September 1999.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both candidates were moderates. Roth was one of the few Republicans to vote for the Brady Bill. Although Roth started the campaign with a 2-to-1 spending advantage, Carper went into the final month with more than $1 million on hand.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> In a contest between two popular and respected politicians, the issue seemed to be Roth's age versus Carper's relative youth.
Carper defeated Roth by over ten points. However, Roth received more votes than Presidential candidate George W. Bush, suggesting the strength of the Democratic turnout was a boon to Carper's candidacy and a key element of his victory. Many consider Roth's defeat due to his age and health, as he collapsed twice during the campaign, once in the middle of a television interview and once during a campaign event.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="newsbank1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Florida
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Connie Mack III decided to retire instead of seeking a third term. Democrat Bill Nelson, State Treasurer and former U.S. Representative, won the open seat over Republican Congressman Bill McCollum.
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This election was in conjunction to the presidential election, where Bush narrowly defeated Gore after an intense recount. The senate election was evenly matched with two U.S. Congressmen named Bill in their mid-50s. Both parties heavily targeted this senate seat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The election became very nasty as Nelson called his opponent "an extremist who would sacrifice the elderly, the poor, and the working class to coddle the rich". McCollum called the Democrat "a liberal who would tax everything that moves, and some things that don't." The election advertisements were very negative, as both candidates talked more about each other than themselves.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Nelson raised only soft money,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but had help from President Bill Clinton and VP Al Gore.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Two days before the election, McCollum predicted he would win by a 6-point margin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On election day, he lost by a 5-point margin.
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Georgia (special)
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Zell Miller, who was appointed by Democrat Governor Roy Barnes to replace Republican Paul Coverdell following his death, won re-election to serve the remainder of the term, beating Republican Mack Mattingly, former Ambassador to Seychelles and former U.S. senator. Until 2020, when Raphael Warnock won this seat, and Jon Ossoff won the other Senate seat, this was the last Senate election in Georgia won by a Democrat and also until 2020, this was the last time the Democrats have won the Class III Senate seat from Georgia.
One of the biggest campaign issues was Social Security. Miller attacked Mattingly for supporting a raise in the retirement age.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Republican fought back by connecting him to liberal Democrat Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, and on his vote to block legislation aimed at protecting Social Security. Mattingly said he would vote for Texas Governor George W. Bush for president, who was very popular in the state and led Vice President Al Gore in many Georgia polls. Mattingly then asked Miller who he was supporting in the presidential election. Miller conceded he would vote for Gore because he helped him when he was governor including drought relief, welfare reform, and the Atlanta Olympics. "That does not mean I agree with all of his policies," he concluded.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In early October, a poll showed Miller leading with 59% of the vote, despite the fact that Bush was leading Gore by a double-digit margin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Note: This election was a non-partisan election due to it being a special election. Each candidate ran without a party. The parties below reflect which party label each candidate would have run under if given the option. Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party linkTemplate:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box majority Template:Election box turnout
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Hawaii
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Daniel Akaka won re-election to his second full term, over Republican John Carroll, former State senator and former State Representative.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Indiana
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Richard Lugar was re-elected to his fifth six-year term over Democrat David Johnson.
Lugar easily won re-election taking 66.5% one of the largest margins in a statewide race in Indiana history. Johnson only took one county, Lake County, a Democratic stronghold which borders Chicago.
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Maine
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Olympia Snowe was re-elected to a second term, defeating Democratic candidate Mark Lawrence, former President of the Maine State Senate.
Snowe, a popular moderate incumbent, outpolled and outspent Lawrence.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The two candidates agreed to debate on October 15 and 25.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Maryland
Template:Main Template:See also
Template:Infobox election Incumbent Democrat Paul Sarbanes won re-election to a fifth term over Republican Paul Rappaport, former Howard County police chief and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 1994.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Rappaport won the Republican primary against S. Rob Sobhani, Ross Zimmerman Pierpont, Robin Ficker, Kenneth R. Timmerman, Kenneth Wayman and John Stafford<ref>MD US Senate - R Primary, Our Campaigns.</ref> through a grassroots movement with a plurality of just 23%.<ref>Rappaport to focus on crime in race with Sarbanes, The Washington Times, March 9, 2000.</ref> Rappaport, a major underdog, pushed for three debates. The four term incumbent actually agreed to one debate on October 26.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Massachusetts
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Ted Kennedy won re-election to his eighth (his seventh full) term. The election was notable for a strong third-party performance from Libertarian Carla Howell, who finished less than a percent behind Republican Jack E. Robinson.
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Michigan
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Spencer Abraham ran for re-election to a second term, but was defeated by Democrat Debbie Stabenow.
Abraham, who was first elected in the 1994 Republican Revolution despite never running for public office before, was considered vulnerable by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee. Major issues in the campaign included prescription drugs for the elderly.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> By September 4, Abraham still had failed to reach 50% in polls despite having spent over $6 million on television ads.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In mid-October, he came back and reached 50% and 49% in two polls respectively.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The election was very close with Stabenow prevailing by just over 67,000 votes. Stabenow was also likely helped by the fact that Al Gore won Michigan on the presidential level. Ultimately, Stabenow pulled out huge numbers of the Democratic stronghold of Wayne County, which covers the Detroit Metropolitan Area. Stabenow also performed well in other heavily populated areas such as Ingham County home to the state's capital of Lansing, and the college town of Ann Arbor. Abraham did not concede right after major news networks declared Stabenow the winner; He held out hope that the few outstanding precincts could push him over the edge. At 4:00 am, Abraham conceded defeat. Senator Abraham called Stabenow and congratulated her on her victory. A historic election, Stabenow became the first woman to represent Michigan in the United States Senate. Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box majority Template:Election box turnout Template:Election box gain with party link
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Minnesota
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also The race pitted incumbent Republican senator Rod Grams against former Minnesota State Auditor Mark Dayton.
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Mississippi
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Trent Lott won re-election to a third term over perennial Democratic candidate Troy Brown.
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Missouri
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican John Ashcroft lost the election to Governor Mel Carnahan, despite Carnahan's death three weeks before election day.
In 1998, Ashcroft briefly considered running for president. On January 5, 1999, he announced that he would not seek the presidency and would instead defend his Senate seat in the 2000 election.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Missouri Governor Mel Carnahan announced he would contest the Senate election as a Democrat.
In the general election for the state's seat in the U.S. Senate, Ashcroft was facing then-Governor Mel Carnahan in a "tight" race, despite the senator having a larger budget than Carnahan, a war chest that included significant contributions from corporations such as Monsanto Company,<ref>Schanbacher, William D. The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict between Food Security and Food Sovereignty, Praeger Security International; February 26, 2010; Template:ISBN; p. 47.</ref> headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri, which gave five times more to Ashcroft's campaign fund than to the fund of any other congressional hopeful at the time.<ref>Harrison, Beth B. Shedding Light on Genetically Engineered Food: What You Don't Know About the Food You're Eating and What You Can Do to Protect Yourself, iUniverse, Inc., November 13, 2007, Template:ISBN</ref>
Carnahan was killed in a plane crash three weeks before the November election date. Nonetheless, Carnahan's name remained on the ballot due to Missouri's election laws. Lieutenant Governor Roger B. Wilson became Governor upon Carnahan's death, to serve the remaining term of Carnahan's governorship. Ashcroft suspended all campaigning on the day of the plane crash in light of the tragedy and resumed it eight days before the election date.<ref name="nyt">Template:Cite news</ref>
The voters of Missouri, by a margin of approximately fifty thousand votes,<ref name=results/> chose for the U.S. Senate Mel Carnahan, their Governor who had died two weeks before the election. No one had ever posthumously won election to the Senate, though voters on at least three other occasions had until then chosen deceased candidates for the House of Representatives: Clement Woodnutt Miller (D) in California in 1962; Nick Begich (D) in Alaska, 1972; and Hale Boggs (D) in Louisiana, 1972. Hence, John Ashcroft became the first U.S. Senate candidate to be defeated by a dead opponent.<ref name="post">Template:Cite news</ref>
Governor Roger B. Wilson appointed Carnahan's 66-year-old widow, Jean Carnahan, to fill her husband's vacant seat until the next cycle of Senate elections when a successor could be elected to serve out the remaining four years of the deceased Carnahan's would-be term.<ref>Wayne, Stephen J. & Clyde Wilcox. The Election of the Century: The 2000 Election and What it Tells Us About American Politics in the New Millennium, Routledge, February 20, 2002, Template:ISBN; ch.10.</ref> Ashcroft stated that he hoped the appointment would be "a matter of comfort for Mrs. Carnahan."
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Montana
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Conrad Burns won re-election to a third term.
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Though Sam Rankin won the Reform Party's nomination for the United States Senate, he dropped out of the race over the summer and was replaced by Gary Lee.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Conrad, in a poll released September 21, was leading Schweitzer 48% to 39%Template:Citation needed that went down from 49% in November 1999Template:Citation needed. Schweitzer had his polls go up by 11 points.
Burns faced a surprisingly difficult re-election campaign in 2000. In February 1999, he announced that he would break his 1988 promise to only hold office for two terms, claiming "Circumstances have changed, and I have rethought my position."<ref>George Will, "...Terms Unlimited", The Washington Post, June 24, 1999.</ref> Later that same month, while giving a speech about U.S. dependence on foreign oil to the Montana Equipment Dealers Association, he referred to Arabs as "ragheads". Burns soon apologized, saying he "became too emotionally involved" during the speech.<ref>Al Kamen, "Burns's A List: African Americans, Arabs", The Washington Post, March 12, 1999.</ref>
Burns faced Brian Schweitzer, a rancher from Whitefish, Montana. While Burns attempted to link Schweitzer with presidential candidate Al Gore, whom Schweitzer never met, Schweitzer "effectively portrayed himself as nonpolitical".<ref name="AAP2004">Michael Barone, The Almanac of American Politics 2004, National Journal Group.</ref> Schweitzer primarily challenged Burns on the issue of prescription drugs, organizing busloads of senior citizens to take trips to Canada and Mexico for cheaper medicine.<ref name="WP103100">William Booth, "Mont. Rancher Mounts Brawny Challenge; Crusty GOP Incumbent Finds Race Tightening Against an Equally Rough-Hewn Opponent", The Washington Post, October 31, 2000.</ref> Burns charged that Schweitzer favored "Canadian-style government controls"<ref name="AAP2004"/> and claimed that senior citizens went to doctors to have "somebody to visit with. There's nothing wrong with them."<ref name="WP103100"/> Burns also faced trouble regarding deaths from asbestos in Libby, Montana. While he initially supported a bill to limit compensation in such cases, he withdrew his support for the bill, under public criticism, and added $11.5 million for the town to an appropriations bill.<ref name="AAP2004"/><ref>Al Kamen, "Town Getting $ 11 Million in Salve From Burns", The Washington Post, May 12, 2000.</ref>
Burns spent twice as much money as Schweitzer on the election<ref name="AAP2004"/> and only defeated him by a slim margin, 51-47 percent, while the state voted 58-33 percent for Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush. Schweitzer went on to become governor in 2004.
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Nebraska
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Bob Kerrey decided to retire. Democrat Ben Nelson won the open seat, beating Don Stenberg, the Republican Attorney General of Nebraska.
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Nevada
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Richard Bryan decided to retire, instead of seeking a third term. Republican nominee John Ensign won the open seat over Democratic attorney Ed Bernstein.
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New Jersey
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Frank Lautenberg decided to retire, rather than seeking a fourth term. The Democratic nominee, former CEO of Goldman Sachs Jon Corzine, defeated the Republican nominee, U.S. Representative Bob Franks, in a close election.
Senator Lautenberg, first elected to the Senate in 1982 in an upset victory over Rep. Millicent Fenwick (R-Bergen), had always been an underdog in all three bids for Senate. He beat Pete Dawkins in 1988 by a 54%-46% margin and held back a challenge from Chuck Haytaian by a smaller margin of 50%-47%. However, popular Governor Christine Todd Whitman was expected to challenge Lautenberg, and opinion polls showed Lautenberg losing by a large margin. He retired but later regretted his decision because Gov. Whitman and Former Governor Tom Kean both declined to run for the Senate. Lautenberg would be elected to the state's other Senate Seat in 2002.
Corzine spent $35 million of his own money into the Democratic primary election alone<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> when running against Jim Florio, who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994. Governor Florio was unpopular during his tenure in office. Most notably, he signed a $2.8 Billion tax increase in 1990. It caused his party to lose control of the state government for a decade, and cost the Governor his re-election bid in 1993.
Corzine, running as an outsider, was endorsed by State senator Raymond Zane (D-Gloucester), State senator Wayne Bryant (D-Camden), State senator John Adler (D-Camden), U.S. Representative Bob Menendez (D-Hudson) and U.S. senator Bob Torricelli (D-NJ). Florio was endorsed by the State Party, Assemblyman Joe Doria (D-Hudson) and senator John Lynch (D-Middlesex).
Corzine defeated Florio in the primary and then defeated Bob Franks in the general election.
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Franks, a moderate Republican,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> attacked Corzine for "trying to buy the election and of advocating big-government spending programs that the nation can ill afford". Corzine accused Franks of wanting to dismantle the Social Security system because he supported Governor George W. Bush's partial privatization plan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
During the campaign, Corzine refused to release his income tax return records. He claimed an interest in doing so, but he cited a confidentiality agreement with Goldman Sachs. Skeptics argued that he should have followed the example of his predecessor Robert Rubin, who converted his equity stake into debt upon leaving Goldman.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Corzine campaigned for state government programs including universal health care, universal gun registration, mandatory public preschool, and more taxpayer funding for college education.<ref name=WWtVfaM>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=NFITS>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He pushed affirmative action and same-sex marriage.<ref name=TNJP>Template:Cite web</ref> David Brooks considered Corzine so liberal that although his predecessor was also a Democrat, his election helped shift the Senate to the left.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
During Corzine's campaign for the United States Senate, he made some controversial off-color statements. When introduced to a man with an Italian name who said he was in the construction business, Corzine quipped: "Oh, you make cement shoes!" according to Emanuel Alfano, chairman of the Italian-American One Voice Committee. Alfano also reported that when introduced to a lawyer named David Stein, Corzine said: "He's not Italian, is he? Oh, I guess he's your Jewish lawyer who is here to get the rest of you out of jail."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Corzine denied mentioning religion, but did not deny the quip about Italians, claiming that some of his own ancestors were probably Italian,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or maybe French.<ref name=nyjune>Template:Cite news</ref>
Also in 2000, Corzine denied having paid off African-American ministers, when in fact the foundation controlled by him and his wife had paid one influential black church $25,000.<ref>Ingle pp. 62–63.</ref> Rev. Reginald T. Jackson, director of the Black Ministers Council, had campaigned against a form of racial profiling whereby police officers stop minority drivers and had gotten New Jersey state police superintendent, Carl A. Williams, fired. Corzine had donated to Jackson prior to getting what appears to be a reciprocal endorsement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Franks generally trailed Corzine in the polls until the very last week, when he pulled even in a few polls. Corzine spent $63 million, while Franks spent only $6 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Despite being heavily outspent, Franks lost by only three percentage points, doing better that year than Republican Governor George W. Bush in the presidential election, who obtained just 40% of the vote in the state.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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New Mexico
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bingaman won re-election to a fourth term, beating Republican former Congressman Bill Redmond.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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New York
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Hillary Rodham Clinton, then First Lady of the United States and the first First Lady to run for political office, defeated Congressman Rick Lazio. The general election coincided with the U.S. presidential election.
The race began in November 1998 when four-term incumbent Daniel Patrick Moynihan (D) announced his retirement. Both the Democratic Party and Republican Party sought high-profile candidates to compete for the open seat. By early 1999 Clinton and Mayor of New York City Rudolph Giuliani were the likely respective nominees. Clinton and her husband, President Bill Clinton, purchased a house in Chappaqua, New York, in September 1999; she thereby became eligible for the election, although she faced characterizations of carpetbagging since she had never resided in the state before. The lead in statewide polls swung from Clinton to Giuliani and back to Clinton as the campaigns featured both successful strategies and mistakes as well as dealing with current events. In late April and May 2000, Giuliani's medical, romantic, marital, and political lives all collided in a tumultuous four-week period, culminating in his withdrawing from the race on May 19.
The Republicans chose lesser-known Congressman Rick Lazio to replace him. The election included a record $90 million in campaign expenditures between Clinton, Lazio, and Giuliani and national visibility. Clinton showed strength in normally Republican upstate areas and a debate blunder by Lazio solidified Clinton's previously shaky support among women.
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The contest drew considerable national attention and both candidates were well-funded. By the end of the race, Democrat Clinton and Republicans Lazio and Giuliani had spent a combined $90 million,<ref name="nyt121300">Template:Cite news</ref> the most of any U.S. Senate race in history.<ref name="nyt121300"/><ref>As of 2007, it still holds the record of most expensive Senate race. See Template:Cite news</ref> Lazio outspent Clinton $40 million to $29 million,<ref name="nyt121300"/> with Clinton also getting several million dollars in soft money from Democratic organizations.<ref name="nyt121300"/> Among Clinton antagonists circles, direct mail-based fundraising groups such as the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprung up,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> sending out solicitations regarding the "carpetbagging" issue: just as one Clinton leaves office, another one runs.
Clinton secured a broad base of support, including endorsements from conservation groups<ref>For example, the Sierra Club Template:Cite news</ref> and organized labor,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but notably not the New York City police union which endorsed Lazio while firefighters supported Clinton.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="firefighters">Template:Cite news</ref> While Clinton had a solid base of support in New York City, candidates and observers expected the race to be decided in upstate New York where 45 percent of the state's voters live. During the campaign, Clinton vowed to improve the economic picture in upstate New York, promising that her plan would deliver 200,000 New York jobs over six years. Her plan included specific tax credits with the purpose of rewarding job creation and encouraging business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for targeted personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.<ref name="cnn110700">Template:Cite news</ref> Lazio faced a unique tactical problem campaigning upstate. The major issue there was the persistently weak local economy, which Lazio hoped to link to his opponent's husband's tenure in office. Attacks on the state of the upstate economy were frequently interpreted as criticism of incumbent Republican governor George Pataki, however, limiting the effect of this line of attack.
Opponents continued to make the carpetbagging issue a focal point throughout the race and during debates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Talk radio hammered on this, with New York-based Sean Hannity issuing a daily mantra, "Name me three things Hillary Clinton has ever done for the people of New York!" Clinton's supporters pointed out that the state was receptive to national leaders, such as Robert F. Kennedy who was elected to the Senate in 1964 despite similar accusations. In the end, according to exit polls conducted in the race, a majority of the voters dismissed the carpetbagging issue as unimportant.<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
During the campaign, Independent Counsel Robert Ray filed his final reports regarding the long-running Whitewater,<ref name="cnn092000">"Ray: Insufficient evidence to prosecute Clintons in Whitewater probe" Template:Webarchive, CNN.com, September 20, 2000. Retrieved April 30, 2007.</ref> "Travelgate",<ref name="cnn101800">"Ray: First lady's answers false in travel office probe, but no prosecution" Template:Webarchive, CNN.com, October 18, 2000. Retrieved June 16, 2007.</ref> and "Filegate"<ref name="nyt031700">Template:Cite news</ref> investigations of the White House, each of which included specific investigations of Hillary Clinton actions. The reports exonerated her on the files matter,<ref name="nyt031700"/> said there was insufficient evidence regarding her role in Whitewater,<ref name="cnn092000"/> and said that she had made factually false statements regarding the Travel Office firings but there was insufficient evidence to prosecute her.<ref name="cnn101800"/> Although The New York Times editorialized that the release of the reports seemed possibly timed to coincide with the Senate election,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in practice the findings were not seen as likely to sway many voters' opinions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
A September 13, 2000, debate between Lazio and Clinton proved important. Lazio was on the warpath against soft money and the amounts of it coming from the Democratic National Committee into Clinton's campaign, and challenged Clinton to agree to ban soft money from both campaigns. He left his podium and waved his proposed paper agreement in Clinton's face;<ref name="gvn-212">Gerth, Van Natta Jr., Her Way, pp. 212–213.</ref> many debate viewers thought he had invaded her personal space<ref name="salon112707">Template:Cite news</ref> and as a result Clinton's support among women voters solidified.<ref name="gvn-212"/>
Late in the campaign Lazio criticised Clinton for accepting campaign donations from various Arab groups in the wake of the Template:USS attack. This issue caused former New York Mayor Ed Koch to take out ads telling Lazio to "stop with the sleaze already",<ref name="gvn-212"/> and did not change the dynamic of the race.
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- Per New York State law, Clinton and Lazio totals include their minor party line votes: Liberal Party of New York and Working Families Party for Clinton, Conservative Party for Lazio.
Clinton won the election on November 7 with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a difference larger than most observers had expected.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt110900an"/> Clinton won the traditionally Democratic base of New York City by large margins, and carried suburban Westchester County, but lost heavily populated Long Island, part of which Lazio represented in Congress. She won surprising victories in Upstate counties, such as Cayuga, Rensselaer, and Niagara, to which her win has been attributed.
In comparison with other results, this 12 percentage point margin was smaller than Gore's 25 point margin over Bush in the state Presidential contest, was slightly larger than the 10 point margin by which fellow New York senator Charles Schumer defeated incumbent Republican Al D'Amato in the hotly contested 1998 race, but was considerably smaller than the 47 point margin by which senator Schumer won re-election in 2004 against little-known Republican challenger Howard Mills.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The victory of a Democrat in the Senate election was not assured, because in recent decades the Republicans had won about half the elections for governor and senator.
Lazio's bid was handicapped by the weak performance of George W. Bush in New York in the 2000 election,<ref name="nyt110900an">Template:Cite news</ref> but it was also clear Hillary Clinton had made substantial inroads in upstate New York prior to Lazio's entry into the race.<ref name="nyt110900an"/> Exit polls also showed a large gender gap with Clinton running stronger than expected among moderate women and unaffiliated women.<ref name="nyt111200">Template:Cite news</ref>
North Dakota
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Dem-NPL U.S. senator Kent Conrad won re-election to a third term, over Republican Naval Reserve officer Duane Sand.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Ohio
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Mike DeWine won re-election to a second term, beating Democrat Ted Celeste, real estate developer and brother of former Ohio Governor Dick Celeste.
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Pennsylvania
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also
Incumbent Republican Rick Santorum won re-election to a second term over Democratic Congressman Ron Klink.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Santorum had gained a reputation as a polarizing figure during his first term in the Senate, but he entered the race with a large fundraising advantage and high levels of support from the political right. The contest began for Democrats with a brutal primary challenge; U.S. Congressman Klink narrowly bested State senator Allyson Schwartz and former Lieutenant Governor nominee Tom Foley by running on the message that he was the only candidate capable of defeating the Republican. Klink was viewed as a viable choice because he was a traditional Democrat on most issues and had strong union ties but also was pro-life, which Democrats hoped would return votes to their party in the heavily Catholic but economically liberal coal regions of the state. However, enthusiasm around Klink's campaign quickly waned. Liberal Democrats, particularly in the Philadelphia area, balked at donating to a socially conservative candidate who was almost unknown in their area. He was also badly outspent, leaving him unable to expand his presence in the state; he didn't run a single ad on Philadelphia television. Santorum, in contrast, successfully balanced his national recognition on social issues with local concerns en route to a surprisingly large victory.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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Rhode Island
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Lincoln Chafee was elected his first full term after being appointed in 1999 to fill the seat of his father, the previous Senator, John Chafee who died on October 24, 1999, a few months after the elder Chafee announced his retirement instead of seeking a fifth term. As of 2022, this is the last Senate election in Rhode Island won by a Republican.
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Tennessee
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Bill Frist won re-election to a second term.
The Democratic primary was held August 3, 2000. In a field of five candidates, Jeff Clark, a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, edged out John Jay Hooker to win the nomination.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=WashPost>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Texas
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison won re-election to a second term, beating Democrat Gene Kelly, a retired attorney.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Utah
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Orrin Hatch won re-election to a fifth term, beating Democratic State senator Scott N. Howell.
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Vermont
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Jim Jeffords won re-election to a third term in office, over Ed Flanagan, Vermont Auditor of Accounts. Jeffords switched from being a Republican to an independent, who would later caucus with the Democratic Party following the 2000 election in May 2001, thus breaking the 50-50 lock. As of 2022, this is the last Senate election in Vermont won by a Republican.
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Virginia
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Chuck Robb ran for a third term, but lost to Republican George Allen.<ref name= "uselectionatlas">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name= "ourcampaigns">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate Template:Election box majority Template:Election box turnout Template:Election box gain with party link without swing
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Washington
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Slade Gorton ran for a third consecutive term (fourth overall), but was unseated for a second time (the first being 1986) by Democratic candidate, former Congresswoman Maria Cantwell.
Since Maria Cantwell had only won by 1,953 votes, or a margin of 0.08 percent, an automatic recount was triggered.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Cantwell won the recount on December 1 with a margin of 2,229 votes (0.09%) in one of the closest elections in Washington state history.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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West Virginia
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Robert Byrd won re-election to an eighth term. He won every county and congressional district in the state.
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Wisconsin
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Democrat Herb Kohl won re-election to a third term. Template:Election box begin Template:Election box winning candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box candidate with party link Template:Election box hold with party link
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Wyoming
Template:Infobox election Template:Main Template:See also Incumbent Republican Craig Thomas won re-election to a second term over Democratic mine worker Mel Logan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
- Template:Commons category-inline
- JoinCalifornia 2000 General Election
- United States Election 2000 Web Archive from the U.S. Library of Congress
- 2000 North Dakota U.S. Senate Election results
Template:2000 United States elections Template:United States Senate elections