2014 Winter Olympics
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Redirect Template:Pp-pc Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox Olympic games Template:2014 Winter Olympics
The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games (Template:Langx) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 (Template:Langx), were an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi, Russia. Opening rounds in certain events were held on 6 February 2014, the day before the opening ceremony.
These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee (IOC) presidency of Thomas Bach. Both the Olympics and Paralympics were organised by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city on 5 July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state and former Warsaw Pact state after the Revolutions of 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic previously hosted the Summer Olympics in 1980.
A record ninety-eight events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games. A number of new competitions—a total of twelve accounting for gender—were held during the Games, including biathlon mixed relay, women's ski jumping, mixed-team figure skating, mixed-team luge, half-pipe skiing, ski and snowboard slopestyle, and snowboard parallel slalom. The events were held around two clusters of new venues: an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea, with Fisht Olympic Stadium, and the Games' indoor venues located within walking distance; and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana.
The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics. While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, major cost overruns caused this figure to expand to US$51 billion, more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated cost of US$44 billion for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The 2014 Games achieved a record broadcast audience of 2.1 billion people worldwide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2016, an independent report commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency confirmed allegations that the Russian Olympic team had been involved in a state-sponsored doping program, active from at least late 2011 through August 2015. The program was active during the Winter Olympics in Sochi, and athletes had benefited from the cover-up.<ref name=NYT161209>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Guardian161209>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The IOC stripped thirteen medals from Russian athletes in 2017, but nine were reinstated by the Court of Arbitration for Sport. In December 2017, the IOC voted to suspend the Russian Olympic Committee, with an option for whitelisted athletes to compete independently during the 2018 Winter Olympics.<ref name="The New York Times">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="russia_banned">Template:Cite news</ref>
Bidding process
Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee (IOC) session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria; and Pyeongchang, South Korea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in and around Moscow.
| City | Country | Round | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | ||
| Sochi | Template:Flag | 34 | 51 |
| Pyeongchang | Template:Flag | 36 | 47 |
| Salzburg | Template:AUT | 25 | — |
Cost and financing
Template:See also As of October 2013, the estimated combined cost of the 2014 Winter Olympics had topped US$51 billion.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This amount included the cost for Olympic games themselves and cost of Sochi infrastructural projects (roads, railroads, power plants). This total is over four times the initial budget of $12 billion (compared to the $8 billion spent for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver), and made the Sochi games the most expensive Olympics in history, exceeding the estimated $44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which hosted 3 times as many events.<ref>The Waste and Corruption of Vladimir Putin's 2014 Winter Olympics Template:Webarchive, businessweek, 2 January 2014</ref> Dmitry Kozak was the main overseer for the events in Sochi.<ref name=KozakSochi>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Kleptocracy>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=Sukhov>Template:Cite news</ref>
In its final budget published in June 2014, Olimpstroy—the state corporation that oversaw the Sochi Olympics development—reported the total allocated funds for the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics of 1,524 billion rubles (US$49.5 billion).<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, only about a fifth of that budget ($10.8 billion) was directly related to the Olympic games, while the rest went into urban and regional regeneration and the conversion of the Sochi region into an all-year round sea and alpine resort.<ref name=":0" /> The breakdown table below is based on a report that has analysed the distribution of Olimpstroy's $49.5 billion budget.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Estimates also suggest that additional unrecoverable operational costs (including for security) could have added another $3 billion.<ref name=":0" />
The breakdown of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics costs
| Item | Cost | |
|---|---|---|
| million RUB | million US$ | |
| Direct Olympics costs (a)+(b)+(c) | 331,098 | 10,753 |
| (a) Olympic venues | 221,592 | 7,197 |
| Coastal Cluster | 96,366 | 3,130 |
| Fisht Olympic Stadium | 18,994 | 617 |
| Bolshoy Ice Dome | 10,102 | 328 |
| Shayba Arena | 3,484 | 113 |
| Adler Arena Skating Centre | 7,406 | 241 |
| Iceberg Skating Palace | 8,127 | 264 |
| Ice Cube Curling Centre | 735 | 24 |
| Main Media Centre | 17,426 | 566 |
| The Olympic Park | 9,871 | 321 |
| Olympic Village (3000 places) | 12,217 | 397 |
| A complex for Olympic partners (1285 apartments) | 8,003 | 260 |
| Mountain Cluster | 125,226 | 4,067 |
| Rosa Khutor Extreme Park (freestyle skiing, snowboarding) | 3,393 | 110 |
| Rosa Khutor Alpine Skiing Centre | 11,911 | 387 |
| Sanki Sliding Centre (bobsleigh, luge, skeleton) | 7,487 | 243 |
| RusSki Gorki Jumping Centre (ski jumps, Nordic combined) | 9,889 | 321 |
| Laura Centre (biathlon and cross-country) and Olympic Village (1100 places) | 74,525 | 2,420 |
| Main Alpine Olympic Village (2600 places) at Rosa Khutor | 18,021 | 585 |
| (b) Site preparation and supporting infrastructure | 85,370 | 2,773 |
| Key infrastructure for Olympic venues (roads, energy, water, waste, security), planning and other works | 81,413 | 2,644 |
| SOCOG office building | 3,957 | 129 |
| (c) Operational costs (part of) | 24,135 | 784 |
| Opening/closing ceremonies (equipment and organisation) | 3,444 | 112 |
| Broadcasting and photo equipment | 13,330 | 433 |
| Vehicles for visitors and logistics | 6,958 | 226 |
| Live Sites city programme | 403 | 13 |
| INDIRECT COSTS (d)+(e) | 1,193,348 | 38,758 |
| (d) Skiing and tourist resorts | 189,937 | 6,169 |
| Gazprom Alpine Tourist Centre | 60,723 | 1,972 |
| Rosa Khutor | 35,078 | 1,139 |
| Gornaya Karusel/Gorky Gorod | 72,728 | 2,362 |
| Alpika Service | 21,408 | 695 |
| (e) Other projects | 1,003,411 | 32,589 |
| Hotels and health resorts | 130,755 | 4,247 |
| Formula One racing | 11,982 | 389 |
| Olympic University | 12,946 | 420 |
| Combined road and railroad linking the two clusters | 317,224 | 10,303 |
| Railways and rail terminals | 38,015 | 1,235 |
| Road infrastructure | 189,532 | 6,156 |
| Sochi Airport | 22,895 | 744 |
| Sochi Seaport | 27,673 | 899 |
| Housing projects | 11,379 | 370 |
| Power generation and grids | 74,305 | 2,413 |
| Gasification projects | 46,048 | 1,496 |
| Other engineering, water, waste, telecommunications and other infrastructure | 104,912 | 3,407 |
| Nature and culture parks | 11,346 | 369 |
| Two hospitals | 4,399 | 143 |
| Total (a)+(b)+(c)+(d)+(e) | 1,524,445 | 49,511 |
Venues
Template:Main Template:Location map
With an average February temperature of Template:Cvt and a humid subtropical climate, Sochi is the warmest city to host a Winter Olympic Games.<ref>Vancouver Olympics: Embarrassed Russia looks to 2014 Sochi Olympics Template:Webarchive The Christian Science Monitor, 1 March 2010</ref> Sochi 2014 is the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking; all Sochi venues, Olympic Park bars and restaurants and public areas were smoke-free during the Games.<ref>Template:Cite web Around the Rings, 14 July 2011</ref> It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting winter games.Template:Citation needed
Sochi Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster)
The Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretinsky Valley, about 4 km (2.5 miles) from Russia's border with Abkhazia/Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Russian Deputy PM leads Sochi delegation to inspect Munich Olympic Park Template:Webarchive Inside the Games, 22 May 2010</ref> The venues were clustered around a central water basin on which the Medals Plaza is built, allowing all indoor venues to be within walking distance. It also features "The Waters of the Olympic Park" (designed by California-based company WET), a choreographed fountain which served as the backdrop in the medals awards and the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The new venues include:<ref>Посмотрели свысока Template:Webarchive Yugopolis, 16 July 2013</ref>
- Fisht Olympic Stadium – ceremonies (opening/closing) 40,000 spectators
- Bolshoy Ice Dome – ice hockey (final), 12,000 spectators
- Shayba Arena – ice hockey, 7,000 spectators
- Adler Arena Skating Center – speed skating, 8,000 spectators
- Iceberg Skating Palace – figure skating, short track speed skating, 12,000 spectators
- Ice Cube Curling Center – curling, 3,000 spectators
- Main Olympic village
- International broadcasting centre and main press room
Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster)
- Laura Biathlon & Ski Complex – biathlon, cross-country skiing
- Rosa Khutor Extreme Park – freestyle skiing and snowboarding
- Rosa Khutor Alpine Resort – alpine skiing
- Sliding Center Sanki – bobsleigh, luge and skeleton
- RusSki Gorki Jumping Center – ski jumping and Nordic combined (both ski jumping and cross-country skiing on a 2 km route around the arena)
- Roza Khutor plateau Olympic Village
Post-Olympic usage
A street circuit known as the Sochi Autodrom was constructed in and around Olympic Park. Its primary use is to host the Formula One Russian Grand Prix, which held its inaugural edition in October 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="IOC warns">Template:Cite news</ref>
In January 2015, work began on adapting Fisht Olympic Stadium into an open-air football stadium to host matches during the 2018 FIFA World Cup.<ref name="moscowtimes-roofremoved">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="insidethegames-reno">Template:Cite web</ref>
A new ice hockey team in the Kontinental Hockey League, HC Sochi Leopards, now plays in Bolshoy Arena.
Marketing
Construction
The Olympic infrastructure was constructed according to a Federal Target Program (FTP). In June 2009, the Games' organisers reported they were one year ahead in building the main Olympic facilities as compared to recent Olympic Games.<ref>"Russia prepares for Olympic Games 2014 faster than scheduled". Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore ITAR-TASS, 27 June 2009</ref> In November 2011, IOC President Jacques Rogge was in Sochi and concluded that the city had made significant progress since he last visited eighteen months earlier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Telecommunications
According to the FTP, US$580 million would be spent on construction and modernisation of telecommunications in the region. Avaya was named by the Sochi Organizing Committee as the official supplier of telecommunications equipment. Avaya provided the data network equipment, including switches, routers, security, telephones and contact-centre systems. It provided engineers and technicians to design and test the systems, and worked with other technology partners to provide athletes, dignitaries and fans information about the Games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The 2014 Olympics is the first "fabric-enabled" Games using Shortest Path Bridging (SPB) technology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The network is capable of handling up to 54 Tbit/s of traffic.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Infrastructure built for the games included:
- A network of TETRA mobile radio communications for 100 user groups (with capacity of 10,000 subscribers);
- Template:Convert of fibre-optic cables along the Anapa-Dzhubga-Sochi highways and Dzhubga–Krasnodar branch;
- Digital broadcasting infrastructure, including radio and television broadcasting stations (building and communications towers) with coverage from Grushevaya Polyana (Pear Glade) to Sochi and Anapa cities. The project also included construction of infocommunications centre for broadcasting abroad via three HDTV satellites.
During the Games, the core networks of Rostelecom and Transtelekom were used.<ref>"Сочи-2014 выходит на связь" Template:Webarchive. Открытые системы, 2007 Template:In lang</ref>
In January 2012, the newest equipment for the television coverage of the Games arrived in the port of Adler. Prepared specifically for the Games, a team of regional specialists and the latest technology provide a qualitatively new level of television production in the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The fibre-optic channel links Sochi between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana. The Template:Convert channel enables videoconferencing and news reporting from the Olympics.<ref>"Fiber-optic communications in Olympic Sochi". Mayak Radio, 28 March 2008 Template:In lang Template:Webarchive</ref>
In November 2013, it was reported that the fibre-optic cable that was built by the Federal Communications Agency, Rossvyaz, had no operator. With Rostelecom and Megafon both refusing to operate it, the line was transferred to the ownership of the state enterprise Center for Monitoring & Development of Infocommunication Technologies (Template:Langx).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Russian mobile phone operator Megafon expanded and improved Sochi's telecom infrastructure with over 700 new 2G/3G/4G cell towers. Sochi was the first Games to offer 4G connectivity at a speed of 10 MB/sec.
In January 2014, Rostelecom reported that it had connected the Olympic media centre in Sochi to the Internet and organised channels of communication with the main media centre of the Olympic Games in the coastal cluster and press centre in Moscow. The media centre was built at total cost of 17 million rubles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Power infrastructure
A five-year strategy for increasing the power supply of the Sochi region was presented by Russian energy experts during a seminar on 29 May 2009, held by the Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee, and attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) experts and officials from the Russian Ministry of Regional Development, the Russian Ministry of Energy, the State Corporation Olimpstroy and the Krasnodar Krai administration.<ref name=energy2>Games 2014 Will Double Sochi Power Supply Template:Webarchive Sochi 2014, 29 May 2009</ref>
According to the strategy, the capacity of the regional energy network would increase by two and a half times by 2014, guaranteeing a stable power supply during and after the Games.
The power demand of Sochi at the end of May 2009 was 424 MW. The power demand of the Olympic infrastructure was expected to be about 340 MW.
- Poselkovaya electrical substation became operational in early 2009.
- Sochi thermal power station reconstructed (expected power output was 160 MW)
- Laura and Rosa Khutor electrical substations were completed in November 2010
- Mzymta electrical substation was completed in March 2011
- Krasnopolyanskaya hydroelectric power station was completed in 2010
- Adler CHP station design and construction was completed in 2012. Expected power output was 360 MW<ref>"Gazprom launches construction of Adler CHPS". Template:Webarchive Gazprom, 28 September 2009</ref>
- Bytkha substation, under constructionTemplate:When with two transformers 25 MW each, includes dependable microprocessor-based protection
Earlier plans also include building combined cycle (steam and gas) power stations near the cities of Tuapse and Novorossiysk and construction of a cable-wire powerline, partially on the floor of the Black Sea.<ref name=energy>"The power capacities of the Sochi region will increase before the Olympics by a factor of four". Template:Webarchive RBC, 6 July 2007 Template:In lang</ref>
Transportation
The transport infrastructure prepared to support the Olympics includes many roads, tunnels, bridges, interchanges, railroads and stations in and around Sochi. Among others, 8 flyovers, 102 bridges, tens of tunnels and a bypass route for heavy trucks – Template:Cvt of roads were paved.<ref name="itar-tass1">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Sochi Light Metro is located between Adler and Krasnaya Polyana connecting the Olympic Park, Sochi International Airport, and the venues in Krasnaya Polyana.<ref>"Sochi opens new rail line for 2014 Winter Olympics". Template:Webarchive Inside the Games, 17 February 2012</ref>
The existing Template:Convert, Tuapse-to-Adler railroad was renovated to provide double track throughout, increasing capacity and enabling a reliable regional service to be provided and extending to the airport. In December 2009, Russian Railways ordered 38 Siemens Mobility Desiro trains for delivery in 2013 for use during the Olympics, with an option for a further 16 partly built in Russia.<ref>"Siemens signs Russian Olympic train order". Template:Webarchive Railway Gazette International, 1 January 2010</ref>
At Sochi International Airport, a new terminal was built along a Template:Convert runway extension, overlapping the Mzymta River.<ref>"Runway in Sochi airport will cross the river". Template:Webarchive YuGA.ru, 8 July 2007 Template:In lang</ref>
At the Port of Sochi, a new offshore terminal Template:Convert from the shore allows docking for cruise ships with capacities of 3,000 passengers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The cargo terminal of the seaport would be moved from the centre of Sochi.
Roadways were detoured, some going around the construction site and others being cut off.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In May 2009, Russian Railways started the construction of tunnel complex No. 1 (the final total is six) on the combined road (automobile and railway) from Adler to Alpica Service Mountain Resort in the Krasnaya Polyana region. The tunnel complex No. 1 is located near Akhshtyr in Adlersky City District, and includes:<ref name="tunnel1">Template:Cite web Interfax, 27 May 2009 Template:In lang</ref>
- Escape tunnel, Template:Convert, completed in 2010
- Road tunnel, Template:Convert, completed in 2013
- One-track railway tunnel, Template:Convert, completed in 2013
Russian Railways president Vladimir Yakunin stated the road construction costed more than 200 billion rubles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In addition, Sochi's railway stations were renovated. These are Dagomys, Sochi, Matsesta, Khosta, Lazarevskaya, and Loo railway stations. In Adler, a new railway station was built while the original building was preserved, and in the Olympic park cluster, a new station was built from scratch, the Olympic Park railway station. Another new railway station was built in Estosadok, close to Krasnaya Polyana.
Other infrastructure
Funds were spent on the construction of hotels for 10,300 guests.<ref name="not_a_place">"Sochi is not a place for recreation". Template:Webarchive Gazeta.ru, 5 July 2007 Template:In lang</ref> The first of the Olympic hotels, Zvezdny (Stellar), was rebuilt anew.<ref>"Construction of the first olympic hotel starts in Sochi". Template:Webarchive RIA Novosti, 7 August 2007 Template:In lang</ref> Significant funds were spent on the construction of an advanced sewage treatment system in Sochi, designed by Olimpstroy. The system meets BREF standards and employs top available technologies for environment protection, including tertiary treatment with microfiltration.<ref>Archived copy at WebCite (20 December 2006). Press Service of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federation, 13 July 2009 Template:In lang</ref>
Six post offices were opened at competition venues, two of them in the main media centre in Olympic Park and in the mountain village of Estosadok. In addition to standard services, customers had access to unique services including two new products, Fotomarka and Retropismo. Fotomarka presents an opportunity to get a stylised sheet of eight souvenir stamps with one's own photos, using the services of a photographer in the office. Retropismo service allows a customer to write with their own stylus or pen on antique paper with further letters, winding string and wax seal affixing. All the new sites and post offices in Sochi were opened during the Olympics until late night 7 days a week, and employees were trained to speak English.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Games
Torch relay
On 29 September 2013, the Olympic torch was lit in Ancient Olympia, beginning a seven-day journey across Greece and on to Russia, then the torch relay started at Moscow on 7 October 2013 before passing 83 Russian cities and arriving at Sochi on the day of the opening ceremony, 7 February 2014.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is the longest torch relay in Olympic history, a Template:Convert route that passes through all regions of the country, from Kaliningrad in the west to Chukotka in the east.
The Olympic torch reached the North Pole for first time via a nuclear-powered icebreaker (50 Let Pobedy). The torch was also passed for the first time in space, though not lit for the duration of the flight for safety reasons, on flight Soyuz TMA-11M to the International Space Station (ISS). The spacecraft itself was adorned with Olympic-themed livery including the Games' emblem. Russian cosmonauts Oleg Kotov and Sergey Ryazansky waved the torch on a spacewalk outside the ISS. The torch returned to Earth five days later on board Soyuz TMA-09M.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The torch also reached Europe's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus, and Siberia's Lake Baikal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Opening ceremony
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The opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics was held on 7 February 2014 at Fisht Olympic Stadium, an indoor arena built specifically for the ceremonies. The ceremony featured scenes based around aspects of Russian history and arts, including ballet, classical music, the Russian Revolution, and the age of the Soviet Union. The opening scene of the ceremony featured a notable technical error, where one of five snowflakes, which were to expand to form the Olympic rings, malfunctioned and did not expand (a mishap mocked by the organisers at the closing ceremony where one of the roundrelay dance groups symbolising the Olympic rings "failed" to expand). The torch was taken into the stadium by Maria Sharapova, who then passed it to Yelena Isinbayeva who, in turn, passed it to wrestler Aleksandr Karelin. Karelin then passed the torch to gymnast Alina Kabaeva. Figure skater Irina Rodnina took the torch and was met by former ice hockey goalkeeper Vladislav Tretiak, who exited the stadium to jointly light the Olympic cauldron located near the centre of Olympic Park.<ref name="CNN-oc14">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WashPost-oc14">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=newssochi>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ITAR-TASS">Template:Cite web</ref>
Participating National Olympic Committees
A record 88 nations qualified to compete,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which beat the previous record of 82 set at the previous Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Seven nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Dominica, Malta, Paraguay, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, and Zimbabwe.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Meanwhile, the Philippines returned to the Winter games after a 22-year absence, and Thailand, Virgin Islands, Luxembourg and Venezuela returned after 8 years. The Winter debut of Malta meant that for the first time ever, all of the current members of the European Olympic Committees participated at the Winter Olympics.
Kristina Krone qualified to compete in her second consecutive games for Puerto Rico, but the island's Olympic Committee once again chose not to send her to compete.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Similarly, South Africa decided not to send alpine skier Sive Speelman to Sochi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Algeria also did not enter its only qualified athlete, Mehdi-Selim Khelifi.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
India's athletes originally competed as Independent Olympic Participants and marched under the Olympic flag during the opening ceremony, as India was originally suspended in December 2012 over the election process of the Indian Olympic Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 11 February, the Indian Olympic Association was reinstated and India's athletes were allowed the option to compete under their own flag from that time onward.<ref name=indiareinstated>Template:Cite web</ref> Although Shiva Keshavan competed as an Independent athlete and is recorded as such, he was permitted to walk under the flag of India at the Closing Ceremony.
| Template:Legend | Template:Legend | Template:Legend | Template:Legend | Template:Legend |
National houses
During the Games some countries had a national house, a meeting place for supporters, athletes and other followers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Houses could be either free for visitors to access or have limited access by invitation only.<ref name="nationalhouses" />
| Nation | Location | Name | Website |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:FlagIOC | Mountain Cluster | Austria Tirol House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Coastal Cluster (Next to Fisht Olympic Stadium) | Canada House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Zhemchuzhina hotel | China House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Adler | Czech House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Gornaya Karusel (Mountain Cluster) | Club France | Template:Official website |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Estosadok, Krasnaya Polyana (Mountain Cluster) | German House | Template:Official website |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | Italy House | Template:Official website |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref name="nationalhouses" /> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | Japan House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Radisson Hotel | Latvian House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Azimut Hotel Resort (near Coastal Cluster) | Holland Heineken House | Template:Official website |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref name="nationalhouses">Template:Cite web</ref> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | Russia House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Sochi railway station | Slovak Point | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news Template:In lang</ref> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | Korea House | |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref name="nationalhouses" /> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | House of Switzerland | Template:Official website |
| Template:FlagIOC<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Olympic Park (Coastal Cluster) | USA House | Template:Official website |
Sports
The 2014 Winter Olympics featured 98 medal events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports. A total of twelve new events were contested, making it the largest Winter Olympics to date.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Biathlon
- Bobsleigh
- Curling
- Ice hockey
- Luge
- Skating
- Skiing
Template:Colend Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline.
New events
On 6 April 2011, the IOC accepted a number of events that were submitted by their respective sports federations to be considered for inclusion into the official program of these Olympic Games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The events included a Figure skating team event, Women's ski jumping, Mixed relay biathlon, Ski half-pipe, and Team relay luge.
On 4 July 2011, the IOC announced that three events would be added to the program.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These events, which were officially declared by Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge on 4 July 2011, were: Ski slopestyle, Snowboard slopestyle, Snowboard parallel special slalom.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Team alpine skiing was also presented as a candidate for inclusion in the Olympic program but the executive board of the IOC rejected this proposal. The International Ski Federation persisted with the nomination and this was considered.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There were reports of bandy possibly being added to the sports program,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but the IOC rejected this request. Subsequently, the international governing body, Federation of International Bandy, decided that Irkutsk and Shelekhov in Russia would host the 2014 Bandy World Championship just before the Olympics.
On 28 November 2006, the executive board of the IOC decided not to include ski mountaineering,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ski-orienteering,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> or winter triathlon<ref name=IOCUpdatesNov2006/> in the review process of the program.<ref name=IOCUpdatesNov2006>Template:Cite web</ref>
Closing ceremony
Template:Main The closing ceremony was held on 23 February 2014 between 20:14 MSK (UTC+4) and 22:25 MSK (UTC+4) at the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi.<ref name="Day17-Closing ceremony">Template:Cite web</ref> The ceremony was dedicated to Russian culture featuring world-renowned Russian stars like conductor and violinist Yuri Bashmet, conductor Valery Gergiev, pianist Denis Matsuev, singer Hibla Gerzmava and violinist Tatiana Samouil. These artists were joined by performers from the Bolshoi and Mariinsky theaters.
Medals
Template:Main Sochi's medal design was unveiled in May 2013. The design is intended to resemble Sochi's landscape, with a semi-translucent section containing a "patchwork quilt" of diamonds representing mountains; the diamonds themselves contain designs that reflect Russia's regions.<ref name="olympicorg-14medals">Template:Cite web</ref> Those who won gold medals on 15 February received special medals with fragments of the Chelyabinsk meteor, marking the one-year anniversary of the event where pieces of the cosmic body fell into the Chebarkul Lake in the Ural Mountains in central Russia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Medal table
The top ten listed NOCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Russia, is highlighted. 2014 Winter Olympics medal table
Podium sweeps
Template:Note label Legkov and Vylegzhanin were initially disqualified by the IOC for doping offenses in November 2017, and their 2014 Olympic medals (gold and silver respectively) were stripped. However, their results were restored on 1 February 2018 following a successful appeal.
Calendar
Template:Main {{#section:Chronological summary of the 2014 Winter Olympics|Calendar}}
Security
Measures
Security during both the Olympics and Paralympics were handled by over 40,000 law enforcement officials, including police and the Russian Armed Forces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A presidential decree signed by President Vladimir Putin took effect on 7 January, requiring that any protests and demonstrations in Sochi and the surrounding area through 21 March (the end of the Paralympics) be approved by the Federal Security Service.<ref name="Sochi Olympic Protests to Require Approval from Russia's Security Service">Template:Cite web</ref> For the duration of the decree, travel restrictions were also in effect in and around Sochi: "controlled" zones, dubbed the "ring of steel" by the media, covered the Coastal and Mountain clusters which encompass all of the Games' venues and infrastructure, including transport hubs such as railway stations. To enter controlled areas, visitors were required to pass through security checkpoints with X-ray machines, metal detectors and explosive material scanners.<ref name="accommodation">Template:Cite news</ref> Several areas were designated as "forbidden", including Sochi National Park and the border with Abkhazia.<ref name="Sochi Olympic Protests to Require Approval from Russia's Security Service" /><ref name="telegraph-shambles">Template:Cite news</ref> An unmanned aerial vehicle squadron, along with S-400 and Pantsir-S1 air defense rockets were used to protect Olympic airspace. Four gunboats were also deployed on the Black Sea to protect the coastline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
A number of security organisations and forces began stationing in and around Sochi in January 2014; Russia's Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) was stationed in Sochi for the Games beginning on 7 January 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A group of 10,000 Internal Troops of the Ministry of Interior also provided security services during the Games.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In mid-January, 1,500 Siberian Regional Command troops were stationed in a military town near Krasnaya Polyana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A group of 400 Cossacks in traditional uniforms were also present to accompany police patrols.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The 58th Army unit of the Russian Armed Forces were defending the Georgia–Russia border.<ref name="themoscowtimes.com">Template:Cite web</ref> The United States also supplied Navy ships and other assets for security purposes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
All communication and Internet traffic by Sochi residents was captured and filtered through deep packet inspection systems at all mobile networks using the SORM system.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Former professional speed skater and current deputy of the Russian State Duma Svetlana Zhurova has stated that the 2014 Sochi Olympics were Vladimir Putin's personal project to showcase Russia to the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Incidents and threats
Organisers received several threats prior to the Games. In a July 2013 video release, Chechen Islamist commander Dokka Umarov called for attacks on the Games, stating that the Games were being staged "on the bones of many, many Muslims killed ... and buried on our lands extending to the Red Sea".<ref name="rferl-caucasusthreat">Template:Cite news</ref>
Threats were received from the group Vilayat Dagestan, which had claimed responsibility for the Volgograd bombings under the demands of Umarov, and a number of National Olympic Committees had also received threats via e-mail, threatening that terrorists would kidnap or "blow up" athletes during the Games. However, while the IOC did state that the letters "[contained] no threat and appears to be a random message from a member of the public", the U.S. ski and snowboarding teams hired a private security agency to provide additional protection during the Games.<ref name="themoscowtimes.com"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Media
Broadcasting rights
In most regions, broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics were packaged together with broadcast rights for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but some broadcasters obtained rights to further games as well. Domestic broadcast rights were sold by Sportfive to a consortium of three Russian broadcasters: Channel One, VGTRK, and NTV Plus.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the United States, the 2014 Winter Olympics were the first in a new, US$4.38 billion contract with NBCUniversal, extending its broadcast rights to the Olympic Games through 2020.<ref name="bandc-nbc2014">Template:Cite web</ref>
In Canada, after losing the 2010 and 2012 Games to Bell Media and Rogers Media, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation re-gained broadcast rights to the Olympics for the first time since 2008, gaining rights to the 2014 and 2016 Games. Bell and Rogers sub-licensed pay-TV rights for their TSN, Sportsnet and Réseau des sports networks, as well as TVA Group's TVA Sports.<ref name="sn-sochi">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="cbc-2014coverage">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=TVA>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cbc-returns">Template:Cite news</ref>
In Australia, after all three major commercial networks pulled out of bidding on rights to both the 2014 and 2016 Games due to cost concerns, the IOC awarded broadcast rights to just the 2014 Winter Olympics to Network Ten for A$20 million.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Filming
Several broadcasters used the Games to trial the emerging ultra high definition television (UHDTV) standard. Both NTV Plus and Comcast filmed portions of the Games in 4K resolution; Comcast offered its content through smart TV apps, while NTV+ held public and cinema viewings of the content. NHK filmed portions of the Games in 8K resolution for public viewing. Olympic sponsor Panasonic filmed the opening ceremony in 4K.<ref name="thr-comcast4k">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="tvbe-sochi4k">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Concerns and controversies
Template:Main A variety of concerns over the Games, or Russia's hosting of the Games, had been expressed by various entities. Concerns were shown over Russia's policies surrounding the LGBT community, including the government's denial of a proposed Pride House for the Games on moral grounds, and a federal law passed in June 2013 which criminalised the distribution of "propaganda of non-traditional sexual relationships" among minors.<ref name="itg-nopridehouse">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="variety-gaychallenge">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-crackdown">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt-nohaven">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="companies-human-rights">Template:Cite news</ref> Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most expensive Olympics in history, with Russian politician Boris Nemtsov citing allegations of corruption among government officials,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Allison Stewart of the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms.<ref name=sochi>Template:Cite news</ref> It was reported that Putin's annexation of Crimea may have been intended to distract local Russians from corruption stories related to the Games.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
U.S. broadcaster NBC largely avoided broadcasting material critical of Russia, although several segments deemed "overly friendly to Russia" were criticised by some commentators.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Following the closing ceremony, commentators evaluated the Games to have been successful overall.<ref name="Sappenfield">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Grohmann2014">Template:Cite news</ref>
Circassian genocide
Some Circassian organisations objected to the Games being held on land their ancestors held until 1864,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> when most of them were displaced at the end of the Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864), in the Circassian genocide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The use of Krasnaya Polyana ("Red Hill" or "Red Glade") as an event site was considered insensitive, as it was named for a group of Circassians who were defeated in a bloody battle with Russians while attempting to return home over it in 1864.<ref name="NorthJersey-redhill">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="IBTimesRedGlade">Template:Cite news</ref> Some Circassian groups demanded that the Games be cancelled or moved unless Russia apologised for their actions.<ref name="reuters.com">Template:Cite news</ref> Other groups did not outright object to the Games, but suggested that symbols of Circassian history and culture be incorporated into the Games, as Australia, the United States and Canada did for their indigenous cultures in 2000, 2002, and 2010 respectively.<ref>Azamat Bram. "Circassians Voice Olympian Anger". Template:Webarchive. Institute for War and Peace Reporting Caucasus Reporting Service No. 413, 5 October 2007. Retrieved on 2 April 2010.</ref>
Russian doping scandal
Following the Games, reports began to emerge that the Russian Olympic team had participated in a state-run doping program, which supplied their athletes with performance-enhancing drugs. These allegations first emerged in a December 2014 documentary by German public broadcaster ARD,<ref name=Guard3Dec>Template:Cite news</ref> and were detailed further in a May 2016 report by The New York Times—which published allegations by Dr. Grigory Rodchenkov, the former director of Russia's anti-doping laboratory. Rodchenkov alleged that a conspiracy of corrupt anti-doping officials, FSB intelligence agents, and compliant Russian athletes used banned substances to gain an unfair advantage during the Games.<ref name=NYT160512>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nyt2">Template:Cite news</ref> Rodchenkov stated that the FSB tampered with over 100 urine samples as part of a cover-up, and that at least fifteen of the Russian medals won in Sochi were the result of doping.<ref name="NYT160512"/><ref name="nyt2"/><ref name=GN150601>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="guardian-upheld">Template:Cite web</ref>
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) commissioned an independent report by Richard McLaren, which corroborated claims that Russian authorities had been discreetly swapping out urine samples that tested positive for performance-enhancing substances. The report concluded that the program had been operating from "at least late 2011 to August 2015", and had covered up 643 positive samples across Olympic and non-Olympic sports.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=NYT161227>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WADA160718">Template:Cite web</ref> As a result, WADA considered the Russian Anti-Doping Agency to be non-compliant with the World Anti-Doping Code, and recommended that Russia be banned from competing in the 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Russia was not banned from the 2016 Olympics by the IOC, a decision that was widely criticised by both athletes<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and writers;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the IOC only required Russia's athletes to be cleared by an internal panel and their respective sports federations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The IAAF had suspended Russia from international track and field events due to the scandal, but did allow Darya Klishina to participate in the Olympics because she was confirmed not to be a part of a doping program, despite claims that surfaced in her appeal that a sample of Klishina's that had been collected on 26 February 2014 had yielded an illegal testosterone/epitestosterone ratio of 8.5 had been subject to a "SAVE" order by the Ministry of Sport on 3 March 2014.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The International Paralympic Committee suspended the Russian Paralympic Committee and banned the team from the 2016 Summer Paralympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 5 December 2017, the IOC voted to suspend the Russian Olympic Committee, thus banning it from sending athletes under the Russian flag to the 2018 Winter Olympics. Cleared Russian athletes were allowed to participate as "Olympic Athletes from Russia" (OAR).<ref name="The New York Times"/><ref name="russia_banned" /> Two of them – curler Alexander Krushelnitskiy, who won a bronze medal, and bobsledder Nadezhda Sergeeva – failed drug tests during the Games.
The IOC's Oswald Commission disqualified and banned 43 Russian athletes, and stripped thirteen medals they earned in Sochi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2017, 42 of the 43 punished athletes appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). On 1 February 2018, the CAS found that the IOC provided insufficient evidence and cleared 28 athletes from IOC sanctions. In total, Russian athletes won back 9 of the 13 medals collected. For 11 other athletes, the CAS decided that there was sufficient evidence to uphold their Sochi sanctions, but reduced their lifetime bans to only the 2018 Winter Olympics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The IOC said in a statement that "the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the [2018 Winter Olympic] Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation" and that "this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping". The IOC found it important to note that the CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent” and that they would consider an appeal against the court's decision.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later that month, the Russian Olympic Committee was reinstated by the IOC, despite failed doping tests during the 2018 Olympics,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Russian Anti-Doping Agency was re-certified in September, despite the Russian officials not accepting the McLaren report.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Subsequent events
Just 4 days after the closing of the Games, Russian troops entered Ukrainian Crimea and started the formal annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. Russia formally incorporated Crimea into its territory on 14 March 2014.<ref name="GovNo">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="revea">Template:Cite news
Template:Cite news</ref> This marked the second of three times (2008, 2014, and 2022) that Russia under Vladimir Putin invaded a neighbouring country during or immediately after the Olympic games.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
Template:Portal Template:IOC seealso
References
External links
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