Aeolic Greek

From Vero - Wikipedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Template:Short description Template:For Template:Cleanup lang {{#invoke:Infobox|infobox}}Template:Template otherTemplate:Main other{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check |unknown=Template:Main other |preview=Page using Template:Infobox language with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| acceptance | agency | aiatsis | aiatsis2 | aiatsis3 | aiatsis4 | aiatsis5 | aiatsis6 | aiatsisname | aiatsisname2 | aiatsisname3 | aiatsisname4 | aiatsisname5 | aiatsisname6 | altname | ancestor | ancestor2 | ancestor3 | ancestor4 | ancestor5 | ancestor6 | ancestor7 | ancestor8 | ancestor9 | ancestor10 | ancestor11 | ancestor12 | ancestor13 | ancestor14 | ancestor15 | boxsize | coordinates | coords | created | creator | date | dateprefix | development_body | dia1 | dia2 | dia3 | dia4 | dia5 | dia6 | dia7 | dia8 | dia9 | dia10 | dia11 | dia12 | dia13 | dia14 | dia15 | dia16 | dia17 | dia18 | dia19 | dia20 | dia21 | dia22 | dia23 | dia24 | dia25 | dia26 | dia27 | dia28 | dia29 | dia30 | dia31 | dia32 | dia33 | dia34 | dia35 | dia36 | dia37 | dia38 | dia39 | dia40 | dialect_label | dialects | ELP | ELP2 | ELP3 | ELP4 | ELP5 | ELP6 | ELPname | ELPname2 | ELPname3 | ELPname4 | ELPname5 | ELPname6 | era | ethnicity | extinct | fam1 | fam2 | fam3 | fam4 | fam5 | fam6 | fam7 | fam8 | fam9 | fam10 | fam11 | fam12 | fam13 | fam14 | fam15 | family | familycolor | fontcolor | glotto | glotto2 | glotto3 | glotto4 | glotto5 | glottoname | glottoname2 | glottoname3 | glottoname4 | glottoname5 | glottopedia | glottorefname | glottorefname2 | glottorefname3 | glottorefname4 | glottorefname5 | guthrie | ietf | image | imagealt | imagecaption | imagescale | iso1 | iso1comment | iso2 | iso2b | iso2comment | iso2t | iso3 | iso3comment | iso6 | isoexception | lc1 | lc2 | lc3 | lc4 | lc5 | lc6 | lc7 | lc8 | lc9 | lc10 | lc11 | lc12 | lc13 | lc14 | lc15 | lc16 | lc17 | lc18 | lc19 | lc20 | lc21 | lc22 | lc23 | lc24 | lc25 | lc26 | lc27 | lc28 | lc29 | lc30 | lc31 | lc32 | lc33 | lc34 | lc35 | lc36 | lc37 | lc38 | lc39 | lc40 | ld1 | ld2 | ld3 | ld4 | ld5 | ld6 | ld7 | ld8 | ld9 | ld10 | ld11 | ld12 | ld13 | ld14 | ld15 | ld16 | ld17 | ld18 | ld19 | ld20 | ld21 | ld22 | ld23 | ld24 | ld25 | ld26 | ld27 | ld28 | ld29 | ld30 | ld31 | ld32 | ld33 | ld34 | ld35 | ld36 | ld37 | ld38 | ld39 | ld40 | linglist | linglist2 | linglist3 | linglist4 | linglist5 | linglist6 | lingname | lingname2 | lingname3 | lingname4 | lingname5 | lingname6 | lingua | lingua2 | lingua3 | lingua4 | lingua5 | lingua6 | lingua7 | lingua8 | lingua9 | lingua10 | linguaname | linguaname2 | linguaname3 | linguaname4 | linguaname5 | linguaname6 | linguaname7 | linguaname8 | linguaname9 | linguaname10 | listclass | liststyle | map | map2 | mapalt | mapalt2 | mapcaption | mapcaption2 | mapscale | minority | module | name | nation | nativename | notice | notice2 | official | posteriori | pronunciation | protoname | pushpin_image | pushpin_label | pushpin_label_position | pushpin_map | pushpin_map_alt | pushpin_map_caption | pushpin_mapsize | qid | ref | refname | region | revived | revived-cat | revived-category | script | setting | sign | signers | speakers | speakers_label | speakers2 | stand1 | stand2 | stand3 | stand4 | stand5 | stand6 | standards | state | states }}<templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />

In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (Template:IPAc-en), also known as Aeolian (Template:IPAc-en), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia and adjoining islands; and possibly in Lower Macedonia.

The Aeolic dialect shows many archaisms in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Arcadocypriot, Attic, Ionic, and Doric), as well as many innovations; it is, consequently, considered to be—for the modern reader—perhaps the most difficult of the dialects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of Sappho and of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).

Additionally, based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet, Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that the Ancient Macedonian dialect was a Northwest Doric dialect,<ref name= Crespo2018>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= Dosuna2012>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="vanBeek2022">Template:Cite book</ref> that shared isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian (Aeolic) dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly.<ref name= Crespo2018 /> Other scholars have suggested an Aeolic Greek classification with strong Northwest Greek influence for the ancient Macedonian dialect.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Hellanicus of Lesbos considered Makedon to be a son of Aeolus (son of Hellen).

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek *kʷ changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE Template:Lang changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.

  • PIE Template:Lang → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four"

Similarly PIE/PGk Template:Lang always became b and PIE Template:Lang > PGk Template:Lang always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels).

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European Template:Lang) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to the double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.

PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR.
PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR.<ref>V = vowel, R = sonorant, s is itself. VV = long vowel, RR = doubled or long sonorant.</ref>

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European *s- or *y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

  • PIE Template:Lang → Proto-Greek *hāwélios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.

  • PIE Template:Lang → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vōx "voice")

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.<ref>Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 30 and note, 31: Attic long e, long a</ref>

  • PIE Template:Lang → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic mētēr "mother"

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of a, e, o in Lesbian gives ai, ei, oi (in Attic, it would be ā, ei, ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.<ref>Smyth, par. 162 note: (Lesbian) Aeolic recessive accent</ref>

  • Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.<ref>Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 656: contract verbs in Aeolic</ref>

  • Ionic philéō, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phílēmi "I love"

Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai.

  • Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic/Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong) "to be"

In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.

Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -ās and -ōs (-ους).<ref>Smyth, par. 214 note 9: first declension in dialects</ref><ref>Smyth, par. 230 note: second declension in dialects</ref>

Dative plural -aisi and -oisi ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois.

The participle has -ois and -ais for Attic -ōs (-ους), -ās.<ref>Smyth, par. 305 note</ref>

Glossary

Template:Confusing Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given.

Aeolian

Aeolian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Template:Lang Template:LSJ 'sun' * Doric āélios
* Attic hēlios
* Cretan abelios
* Laconian bela
* Pamphylian babelios		 Derives from PIE Template:Lang 'sun'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang bama * Doric βᾶμα bama
* Attic βῆμα bema 'walking, step'		 Per Beekes, both forms derive from root βῆ-, itself from PIE Template:Lang. Corresponds to Avestan gā-man- 'step, pace'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 belphin
Belphoi		 dolphin
Delphi		 Attic delphis Per Beekes, βέλφινες occurs in Lesbian, while Βελφοί is Aeolic.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang bradinos 'slender, soft' Attic rhadinos Attested in Sapph. 90,104.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang brakos 'expensive garment' * Homeric ῥάκος rhakos 'rag, shred, wrinkles, remnants'
* ϝράκος wrakos		 Attested in Sapph. 70. Per Beekes, of uncertain etymology.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang briza 'root' Attic rhiza
Template:Lang brodon 'rose' Attic ῥόδον rhodon 'rose' Possible Eastern borrowing (cf. Arm vard 'rose' < Old Iranian *u̯ṛda 'id').<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Also means vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary
Template:Lang dnophos 'darkness' Also appears in Ionic; Attic Template:Lang zophos Per Beekes, the word "recalls" zóphos, knéphas and pséphas.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang Ennesiades Lesbian Nymphs
Template:Lang
ήπιάλης		 epialtēs
epialēs		 'nightmare' Attic ephialtēs Epialtēs attested in Alcaeus. Cf. Ephialtes, one of the Aloadae.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang iron 'holy' * Attic Template:Lang hierón
* Doric hiarón
* Ionic hirón		 Derives from PIE Template:Lang 'holy'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang klaides * Doric klaides
* Attic kleides 'bars, bolts, keys'		 Derives from PIE Template:Lang 'lock', although Beekes suggests the original meaning must have been 'nail, pin, hook', as in, instruments to lock a door.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 messui
messos		 * Attic ἐν μέσῳ 'in the middle'
* Cret./Boet. Template:Lang		 Identical to Sanskrit mádhya-, Latin medius, Gothic midjis, all from PIE Template:Lang 'in the middle'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang pempe 'five' * Attic Template:Lang pente
* Pamphylian Template:Lang pede		 From PIE Template:Lang 'five'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang pésdos 'pedestrian', 'infantry' (as a collective) Attic Template:Lang pezós Per Beekes, formally identical to Sanskrit pád-ya 'regarding the foot' < PIE Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang pesson 'plain' * Attic Template:Lang pedion 'surface, plain, field'
* Cypriot Template:Lang 'plain'.		 From PIE Template:Lang 'foot'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang pessyres 'four' * Lesbian Template:Lang pisyres
* Boeotian Template:Lang pettares
* Attic Template:Lang tessares
* Doric tetores		 Derives from PIE Template:Lang 'four'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang xennos 'foreigner, guest-friend, strange' Attic xenos; Ionic xeinos Beekes supposes it could be Pre-Greek.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang strótos 'army, troop' Attic Template:Lang stratós Per Beekes, exact correspondence to Sanskrit str̩ta- 'thrown down', Avestan stərəta- 'spread out'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang usdos 'branch, twig, bough, offshoot' Attic ozos 'twig, branch' Derives from PIE Template:Lang > *Hosdo-.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang phēria 'wild animal' Attic Template:Lang thēria 'beasts' Derives from PIE Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang Psapphō Attic Template:Lang Sapphō

Boeotian

Boeotian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 aas
aestēton		 'tomorrow' Attic Template:Lang aurion cf. Attic ēōs 'dawn'
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 bana
banēkes		 'woman'
'women' (pl.)		 Attic gunē
Attic gunaikes		 Derived from PIE Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang Deus Zeus Also attested in:
* Laconian Δεύς Deús
* Rhodian Δεύς Deús		 Derived from PIE *Dyeus ('sky-god').<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 gadou
wadou		 'sweet, pleasant' * Attic Template:Lang hēdú 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing' Attested in Corinna.17. Derived from PIE Template:Lang 'sweet'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang karoux<ref>Boiotia — Orchomenos — early 1st century BC</ref> * Attic κήρυξ kēryx 'herald, messenger'
* Doric Template:Lang káryx		 Per Beekes, probably Pre-Greek.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

Thessalian

Thessalian lemma Transcription Meaning Correspondence to other Greek dialects Notes
Template:Lang Aploun Apollo (Olympic deity; brother to Artemis) * Attic Template:Lang Apollōn
* Doric/Pamphylian Template:Lang Apelon		 <ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang dámossos public Attic dēmósios See iddioûstikos below.
Template:Lang despoina 'woman' Feminine form of despotes. In Attic gunē, in Doric guna mean 'woman'. See also Despoina.
Template:Lang iddioûstikos privative Attic idiōtikós<ref>Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History [1] by David Malcolm Lewis, Peter John Rhodes</ref><ref>Skotoussa — 197-185 BC SEG 43:311</ref>
Template:Lang kis 'who, anyone' * Attic tis
* Laconian tir
* Arcadocypriot sis		 Derived from PIE Template:Lang (interrogative/relative pronoun).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
Template:Lang kyrrhos or kyrros 'sir, master' Attic kyrios
Template:Lang Maketoun<ref>Thessalia — Larisa — 220-210 BC - SEG 27:202</ref> 'Macedonian man' Attic Template:Lang Makedōn 'id' Thessalian suffix Template:Lang '-oun' parallels Attic suffix Template:Lang ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles, pronouns and nouns.
Template:Lang mattuē a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (in Athenaeus)<ref>Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp.1059-1062)</ref> Cf. Macedonian mattuēs 'a kind of bird'.
Template:Lang
Template:Lang		 Pétthalos 'Thessalian man' * Boeotian Template:Lang Phéttalos
* Attic Template:Lang Thettalós
* Ionic/Koine Template:Lang Thessalós 'id'		 <ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Per Beekes, a Pre-Greek word derived from *Kʷettʸal-.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

See also

Footnotes

Template:Reflist

General references

Further reading

Template:Library resources box Template:Refbegin

General studies

On the Boeotian dialect

  • Template:Cite journal
  • Template:Cite book
  • Pantelidis, Nikolaos. "Boeotian and its Neighbors: A Central Helladic Dialect Continuum?" In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 167–188. Template:Doi
  • Page, Denis L. 1953. Corinna. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
  • Template:Cite book
  • West, Martin L. 1990. "Dating Corinna." Classical Quarterly 40 (2): 553–557.

On the Lesbian dialect

  • Bowie, Angus M. 1981. The poetic dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus. New York: Arno.
  • Finkelberg, Margalit. "Lesbian and Mainland Greece". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 447–456. Template:Doi
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book
  • Template:Cite book

On the Thessalian dialect

  • Template:Cite journal Accessed 23 Mar. 2024.
  • Helly, Bruno. "Some Materials for a Historical Grammar of the Thessalian Dialect". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 351–374. Template:Doi
  • Template:Cite book

Template:Refend

Template:Ancient Greece topics Template:Greek language Template:Greek language periods Template:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://wiki.sarg.dev/index.php?title=Aeolic_Greek&oldid=268546"