Aeolic Greek

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In linguistics, Aeolic Greek (Template:IPAc-en), also known as Aeolian (Template:IPAc-en), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of dialects of Ancient Greek spoken mainly in Boeotia; in Thessaly; in the Aegean island of Lesbos; in the Greek colonies of Aeolis in Anatolia and adjoining islands; and possibly in Lower Macedonia.

The Aeolic dialect shows many archaisms in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (Arcadocypriot, Attic, Ionic, and Doric), as well as many innovations; it is, consequently, considered to be—for the modern reader—perhaps the most difficult of the dialects.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of Sappho and of Alcaeus of Mytilene. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics: Glyconic (the most basic form of Aeolic line), hendecasyllabic verse, Sapphic stanza, and Alcaic stanza (the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).

Additionally, based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet, Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that the Ancient Macedonian dialect was a Northwest Doric dialect,<ref name= Crespo2018>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name= Dosuna2012>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="vanBeek2022">Template:Cite book</ref> that shared isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian (Aeolic) dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly.<ref name= Crespo2018 /> Other scholars have suggested an Aeolic Greek classification with strong Northwest Greek influence for the ancient Macedonian dialect.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hellanicus of Lesbos considered Makedon to be a son of Aeolus (son of Hellen).

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek *kʷ changed to Aeolic p everywhere. By contrast, PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} changed to Attic/Ionic, Arcadocypriot, and Doric t before e and i.

• PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Lesbian písures, Boeotian péttares ~ Attic téttares, Ionic tésseres, Doric tétores "four"

Similarly PIE/PGk {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} always became b and PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} > PGk {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} always became ph (whereas in other dialects they became alternating b/d and ph/th before back/front vowels).

Labiovelars were treated the same way in the P-Celtic languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek consonant cluster with h (from Indo-European {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and a sonorant (r, l, n, m, w, y) changed to the double sonorant (rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy) in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the h assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by compensatory lengthening.

PIE VsR or VRs → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian VVR.

PIE VsR or VRs → Lesbian-Thessalian VRR.<ref>V = vowel, R = sonorant, s is itself. VV = long vowel, RR = doubled or long sonorant.</ref>

• PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Proto-Greek *ehmi → Lesbian-Thessalian emmi ~ Attic/Ionic ēmi (= {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) "I am"

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial h- (psilosis "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European *s- or *y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.

• PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Proto-Greek *hāwélios → Lesbian āélios, Ionic ēélios ~ Attic hēlios "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel w (digamma) was retained at the beginning of a word.

• PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Boeotian, Doric wépos ~ Attic-Ionic épos "word", "epic" (compare Latin vōx "voice")

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ā remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ā changes to long ē in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.<ref>Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 30 and note, 31: Attic long e, long a</ref>

• PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic mētēr "mother"

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of a, e, o in Lesbian gives ai, ei, oi (in Attic, it would be ā, ei, ou) for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.

• Attic/Ionic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Boeotian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Modern Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• Attic/Ionic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Boeotian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Modern Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}
• Attic/Ionic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Boeotian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} ~ Modern Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (barytonesis), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.<ref>Smyth, par. 162 note: (Lesbian) Aeolic recessive accent</ref>

• Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (-mi) in Aeolic.<ref>Smyth, Greek Grammar, par. 656: contract verbs in Aeolic</ref>

• Ionic philéō, Attic philô ~ Aeolic phílēmi "I love"

Aeolic athematic infinitive active ends in -men or (Lesbian) -menai. ~ Attic/Ionic has -enai.

• Lesbian émmen, émmenai; Thessalian, Boeotian eîmen ~ Attic/Ionic eînai (spurious diphthong) "to be"

In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has -ein. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.

• Homeric agémen

Proto-Greek -ans and -ons → -ais and -ois (first- and second declension accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -ās and -ōs (-ους).<ref>Smyth, par. 214 note 9: first declension in dialects</ref><ref>Smyth, par. 230 note: second declension in dialects</ref>

Dative plural -aisi and -oisi ~ Attic/Ionic -ais and -ois.

The participle has -ois and -ais for Attic -ōs (-ους), -ās.<ref>Smyth, par. 305 note</ref>

Glossary

{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B= Template:Ambox }} Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given.

Aeolian

Aeolian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
lang}}	Template:LSJ	'sun'	* Doric āélios * Attic hēlios * Cretan abelios * Laconian bela * Pamphylian babelios	Derives from PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'sun'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	bama		* Doric βᾶμα bama * Attic βῆμα bema 'walking, step'	lang}}. Corresponds to Avestan gā-man- 'step, pace'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	belphin Belphoi	dolphin Delphi	Attic delphis	Per Beekes, βέλφινες occurs in Lesbian, while Βελφοί is Aeolic.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	bradinos	'slender, soft'	Attic rhadinos	Attested in Sapph. 90,104.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	brakos	'expensive garment'	* Homeric ῥάκος rhakos 'rag, shred, wrinkles, remnants' * ϝράκος wrakos	Attested in Sapph. 70. Per Beekes, of uncertain etymology.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	briza	'root'	Attic rhiza
lang}}	brodon	'rose'	Attic ῥόδον rhodon 'rose'	Possible Eastern borrowing (cf. Arm vard 'rose' < Old Iranian *u̯ṛda 'id').<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Also means vagina metaphorically in Erotic Glossary
lang}}	dnophos	'darkness'	lang}} zophos	Per Beekes, the word "recalls" zóphos, knéphas and pséphas.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	Ennesiades	Lesbian Nymphs
lang}} ήπιάλης	epialtēs epialēs	'nightmare'	Attic ephialtēs	Epialtēs attested in Alcaeus. Cf. Ephialtes, one of the Aloadae.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	iron	'holy'	lang}} hierón * Doric hiarón * Ionic hirón	lang}} 'holy'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	klaides		* Doric klaides * Attic kleides 'bars, bolts, keys'	lang}} 'lock', although Beekes suggests the original meaning must have been 'nail, pin, hook', as in, instruments to lock a door.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	messui messos		* Attic ἐν μέσῳ 'in the middle' * Cret./Boet. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	lang}} 'in the middle'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	pempe	'five'	lang}} pente * Pamphylian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pede	lang}} 'five'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	pésdos	'pedestrian', 'infantry' (as a collective)	lang}} pezós	lang}}.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	pesson	'plain'	lang}} pedion 'surface, plain, field' * Cypriot {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'plain'.	lang}} 'foot'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	pessyres	'four'	lang}} pisyres * Boeotian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pettares * Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tessares * Doric tetores	lang}} 'four'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	xennos	'foreigner, guest-friend, strange'	Attic xenos; Ionic xeinos	Beekes supposes it could be Pre-Greek.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	strótos	'army, troop'	lang}} stratós	Per Beekes, exact correspondence to Sanskrit str̩ta- 'thrown down', Avestan stərəta- 'spread out'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	usdos	'branch, twig, bough, offshoot'	Attic ozos 'twig, branch'	lang}} > *Hosdo-.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	phēria	'wild animal'	lang}} thēria 'beasts'	lang}}.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	Psapphō		lang}} Sapphō

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ágōnos "struggle" (Attic Template:LSJ agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Template:LSJ gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare Homeric hedna, eedna)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Aiolíōnes "Aeolians" (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Aioleîs) (Template:LSJ "speak Aeolic, compose in the Aeolian mode, trick out with false words" Sophocles Fr.912 ) (aioleō vary, adorn, diversify (aiolos quick-moving, glittering, shifty)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aklades (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} akontion (part of troops) (Attic spear) (Macedonian rhachis, spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} -τος amenēs -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane.
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} amōnes (Attic ἀνεμώνες anemones
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aoros (Attic ἄϋπνος aypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} arpys (Attic ἔρως Eros, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν harpazein to snatch. Homeric harpaleos attractive, devouring
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} asphe to them (Attic sphe, sphi)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bakchoa (Attic βόθρος bothros sacred dungeon, pit)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} balla threshold (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bēlos) (Doric balos)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} blēr incitement (Attic delear) {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bradanizō brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} braidion (Attic ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} brakein to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} brodopachus with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} brodopachun Sappho) and brododaktulos with rosy fingers
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} brocheos or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} drasein (Attic θύειν to sacrifice)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} eide (Attic ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} zadelon with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} imbēris eel (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Issa old name of Lesbos Island Cf. Antissa
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} issasthai (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} klerousthai to take sth by lot)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kankulē (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kēkis wet, vapour, mordant dyeing)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kammarpsis dry Measure (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} hemimedimnon, one half of a medimnos)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} karabides (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} graes) Μηθυμναῖοι
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kaualeon Hsch (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aithos fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Mesostrophonia Lesbian festival
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} molsos (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, fat)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ximbra (Attic ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotian sida)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} othmata (Attic ommata eyes)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ón {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} óna (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aná) upon, through, again (Arcadocypriot also)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} passyrion (Attic passydia 'totally, all together, with the whole army')
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} pedameivō (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikos peda for meta
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Perrhamos Priamus (Alcaeus 74D, 111P (it means also king)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} saōmi save (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sōizō ) (Homeric {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} saoō)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} siglai ear-rings (Attic enōtia, Laconian exōbadia)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} skiphos Attic xiphos sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks, pierces)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} spóla(Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} syrx (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tenekounti (Attic enoikounti dative singular of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} enoikōn inhabiting)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tragais you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tude tudai and tuide here) (Ionic tēde)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} phauophoros priestess (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} hiereia) (light-keeper) (Aeolic phauō for Homeric phaō shine) (Homeric phaos light, Attic phōs and phōtophoros)

Boeotian

Boeotian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	aas aestēton	'tomorrow'	lang}} aurion	cf. Attic ēōs 'dawn'
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	bana banēkes	'woman' 'women' (pl.)	Attic gunē Attic gunaikes	lang}}.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	Deus	Zeus	Also attested in: * Laconian Δεύς Deús * Rhodian Δεύς Deús	Derived from PIE *Dyeus ('sky-god').<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	gadou wadou	'sweet, pleasant'	lang}} hēdú 'sweet, tasteful, pleasant, pleasing'	Attested in Corinna.17. Derived from PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'sweet'.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	karoux<ref>Boiotia — Orchomenos — early 1st century BC</ref>		lang}} káryx	Per Beekes, probably Pre-Greek.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} amillakas wine Theban (Attic oinos)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} anōdorkas a fish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} baidumēn (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} arotrian to plough)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bana ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}} balara) woman (Attic gunē); {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, banēkes {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} battikes women ( Attic gunaikes )
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bastrax or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bleerei (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} empyria divination (Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath, Koine ordeal by fire)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} zekeltides gourds<ref>Athenaeus Deipnosophists -9.369</ref> Amerias zakeltides (Phrygian zelkia vegetables)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} idephin sweet-voiced. Hsch.: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Attic hēduphōnon) ( Aeolic wad-, ad- )
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} istake scythe (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} drepanon)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} iugodromein (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}})(Iungios Thessalian month)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} iō and hiōn (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Karaios Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall, head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas<ref>Boiotia —Anthedon</ref>
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kriddemen (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} gelan to laugh) (Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Attic krizō creak, screech)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} korilla little girl (Koine korasion from Attic korasis girl) (Aetolian korudion)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mēlatas (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} poimen shepherd) (homeric {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mēlon sheep) (Attic mēlon apple, Aeolic-Doric malon)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} mnarion (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kallyntron broom, brush)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} opisthotila (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} sēpia cuttlefish) (Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} opittomai (homeric opizomai I care, respect) (Laconian opiddomai)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ophrygnai (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ophryazei he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} seia I persecuted (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} edioxa) (Cf.Homeric seuō move quickly, chase)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} syoboiōtoi Hog-Boeotians (Cratinus.310)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tripeza (Attic trapeza, table)(from tetrapeza four-footed) (tripeza three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be tripesda)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} psōsmata Boeotian word

Thessalian

Thessalian lemma	Transcription	Meaning	Correspondence to other Greek dialects	Notes
lang}}	Aploun	Apollo (Olympic deity; brother to Artemis)	lang}} Apollōn * Doric/Pamphylian {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Apelon	<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	dámossos	public	Attic dēmósios	See iddioûstikos below.
lang}}	despoina	'woman'		Feminine form of despotes. In Attic gunē, in Doric guna mean 'woman'. See also Despoina.
lang}}	iddioûstikos	privative	Attic idiōtikós<ref>Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History [1] by David Malcolm Lewis, Peter John Rhodes</ref><ref>Skotoussa — 197-185 BC SEG 43:311</ref>
lang}}	kis	'who, anyone'	* Attic tis * Laconian tir * Arcadocypriot sis	lang}} (interrogative/relative pronoun).<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>
lang}}	kyrrhos or kyrros	'sir, master'	Attic kyrios
lang}}	Maketoun<ref>Thessalia — Larisa — 220-210 BC - SEG 27:202</ref>	'Macedonian man'	lang}} Makedōn 'id'	lang}} '-oun' parallels Attic suffix {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ōn in both nominative and genitive of participles, pronouns and nouns.
lang}}	mattuē	a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (in Athenaeus)<ref>Deipnosophists 14.663-4 (pp.1059-1062)</ref>		Cf. Macedonian mattuēs 'a kind of bird'.
lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Pétthalos	'Thessalian man'	lang}} Phéttalos * Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Thettalós * Ionic/Koine {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Thessalós 'id'	<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Per Beekes, a Pre-Greek word derived from *Kʷettʸal-.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} abremēs (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ablepēs {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} unworthy seeing, despicable (Cypriotic also) (Hes. text {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} agora (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} limen port, harbour) (Hes. text {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} alphinia white poplar (PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'bright, light') (Macedonian aliza)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aspaleia safeness (Attic asphaleia)<ref>Krannon — c. 250 - 215 BC SEG 23:437, 7</ref>
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} astralos (Attic ψάρ -ος psar Starling)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bebukousthai to be swollen (Homeric {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} buktaon blowing)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} bousia (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi turnip)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} daratos Thessalian bread (Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} 'cut, split')
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} enormos (agora, assembly, market and chōra) (Attic enormeō get in a harbour, hormos bay, anchorage
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ereas children (Hsch.Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tekna) (Homeric ernos young sprout, scion) (Neo-Phrygian eiroi children)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} theanoustai (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} xysters)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} itheiē (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} impsas past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος Poseidon Zygius on horses)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kalaphos (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird (Magnesian)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kapanē chariot (Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} apēnē) also, a helmet(kapanikos plenteous
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} karpaia Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea) Homeric karpalimos swift (for foot) eager, ravenous.
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} nealeis new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf. nealeis, neēludes)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Magnesia — Demetrias — late 2nd century BC [2]</ref> nebeuō pray (Macedonian neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō 'wink')
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} onala, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} onalouma (Attic analōma expense cost) (on- in the place of Attic prefix ana-, ongrapsantas SEG 27:202
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Petthalia 'Thessalia'; Petthaloi 'Thessalians'; Koine thessalisti 'the Thessalian way'. Cf. Attic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} entethettalizomai become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak (Thettalika ptera feathers), Eupolis.201.)
• {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} tageuō to be tagos archon in Thessaly {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}

See also

• Aeolus
• Hesychius of Alexandria

General references

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Further reading

General studies

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• Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. A companion to the Ancient Greek language. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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• Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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• Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. Greek: A history of the language and its speakers. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
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• Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. The Greek language. London: Faber & Faber.

On the Boeotian dialect

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• Pantelidis, Nikolaos. "Boeotian and its Neighbors: A Central Helladic Dialect Continuum?" In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 167–188. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
• Page, Denis L. 1953. Corinna. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
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• West, Martin L. 1990. "Dating Corinna." Classical Quarterly 40 (2): 553–557.

On the Lesbian dialect

• Bowie, Angus M. 1981. The poetic dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus. New York: Arno.
• Finkelberg, Margalit. "Lesbian and Mainland Greece". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 447–456. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
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On the Thessalian dialect

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• Helly, Bruno. "Some Materials for a Historical Grammar of the Thessalian Dialect". In: Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Edited by Georgios Giannakis, Emilio Crespo and Panagiotis Filos. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. pp. 351–374. {{#invoke:CS1 identifiers|main|_template=doi}}
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