Amanita
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The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species (and many species of unknown edibility). The genus is responsible for approximately 95% of fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin synthesized by this genus is Template:Nowrap.
The genus also contains many edible mushrooms, but mycologists discourage mushroom hunters from selecting any of these for human consumption due to the potentially lethal consequences of misidentification. Nonetheless, in some cultures, the larger local edible species of Amanita are mainstays of the markets in the local growing season. Samples of this are Amanita zambiana and other fleshy species in central Africa, A. basii and similar species in Mexico, A. caesarea and the "Blusher" A. rubescens in Europe, and A. chepangiana in Southeast Asia. Other species are used for colouring sauces, such as the red A. jacksonii, with a range from eastern Canada to eastern Mexico.
Taxonomy
The genus Amanita was first published with its current meaning by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797.<ref>Persoon, C.H. (1797) Tent. disp. meth. fung.: 65</ref> Under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Persoon's concept of Amanita, with Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers. as the type species, has been officially conserved against the older Amanita Boehm (1760), which is considered a synonym of Agaricus L.<ref>J. McNeill et al. (eds)(2006) International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna, 2005), Appendix IIIA Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda, B. Fungi Template:Cite web</ref>
Etymology
The name is possibly derived from Amanus (Template:Langx), a mountain in Cilicia, or from Amantia, an ancient city in the transboundary region between Epirus or southern Illyria in antiquity.
Toxicity
Several members of the section Phalloidieae are notable for their toxicity, containing toxins known as amatoxins, which can cause liver failure and death. These include the death cap A. phalloides; species known as destroying angels, including A. virosa, A. bisporigera and A. ocreata; and the fool's mushroom, A. verna.
More recently, a series in the subgenus Lepidella has been found to cause acute kidney failure, including A. smithiana of northwestern North America, A. pseudoporphyria of Japan, and A. proxima of southern Europe.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA. (2018). Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus Amanita (Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents. Documents Mycologiques 37: 201–218.</ref> Template:Clear left
Edibility
Although many species of Amanita are edible, including all of sect. Caesareae and sect. Vaginatae (together comprising hundreds of species), many fungi experts advise against eating a member of Amanita unless the species is known with absolute certainty.<ref name="Field Guide to Mushrooms">Template:Cite book</ref> Because so many species within this genus are so deadly toxic, if a specimen is identified incorrectly, consumption may cause extreme sickness and possibly death.
Edible
Edible species of Amanita include Amanita fulva, A. vaginata (grisette), A. calyptrata (coccoli), A. crocea, A. rubescens (blusher), A. caesarea (Caesar's mushroom), and A. jacksonii (American Caesar's mushroom).
Inedible
Inedible species of Amanita include Amanita albocreata (ringless panther), A. atkinsoniana, A. citrina (false death cap), A. excelsa, A. flavorubescens,Template:Sfn A. franchetii, A. longipes, A. onusta, A. rhopalopus, A. silvicola,Template:Sfn A. sinicoflava, A. spreta, and A. volvata.
Poisonous
Poisonous species include Amanita brunnescens, A. cokeri (Coker's amanita), A. crenulata, A. farinosa (eastern American floury amanita), A. frostiana, A. muscaria (fly agaric), A. pantherina (panther cap), and A. porphyria, but not A. ceciliae.
Deadly poisonous
Deadly poisonous species include Amanita abrupta, A. arocheae, A. bisporigera (eastern NA destroying angel), A. exitialis (Guangzhou destroying angel), A. magnivelaris, A. ocreata (western NA destroying angel), A. phalloides (death cap), A. proxima, A. smithiana, A. subjunquillea (East Asian death cap), A. verna (fool's mushroom), and A. virosa (European destroying angel).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Psychoactive species
Amanita muscaria
Amanita muscaria was widely used as an entheogen by many of the indigenous peoples of Siberia. Its use was known among almost all of the Uralic-speaking peoples of western Siberia and the Paleosiberian-speaking peoples of the Russian Far East. There are only isolated reports of A. muscaria use among the Tungusic and Turkic peoples of central Siberia and it is believed that on the whole entheogenic use of A. muscaria was not practiced by these peoples.<ref name="nyberg1">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Amanita pantherina
Amanita pantherina contains the psychoactive compound muscimol,<ref name=Barceloux>Template:Cite book</ref> but is used as an entheogen much less often than its much more distinguishable relative A. muscaria.
Others
Other species identified as containing psychoactive substances include:
- Amanita citrina<ref name=rumack>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Amanita gemmata<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Verify source
- Amanita porphyriaTemplate:Citation needed
- Amanita regalis<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Verify source
- Amanita strobiliformis<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Verify source
See also
References
Sources
External links
- Rodham E. Tulloss and Zhu-liang Yang's Amanita site – Comprehensive listing of the nearly 600 named Amanita species with photos and/or technical details on over 510 species.
- "The genus Amanita" by Michael Kuo, MushroomExpert.Com, March 2005.
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