Asia Television

Asia Television Limited (Template:Zh, also known as ATV) is a digital media and broadcasting company in Hong Kong. Established as the first television service in Hong Kong as Rediffusion Television (Template:Zh) on 29 May 1957, it shifted to terrestrial television in 1973 and was renamed to Asia Television (ATV) in 1982. ATV operated two main over-the-air channels: Cantonese-language ATV Home and English-language ATV World.

Despite its relatively small market share, ATV received awards for its programs. One of its successes was the local version of the British game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in 2001, providing ATV increased viewership. After 2000, ATV faced a gradual decline in production quality and viewership, as well as financial difficulties—a process hastened under the leadership of Wang Zheng. ATV's credibility was severely damaged in 2011 after its news department had falsely reported the death of Jiang Zemin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 1 April 2015, Hong Kong's Executive Council announced that ATV's broadcast license would not be renewed. ATV's channels ceased over-the-air transmission on 1 April 2016.<ref name="scmp-lastshow">Template:Cite news</ref> ATV announced plans to continue business as a digital and satellite broadcaster.<ref>Mystery investor in talks to save off-air Hong Kong broadcaster ATV Template:Webarchive, South China Morning Post, 13 April 2016</ref> The company announced its subscription-based internet content streaming operations in December 2017.<ref name="ejinsight-ott"/>

History

1949–1981: early years

Template:See also Rediffusion Television (RTV), the predecessor to ATV, began as a wired radio broadcasting service in 1949.<ref name="Kitley">Kitley, Philip. [2003] (2003). Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia. Routledge. Template:ISBN</ref> The original office was located on Arsenal Street and Hennessy Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. It launched its subscription-based TV service on 29 May 1957. In 1959, Rediffusion was moved to the offices that were occupied by Fortis Bank Tower.

In 1962, Rediffusion broadcast the first-ever fundraising special in the wake of Hong Kong's Typhoon Wanda, which caused 130 deaths.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first televised artist course broadcast was in 1966 under the title "Ying Li's Voice."

In October 1968, new shows were broadcast on Rediffusion, including variety, sports, and other leisure, attracting more viewers. The most notable show was "Master Q." It also led the trend in acquiring Japanese anime shows, including Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in 1966.<ref>59 years in the making: how Hong Kong's Asia Television went from a pioneering broadcaster to final death Template:Webarchive, South China Morning Post, 1 April 2016</ref>

Rediffusion was given a free-to-air television broadcasting license in 1973 by the Hong Kong Government, which had switched to using wireless television. Rediffusion (later ATV) and TVB (launched on 19 November 1967) formed a duopoly in free-to-air terrestrial TV broadcasting in Hong Kong for more than 40 years.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A third broadcaster, Commercial Television, entered the market in September 1975, but in the face of intense competition from the two rival broadcasters, it ceased transmissions in August 1978.<ref>Hong Kong Documentary Film Template:Webarchive, Ian Aitken, Michael Ingham, Edinburgh University Press, 2014, page 111</ref>

In 1976, the Hong Kong government introduced Mark Six, a new lottery system that was broadcast twice a week on Rediffusion. The first host of that show was Ha Chun-Chau (Template:Lang-zh).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

1981–2002: development

In 1981, Rediffusion in the UK sold 61% of its shares in RTV to an Australian consortium. In July 1982, a Chinese enterprise called Far East Group (Template:Zh), owned by the Chiu family, took a stake in the company, such that Far East Group and the Australian consortium each held 50% of RTV's shares. The move marked the first time that a Chinese enterprise had partly owned RTV. RTV was renamed "Asia Television" later in the same year.<ref name="p34">ATV 46th Anniversary Retrospective (2003), p.34</ref> The company that operated ATV frequently recorded losses, and in January 1984, following the withdrawal of the Australian enterprise, the Chiu family acquired the company.

In August 1987, the shares of ATV were put up for sale. One year later, Asia Television Limited, the Lim family (led by Lim Por-yen), and the New World Group each owned one-third of the shares. At that time, the members of the board of directors included Deacon Chiu, Lim Por-yen, Fang Li, and Cheng Yu-tung.

On 30 January 1989, the Chiu family sold its shares of ATV to New World Group and Lai Sun Group for HK$237.5 million. The New World Group held half of the shares, while the Lam family owned one-third and Lai Sun held one-sixth. At the same time, Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM) joined as a minority shareholder. Cheng Yue-tung became chairman, Lim Por Yen vice-chairman, and Selina Chow administrative director.

2002–2010: ownership shift

In November 2002, Lai Sun Development, which was heavily indebted following the HK$7 billion acquisition of the Furama Hotel in 1997 at the height of the property bubble, announced that it would sell its 32.75% stake to the company's chief executive, Chan Wing-kee, for HK$360 million in cash.<ref>Dennis Eng, "A little less debt for ailing Lai Sun Template:Webarchive", The Standard, 18 November 2002</ref>

In June 2007, Chan, along with Template:Ill, chairman of Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings Limited, established a company that later bought most of ATV's shares. Afterward, Chan Wing-kei became Administrative Director General. With the change of shareholders, the company innovated with the direction of production, marketing strategy, and human resources. The network increased the purchase of foreign programs, such as the South Korean drama Autumn in My Heart.

In December 2008, City Telecom chairman Ricky Wong Wai Kay was assigned as the new chief executive, while former PCCW deputy chairman Linus Cheung Wing-lam became executive chairman.<ref name="stan1">The Standard HK. Survival Drama Template:Webarchive. The Standard. Retrieved 7 December 2008.</ref> After just 2 weeks, Ricky Wong resigned from his position due to many factors.<ref name="scmp1">South China Morning Post. "SCMP Template:Webarchive." Outspoken, and out of a job. Retrieved on 24 December 2008.</ref> In early 2009, Taiwanese billionaire Tsai Eng-Meng signed a preliminary agreement to become a key shareholder of Alnery, a company that controls 47.58% of ATV.<ref>Etaiwannews.com. "etaiwannews.com Template:Webarchive." Tsai Eng-meng funds HK station. Retrieved on 3 February 2009.</ref> Tsai has agreed to inject HK$1 billion in the form of convertible bonds.<ref>The Standard HK. "[Friend of ATV chief helped fix $1b deal The Standard.com]." Article. Retrieved on 2 February 2009.</ref> Tsai and Payson Cha have since debated over control of the station.<ref>The Standard (HK). "Cha accused as ATV spat flares up in public" Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 10 January 2010.</ref>

2010–2015: decline

File:Atv2015nov.png

Former logo (2007–2016)

Hong Kong's other main television broadcaster, TVB, was regarded as the driving force behind ATV's decision to transform its pay TV operation to terrestrial TV broadcasting. For many years, TVB has been the predominant rating leader in Hong Kong. Its programmes often capture 90–95% of the viewing audience. In the last round, ATV had its licence renewed in December 2004 for another 12 years. Under the new terms of the licence, the Broadcasting Authority required that ATV World provide bilingual subtitles on news, weather, and current affairs shows, educational shows, and public service announcements, as well as more cultural and arts shows.<ref>English subtitles for ATV and TVB Template:Webarchive, South China Morning Post, 13 November 2002</ref> In its final years, viewing figures for ATV Home had fallen sharply, as the TV station had begun to cater more to the interests of the mainland Chinese audience, who could now legally receive the channel.Template:Citation needed In the Pearl River Delta area of China, ATV used to enjoy a 70% ratings share in the late 90s, largely due to rebroadcasting rights. The ratings share has since reduced to 2–3%. The shift resulted in Hong Kong viewers complaining that programmes aired on the channel are "old-fashioned" and not in tune with the preferences of the Hong Kong TV audience.Template:Citation needed

In 2010, Chinese property businessman Wang Zheng became known as ATV's "major shareholder" and began to exercise actual control over the board of directors when his relative-in-law Wong Ben Koon, who is a Hong Kong resident, purchased 52% of ATV's shares from Cha's brothers and other shareholders, although Wang himself was not a member of the board.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It is generally regarded by observers as a means of circumventing Hong Kong's broadcasting regulations, which prohibit individuals who are not residents of Hong Kong from owning and controlling local television stations.<ref name="SCMPWangZheng">Template:Cite news</ref> Stating his plan to shape ATV into "Asia's CNN" and "Hong Kong's conscience",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Wang replaced the production of television drama series with talk shows, which contributed to further loss of ATV's audience and advertisers.<ref name="SCMPWangZheng"/>

On 6 July 2011, ATV News falsely reported the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. Wang Zheng, at that time, rumored to be a distant relative of Jiang, was believed to be the source. The Communications Authority fined ATV HK$300,000 for the false news report, and later another HK$1 million after concluding Wang Zheng had been unlawfully interfering with ATV's management. Wang's cousin James Shing Pan-yu was forced to quit his role as executive director.<ref name="SCMPWangZheng"/> ATV came under heavy pressure from the community when its ATV Focus smeared anti-Moral and National Education pupils and when it broadcast a live show of Wang leading a group of artists dancing in front of the Central Government Offices to call for the government not to issue new free-to-air licences.<ref name="SCMPWangZheng"/>

On 19 June 2013, the Hop Chung Tourist Car Company, a long-standing transport contractor of ATV, filed a petition with the High Court seeking the winding up of ATV over unpaid debts amounting to HK$900,000. ATV's executive director, James Shing, denied that the station was facing financial difficulties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2014, the court ruled in Tsai's favour that Wang Zheng was responsible for ATV's business failure, and appointed Deloitte to seek a white knight to take over Wong Ben-koon's controlling shares.<ref name="SCMPWangZheng"/>

ATV had also failed to pay wages to its employees;<ref name=sina105821213417/> at the end of December 2014, the company said it would shortly pay half the back wages of its staff for September.<ref>Hong Kong broadcaster ATV once more defaults on pay for its staff Template:Webarchive, South China Morning Post, 5 December 2014</ref> By early January, the company had yet to settle the outstanding salary arrears dating back to November, and a number of terminations and redundancies occurred as a consequence of its operational difficulties. ATV and its executive director, Ip Ka-po, received 34 prosecution notices from the Labour Department in relation to unpaid wages covering the period from July to September.<ref name=sina105821213417>Template:Cite web</ref> In late-January 2015, the company, still facing liquidity issues, controversially advanced the outstanding salaries for December on condition that employees signed a loan agreement with the company belonging to the major shareholder, Wong Ben-koon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="wsj.com">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="china.org.cn">Template:Cite web</ref>

2015–2017: loss of licence

On 31 March 2015, ATV announced during its evening news that its main shareholders had agreed to sell their stake in the company to Ricky Wong's Hong Kong Television Network (which was the subject of a failed bid for an over-the-air license before electing to launch as an internet television service instead).<ref name="variety-licensepulled"/><ref name="scmp16-wong">Template:Cite news</ref> Although he had met with ATV staff a few days prior, Wong denied that a deal had been made, while legislators argued that the report was intended to mislead the Executive Council into believing that ATV was in the process of addressing its financial issues.<ref name="variety-licensepulled"/>

On 1 April 2015, the Executive Council ruled that it would not renew ATV's broadcasting licence. Secretary for Commerce and Economic Development Gregory So explained that ATV's performance was "unsatisfactory" and had "clearly deteriorated after the mid-term review of its licence", and that the Communications Authority "[had] serious doubts as to whether ATV would be capable of making the necessary improvements, and whether it has the financial capability to deliver its investment plans, and indeed to continue its business as a going concern." As federal law requires broadcasters to be given one year's notice in the event of license revocation, the license was provisionally extended to 1 April 2016, after which ATV is required to cease broadcasting. Concurrently, the government announced the approval of an over-the-air license to a new broadcasting company, HK Television Entertainment.<ref name="wsj.com"/><ref name="variety-licensepulled">Template:Cite web</ref> The government also allowed RTHK to take over ATV's analogue broadcast spectrum; RTHK planned to use the spectrum to broadcast an expanded version of its channel 31 service.<ref name="hkfp-backon"/><ref name="cd-rhtkanalog">Template:Cite web</ref>

On 7 February 2016, following the resignation of more than 200 employees in the preceding week, ATV was compelled to suspend its news programming due to insufficient staffing. The broadcaster indicated plans to resume newscasts after the Chinese New Year holiday. The Communications Authority warned that it would impose a fine on ATV for the suspension, as it contravened licence conditions requiring the daily broadcast of 15-minute evening newscasts in both Cantonese and English. On 22 February 2016, the Communications Authority announced that ATV would be subjected to a 30-day suspension effective April 2016 for breaches of licence conditions relating to news programming and the non-payment of licence fees. Although ATV was scheduled to cease broadcasting upon the expiry of its licence by that time, the Authority maintained that the penalty was nonetheless warranted, arguing that to refrain from imposing it "would send a wrong message to the broadcasting sector, that a beleaguered and cash-strapped licensee would be given a carte blanche to contravene the BO and licence conditions" with minimal repercussions.<ref name="variety-newssuspend">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="variety-suspended">Template:Cite web</ref>

On 24 February 2016, the High Court of Hong Kong appointed the firm Deloitte to serve as a provisional liquidator for ATV's assets.<ref name="scmp-liquidation">Template:Cite news</ref> On 29 February 2016, Deloitte announced that as part of the liquidation process, all of ATV's staff would be laid off.<ref name="hkfp-layoff">Template:Cite news</ref> On 3 March 2016, Deloitte announced that it was in the process of winding down ATV's operations and planned to shut down the network as soon as possible. However, RTHK stated that it would not be ready to take over ATV's analogue spectrum with its new programming until 10 March at the latest. On 7 March, only a day after the layoffs took effect, China Cultural Media Group reached a deal to invest in ATV, pay outstanding staff wages for 2016, and operating costs for March, allowing the network to re-hire 160 employees to continue operating ATV in the interim. However, the outstanding wages would not be paid until 2 April. ATV spokesperson stated that the broadcaster was considering alternate outlets for its programming following the shutdown, including the internet.<ref name="hkfp-backon">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="scmp-shutdown">Template:Cite news</ref>

Final day of broadcast

The final program aired by ATV Home was a repeat of a special celebrating the 25th anniversary of the Miss Asia Pageant. Although a public relations manager stated that ATV was planning to broadcast one more edition of the Miss Asia Pageant before ATV's shutdown, former producer Wingo Ng stated that ATV did not have enough money and staff to produce such a programme.<ref name="scmp-lastshow" /><ref name="scmp-onemore">Template:Cite news</ref>

ATV's channels signed off shortly before midnight local time on 1 April. RTHK TV 31 and TV33 (CGTN Documentary) began broadcasting on ATV's analogue channels shortly after midnight on 2 April 2016. HKTVE also soft-launched its new digital channel, ViuTV, ahead of its formal launch on 6 April.<ref name="standard-farewell">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="variety-atvdone">Template:Cite web</ref>

Debt resolved

Following ATV's formal cessation of free-to-air television broadcasting, ATV Investor Secretary Rong Rongbin pledged shares of Star Platinum Corporation—which held 99 percent of ATV's equity—as collateral to secure a loan of HK$300 million from Xiesheng Xiefeng in an attempt to rescue the broadcaster. However, the loan was not repaid on time, and in July 2016 Xiesheng Xiefeng acquired full ownership of Star Platinum. Reports also indicated that approximately HK$35 million in outstanding wages owed to 640 former employees, along with HK$18 million from the Insolvency Fund, were subsequently settled after the company had obtained its majority stake.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

2017–present: ventures after the loss of licence

In December 2017, ATV announced that the company would continue business with its new mobile app and OTT services, delivering programmes and shows through the internet instead of terrestrial broadcasting. They also announced their new series for the show Baak Maan Fu Yung (local version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?), which is hosted by former general manager of TVB, Stephan Chan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The app also includes previous ATV original dramas and documentaries. The OTT service is operated by ATV's subsidiary, Asia Television Digital Media Limited.

In June 2018, ATV announced the reboot of the Miss Asia Pageant since the hiatus in 2015. Partnered with South Korean company CJ E&M, the pageant was described as "ATV's biggest investment of the year".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2020, ATV partnered with UK production company Phoenix Waters Productions to relaunch their drama department and develop a slate of films, series, and variety shows spearheaded by PWP CEO Bizhan Tong.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This would start with international thriller Lockdown (2021), to be filmed around the world during the 2020 pandemic and feature a global cast including John Savage, Xander Berkeley, and Anita Chui.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021, AMM Global Media was formed with Tong as executive director, acquiring all 19 of Tong's creative projects, including Lockdown to focus entirely on creative entertainment with international appeal.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On 7 September 2022, the High Court ordered Asia Television Digital Media be liquidated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> ATV issued a statement stating that only Asia Television Digital Media would be liquidated and that Asia Television Holdings and its subsidiary Asia Momentum Media would continue providing content.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Location

On 21 July 2007, ATV left its long-time home at 81 Broadcast Drive in Kowloon Tong and moved into a new facility in Tai Po. The original home was demolished in 2008–2009 and is now a residential development, called Meridian Hill.

The Tai Po production facilities cover Template:Convert and are three times larger than the old facilities on Broadcast Drive. The Tai Po facilities have four news studios, eight variety show and drama studios, and a range of digital broadcasting facilities. The largest studio covers Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The new headquarters is the former site of Lee Kum Kee's Hong Kong headquarters and factory operations.

• 
  Former ATV headquarters on Broadcast Drive (demolished)
• 
  Former ATV studio building in Ho Chung, Sai Kung District
• 
  ATV headquarters in Tai Po Industrial Estate, Tai Po District

News operation

File:ATV NewsCar MY3241 20071105.jpg

ATV News vehicle

Template:Main article ATV News was the news arm of ATV. It produced daily newscasts in Cantonese, Mandarin, and English, which were seen on its Home, World, and News & Business Channels. Additional foreign news coverage was provided by CNN and CBS. The broadcaster was long recognized as pro-Beijing.<ref name="stan1" />

Programming

ATV aired a range of television programmes, including news, infotainment, drama, and variety shows. In addition to producing its shows, ATV acquired popular TV programmes from overseas markets to cater to changing audience tastes. Of note, ATV bought popular TV dramas from South Korea and mainland China for broadcast in prime time.

Channels

Before 2 April 2016, ATV operated six channels: the 24-hour ATV Home channel in Cantonese; the 24-hour ATV World channel in English; the 24-hour Cantonese satellite channel ATV Overseas, which was accessible in North America via satellite, and three digital DMB-T/H channels: ATV Asia, a 24-hour high-definition channel; CCTV-1, the general channel of China Central Television.

Before 1 April 2009, the following DMB-T/H channels were in operation: News & Business, a 24-hour news and finance news channel; His TV, a 24-hour sports and infotainment channel aimed at men; Her TV, a 24-hour lifestyle infotainment channel aimed at women; Plus TV, a 24-hour documentary channel; and HDTV, a 24-hour high-definition channel.

Area Served

29 May 1957

30 Sept. 1963

4 Jan. 2002

31 Dec. 2007

1 Apr. 2009

1 Oct. 2009

1 Dec. 2010

1 Mar. 2011

1 Apr. 2011

1 Oct. 2012

31 Dec. 2012

2 April 2016

Local (Hong Kong)

Rediffusion Television

RTV Chinese → RTV1 in 1967 → aTV Chinese in 1982 → aTV Gold in 1987 → aTV Home since 1989 (later renamed to aTV1 prior to April 2009 following the launch of the digital TV on channel 11 by December 2007).

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RTV English → RTV2 in 1967 → aTV English in 1982 → aTV Diamond in 1987 → aTV World since 1989 (later renamed to aTV6 prior to April 2009 following the launch of digital TV on channel 16 by December 2007).

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aTV2<ref group=n>aTV2 News & Business Channel</ref> Template:Clear (Digital channel 12)

HD aTV (Digital channel 12), renamed to ATV Asia on 2 May 2011.

aTV9 HDTV (Digital channel 19)

aTV3 His TV (Digital channel 13)

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TVS2* (Digital channel 13)

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aTV Classic (Digital channel 13)

aTV4 Her TV (Digital channel 14)

CTi Asia (Digital channel 14)

Template:Color

aTV5 Plus TV (Digital channel 15)

CCTV4 (Digital channel 15)

CCTV1 (Digital channel 15)

CCTV4 (Digital channel 17)

Template:Color

SZTV (Digital channel 17)

Americas

Template:Color

aTV Home (America), renamed to aTV Overseas on 20 January 2016.

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Programmes on ATV Home

Template:See also ATV produced numerous classic TV dramas, including Super Stuntman (Template:Lang), Crocodile Tears (Template:Lang), My Date with a Vampire, Fatherland (Template:Lang), Vampire Hero (Template:Lang), The Legend, My Date with a Vampire 2, The Legendary Fok, My Date with a Vampire 3, Central Affairs I and II (Template:Lang), Vampire Expert II and Reincarnated. Productions of note in the 1990s include The Pride of Chaozhou, Who is the Winner? (Template:Lang), Who is the Winner?! 2: King of Green Bat, King of the Gambler (Template:Lang), and The Good Old Days.

In the 2000s, ATV created and hosted certain large-scale award shows. The most well-known would probably be The Annual Most Popular TV Commercial Awards (Template:Lang).

Other infotainment programmes like Stories From Afar (Template:Lang) ranked highly in the Appreciation Index Survey Best Television Awards (Template:Lang), as reflected by a public review.

Some ATV programmes, such as the entertainment news show Hong Kong Today (Template:Lang) and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, proved particularly popular, prompting local rival TVB to offer similar fare.

Asia Television used to air the British Science Fiction Programme Doctor Who and was responsible for returning one of their copies to the BBC, when BBC Enterprises wiped many Doctor Who serials in the 1970s. The Tomb of the Cybermen returned in late 1991.

Programmes on ATV World

ATV World was one of two English-language channels that broadcast in Hong Kong. It offered a variety of programmes, mostly from the United States, ranging from popular serial dramas and films, to documentaries and educational shows. Among the shows it aired are Ally McBeal, Survivor, Smallville, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Elizabeth I, CSI: Miami, Cold Case, CSI: NY, Grey's Anatomy, The Closer, Doctor Who, and Ghost Whisperer. ATV stopped carrying the talk show Late Show with David Letterman Template:As of, but there was a grass-roots movement to bring it back. Arts and sports programming were also offered (e.g. local horse racing, Template:Zh). Mandarin and Korean programmes were available on ATV World at off-peak hours.

ATV World's flagship English news programme was Main News and Weather Report at 7:30, provided under the collective effort of ATV News.

Given its focus on English-language programming in a predominantly Cantonese-speaking market, ATV World carried relatively little advertising and was subsidized by ATV Home. Free-to-air television companies in Hong Kong are required to provide an English-language service. In the face of competition from TVB Pearl, ATV World switched focus from dramas and movies to documentaries and natural history shows, likely because such programming was less expensive to acquire. Although movies formerly aired on Saturdays, movies acquired by ATV were generally aired on Monday nights, leading to The Late News programme.

Artistes

ATV Training Institute

Asia Television Training Institute was founded to train people who are interested in joining the television industry. There are four faculties including television production, television artwork, television talent and technical production. Some of the graduates are offered work at ATV.

Actor station-hopping

Like TVB, ATV used a contract artist system, in which the station acted as both employer and booking agent. Artists were signed to contracts which meant that they could only appear in that station's programmes; the artists were kept on a basic wage with additional fees paid on a per episode or per appearance basis. Acting as an artiste's booking agent, the station would also have a veto in what personal appearances, endorsements, and advertisements an artiste may take, demanding a cut of all fees. Artistes would also be pushed to take jobs favored by the station, with artistes who rebelled and refused being put "on ice" (Template:Lang or Template:Lang), or being forced to see out their contract at the basic wage, but not being used in any of the station's programs and forbidden from any other work. Being put "on ice" effectively ends an artist's career until the contract lapses.

TVB is known to typecast their performers, with some always given lead roles and others always given supporting roles. As such, some actors left TVB for ATV in hopes of better opportunities, although in most cases the change of station could mean a drastic reduction in fame for the artist, as TVB is the dominant station in Hong Kong. The majority of the leading roles were given to veteran TVB actors. While some veteran TVB actors merely switched sides because their contracts ended, some joined because they were offered better compensation and positions than veteran TVB actors. There were several known incidents where TVB had certain dramas planned and were forced to cancel or rewrite scripts because the star(s) of the role left for other opportunities and vice versa. While TVB also acquired ATV actors, the cross-over was higher in frequency with TVB actors to ATV.

With the disbandment of ATV's in-house drama department and the station's retreat from making its dramas, there was no longer any work for its actors and most have since found alternative employment.

Criticism and controversies

Hitler advertisement

In 1994, ATV controversially ran a two-page advertisement in the South China Morning Post promoting marketing opportunities, featuring a full-page picture of Adolf Hitler surrounded by members of the Hitler Youth.<ref>Hong Kong editor apologizes for ad slur, UPI, 14 November 1994</ref> It suggested that, had Hitler been able to advertise on ATV, he would have "been assured of total domination" and have "had them sieg heiling from Shanghai to Guangzhou" before adding that advertisers should contact the station or their advertising agency, "before you come up with your final solution".<ref>Hitler-theme Ad Sparks Furor, Asia Television, South China Morning Post Apologize Template:Webarchive, Advertising Age, 21 November 1994</ref>

This was condemned as "extremely tasteless" by the German Consul-General, who added that the advertisement "hurts the feelings of the many victims of totalitarianism and fascism",<ref>ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste Template:Webarchive, Wolfgang Göttelmann, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994</ref> and as "outrageous and unbelievable" by his Israeli counterpart.<ref>ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste Template:Webarchive, Nachman Perel, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994</ref> The United Jewish Congregation of Hong Kong also condemned it as "disgusting", claiming that it "carries the newspaper to the very brink of moral bankruptcy", and was "an insult to the memories of all of Hitler's victims".<ref>ATV's Hitler advertisement is in poor taste Template:Webarchive, Rabbi Howard Kosovske, South China Morning Post, 16 November 1994</ref>

Pro-Beijing slant

News programmes broadcast by ATV were deemed by some observers to have taken on a pro-Beijing bias, reporting news involving pro-democracy political forces in Hong Kong in a negative light. A short talk show on current affairs that aired after the six o'clock news frequently invited pro-Beijing advocates to air their views, often praising the PRC's policies and criticising pro-democratic parties, especially when these parties invoked a demonstration. There were also other pro-democratic guests, but this did not balance out the pro-Beijing bias. TVB's news programming is similarly criticised for its "pro-establishment" stance. Although the Hong Kong media has the freedom of speech, self-censorship is commonly practised at media organisations whose owners have business interests in mainland China. A shift in ownership of ATV in mid-2006 sparked concern that ATV would become even more pro-Beijing.

For example, the pro-democracy 1 July marches usually make the headline news on TVB, but ATV usually makes the pro-Beijing counter protests the headline news. ATV also attempted to dilute the pro-democracy message of the marches by saying the participants had different messages.

In September 2012, there was outrage after ATV broadcast a news article claiming that opponents of Hong Kong's pro-CCP "National Education" classes for students were "destructive forces" which were backed by London and Washington and sought to "destroy Hong Kong by all possible means".<ref>10,000 complain over ATV programme calling Scholarism a 'pawn' Template:Webarchive, South China Morning Post, 5 September 2012</ref> Members of the student advocacy group Scholarism were labelled as "naive teenagers" who have allowed themselves to be "exploited by politicians" and are ruining their own futures by "playing with politics".<ref name="Hong Kong's ATV: London and Washington behind anti-National Education protests">Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Media of Hong Kong
• Television in Hong Kong
• List of television stations in Hong Kong

External links

• Official Site
• Photographs of the abandoned ATV studios in Ho Chung
• Communications Authority