Shanghai
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Pp-move Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use American English Template:Infobox settlement ShanghaiTemplate:Efn is a direct-administered municipality and the most populous urban area in China. The city is located on the Chinese shoreline on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flowing through it. The population of the city proper is the second largest in the world with around 24.87 million inhabitants in 2023, while the urban area is the most populous in China, with 29.87 million residents. As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of nearly 13 trillion RMB ($1.9 trillion).<ref name="GDP2022" /> Shanghai is one of the world's major centers for finance, business and economics, research, science and technology, manufacturing, transportation, tourism, and culture. The Port of Shanghai is the world's busiest container port.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Originally a fishing village and market town, Shanghai grew to global prominence in the 19th century due to domestic and foreign trade and its favorable port location. The city was one of five treaty ports forced to open to trade with the Europeans after the First Opium War, with the Shanghai International Settlement and French Concession subsequently established. The city became a primary commercial and financial hub of Asia in the 1930s. During the Second World War, it was the site of the Battle of Shanghai. This was followed by the Chinese Civil War with the Communists taking over the city and most of the mainland. During the Cold War, trade was mostly limited to other socialist countries in the Eastern Bloc, causing the city's global influence to decline.
Economic reforms supported by Deng Xiaoping led to extensive redevelopment by the 1990s, particularly in the Pudong New Area, spurring the return of finance and foreign investment. The city has re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance. It is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in the Asia-Pacific by market capitalization and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone, the first free-trade zone in mainland China. It is ranked eighth globally on the Global Financial Centres Index. Shanghai has been classified as an Alpha+ (global first-tier) city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. As of 2024, it is home to 13 companies of the Fortune Global 500—the fourth-highest number of any city.<ref name="FG" /> The city is also a major global center for research and development and home to numerous Double First-Class Universities, including Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The Shanghai Metro, first opened in 1993, is the largest metro network in the world by route length.
Shanghai has been described as a global finance and innovation hub, and it is one of the ten biggest economic hubs in the world. Featuring several architectural styles such as Art Deco and shikumen, the city contains the Lujiazui skyline, and museums and historic buildings such as the City God Temple, Yu Garden, the China Pavilion and buildings along the Bund. Shanghai is known for its cuisine, local language, and cosmopolitan culture. It ranks sixth in the list of cities with the most skyscrapers.
Etymology
Template:Infobox Chinese The two Chinese characters in the city's name are Template:Lang-zh (Template:Transliteration/zaon, "upon") and Template:Lang-zh (Template:Transliteration/hé, "sea"), together meaning "On the Sea". The earliest occurrence of this name is the 11th-century Song dynasty, when there was a river confluence and a town with this name in the area. Others contend that the city is referenced in historical records dating back 2150 years, and that its ancient name, "Hu", suggests it was a fishing village. In 1280 it was renamed "Shanghai", which translates to "Above the Sea".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name's interpretation was disputed, but Chinese historians concluded that during the Tang dynasty, the area of modern-day Shanghai was under sea level, so the land appeared to be "on the sea".<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, pp.8-9">Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, pp. 8–9.</ref>
Shanghai is officially abbreviated Template:Lang-zhTemplate:Efn (Template:Transliteration/wu) in Chinese, a contraction of Template:Lang-zhTemplate:Efn (Template:Transliteration/wu-doq, "Harpoon Ditch"), a 4th- or Template:Nowrap Jin name for the mouth of Suzhou Creek when it was the main conduit into the ocean.<ref name="Shenhu Origin">Template:Cite web</ref> This character appears on motor vehicle license plates issued in the municipality.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Alternative names
Template:Lang-zh (Shēn/sén) or Template:Lang-zh (Shēnchéng/sén-zen, "Shen City") was an early name originating from Lord Chunshen, a 3rd-century BC nobleman and prime minister of the state of Chu, whose fief included modern Shanghai.<ref name="Shenhu Origin" /> Template:Lang-zhTemplate:Efn (Huátíng/gho-din) was another early name for Shanghai. In AD 751, Huating County was established as the first county-level administration within modern-day Shanghai by Zhao Juzhen, the governor of Wu Commandery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Lang-zh (Módū/mó-tu, "monster/fiend/magical city"),Template:Efn is a contemporary nickname for Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The name was first mentioned in Mato (1924) by Japanese novelist Shōfu Muramatsu.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The city has various English nicknames including the "New York of China", in reference to its status as a cosmopolitan megalopolis and financial hub,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the "Pearl of the Orient", and the "Paris of the East".<ref name="paris of the east">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
Template:Main Template:For timeline
Antiquity
The western part of modern-day Shanghai was inhabited 6,000 years ago.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the Spring and Autumn period (approximately 771 to 476 BC), it belonged to the Kingdom of Wu, which was conquered by the Kingdom of Yue, which in turn was conquered by the Kingdom of Chu.<ref name="ancient">Template:Cite web</ref> During the Warring States period (475 BC), Shanghai was part of the fief of Lord Chunshen of Chu, one of the Four Lords of the Warring States. He ordered the excavation of the Huangpu River. Its former or poetic name, the Chunshen River, gave Shanghai its nickname of "Shēn".<ref name="ancient" /> Fishermen living in the Shanghai area then created a fish tool called the hù, which lent its name to the outlet of Suzhou Creek north of the Old City and became a common nickname and abbreviation for the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Imperial era
During the Tang and Song dynasties, Qinglong Town (Template:LangTemplate:Efn) in modern Qingpu District was a major trading port. Established in 746, it developed into what was historically called a "giant town of the Southeast". The port experienced thriving trade with provinces along the Yangtze and the Chinese coast, as well as foreign countries such as Japan and Silla.<ref name="kaogu">Template:Cite web</ref> By the end of the Song dynasty, the center of trading had moved downstream of the Wusong River to Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its status was upgraded from a village to a market town in 1074; in 1172, a second sea wall was built to stabilize the ocean coastline, supplementing an earlier dike.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9.</ref> From the Yuan dynasty in 1292 until Shanghai officially became a municipality in 1927, central Shanghai was administered as a county under Songjiang Prefecture, which had its seat in the present-day Songjiang District.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.9, pp.11–12, p.34.</ref>
Shanghai's first city wall was built in 1554 to protect the town from raids by Japanese pirates. It was Template:Convert high and Template:Convert in circumference. A City God Temple was built in 1602 during the Wanli reign. This honor was usually reserved for prefectural capitals and not normally given to a county seat like Shanghai. Scholars theorized that this reflected the town's economic importance.<ref name="Danielson, Eric N. 2004, p.10">Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p.10.</ref>
During the Qing dynasty, two central government policy changes caused Shanghai to become one of the most important seaports in the Yangtze Delta region. The first was in 1684, when the Kangxi Emperor reversed the 1525 prohibition on oceangoing vessels. In 1732, the Qianlong Emperor moved the customs office for Jiangsu province (Template:Linktext;Template:Efn see Customs House, Shanghai) from Songjiang to Shanghai, and gave Shanghai exclusive control over customs collections for Jiangsu's foreign trade. Shanghai became the major trade port for the lower Yangtze region by 1735, despite being at the lowest administrative level in the political hierarchy.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangtze Delta, 2004, pp.10–11.</ref>
In the 19th century, international attention and recognition of its economic and trade potential at the Yangtze grew.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> British forces occupied the city during the First Opium War.<ref>Rait, Robert S. (1903). The Life and Campaigns of Hugh, First Viscount Gough, Field-Marshal Template:Webarchive. Volume 1. p. 267–268</ref> The war ended in 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking, which opened Shanghai as one of the five treaty ports for international trade.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Treaty of the Bogue, the Treaty of Wanghia, and the Treaty of Whampoa, signed between 1843 and 1844, forced Chinese concession to European and American desires for visitation and trade in China. Britain, France, and the United States established a presence outside the walled city of Shanghai, which remained under the direct administration of the Chinese.<ref name="SHChronicles">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Chinese-held Old City of Shanghai fell to rebels from the Small Swords Society in 1853, but was regained by the Qing government in February 1855.<ref>Scarne, John. Twelve years in China Template:Webarchive. Edinburgh: Constable, 1860: 187–209.</ref> In 1854, the Shanghai Municipal Council was created to manage the foreign settlements. Between 1860 and 1862, the Taiping rebels twice attacked Shanghai and destroyed the city's eastern and southern suburbs, but failed to take the city.<ref name="WellWilli">Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the Chinese Empire and its Inhabitants, Vol. 1, p. 107. Scribner (New York), 1904.</ref> In 1863, the British settlement south of Suzhou Creek (northern Huangpu District) and the American settlement to the north (southern Hongkou District) joined to form the Shanghai International Settlement. The French opted out of the Shanghai Municipal Council and maintained its own concession at the city's south and southwest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The First Sino-Japanese War concluded with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki, which elevated Japan as another foreign power in Shanghai. Japan built the first factories in Shanghai, which were copied by other foreign powers. This international activity gave Shanghai the nickname "the Great Athens of China".<ref>Gordon Cumming, C. F. (Constance Frederica), "The inventor of the numeral-type for China by the use of which illiterate Chinese both blind and sighted can very quickly be taught to read and write fluently", London: Downey, 1899, archive.org Template:Webarchive</ref>
Republic era
In 1912, the Old City walls were dismantled as they blocked the city's expansion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In July 1921, the Chinese Communist Party was founded in the Shanghai French Concession.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> On 30 May 1925, the May Thirtieth Movement broke out when a worker in a Japanese-owned cotton mill was shot and killed by a Japanese foreman.<ref name="Ku">Ku, Hung-Ting [1979] (1979). Urban Mass Movement: The May Thirtieth Movement in Shanghai. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.13, No.2. pp.197–216</ref> Workers in the city then launched general strikes against imperialism, which became nationwide protests that gave rise to Chinese nationalism.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The golden age of Shanghai began with its elevation to municipality after it was separated from Jiangsu on 7 July 1927.<ref name="SHChronicles" /><ref name="GovHistory">Template:Cite web</ref> This new Chinese municipality was Template:Convert, and included the districts of Baoshan, Yangpu, Zhabei, Nanshi, and Pudong.<ref name="GovHistory" /> Headed by a Chinese mayor and municipal council, the city's government implemented the Greater Shanghai Plan to create a new city center in Jiangwan town of Yangpu district, outside the boundaries of the foreign concessions.<ref>Danielson, Eric N., Shanghai and the Yangzi Delta, 2004, p. 34.</ref> The city became a commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s.<ref name="1930hub">Template:Cite web</ref> During the ensuing decades, citizens of many countries immigrated to Shanghai; those who stayed for long periods called themselves "Shanghailanders".<ref>Template:Cite AV media</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, almost 20,000 White Russians fled the newly established Soviet Union to reside in Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These Shanghai Russians constituted the second-largest foreign community. By 1932, Shanghai had become the world's fifth-largest city and home to 70,000 foreigners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the 1930s, approximately 30,000 Jewish refugees from Europe arrived in the city.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Japanese invasion
On 28 January 1932, Japanese military forces invaded Shanghai. More than 10,000 shops and hundreds of factories and public buildings<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> were destroyed, leaving Zhabei district ruined. About 18,000 civilians were either killed, injured, or declared missing.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> A ceasefire was brokered on 5 May.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1937, the Battle of Shanghai resulted in the occupation of the Chinese-administered parts of Shanghai outside of the International Settlement and the French Concession. People who stayed in the occupied city experienced hunger, oppression, or death.<ref>Nicole Huang, "Introduction," in Eileen Chang, Written on Water, translated by Andrew F. Jones (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), XI</ref> The foreign concessions were occupied by the Japanese on 8 December 1941 and remained occupied until Japan's surrender in 1945.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Many Jewish people arrived in Shanghai during the Japanese occupation period. A vice-consul for Japan in Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara, issued thousands of visas to Jewish refugees escaping the Holocaust, and the Japanese government transferred many of them to Shanghai by November 1941. Other Jewish refugees traveled from Italy. The refugees from Europe were interned in the Shanghai Ghetto in Hongkou District after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the surrender of Japan, the Chinese Army liberated the Ghetto, and most of the Jews left over the next few years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
People's Republic era
On 27 May 1949, the People's Liberation Army took control of Shanghai through the Shanghai Campaign. Under the new People's Republic of China (PRC), Shanghai was one of only three municipalities not merged into neighboring provinces (the others being Beijing and Tianjin).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most foreign firms moved their offices from Shanghai to Hong Kong, as part of a foreign divestment due to the PRC's victory.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
After the war, Shanghai's economy was restored. From 1949 to 1952, the city's agricultural and industrial output increased by 51.5% and 94.2%, respectively.<ref name="SHChronicles" /> As the industrial center of China with the most skilled industrial workers, Shanghai became a center for radical leftism during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>Shanghai: transformation and modernization under China's open policy. By Yue-man Yeung, Sung Yun-wing, page 66 Template:Webarchive, Chinese University Press, 1996</ref> During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), Shanghai's society was severely damaged. The majority of the workers in the Shanghai branch of the People's Bank of China were Red Guards, and they formed a group called the Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters within the branch.<ref name="Liu-2023">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Anti-Economy Liaison Headquarters dismantled economic organizations in Shanghai, investigated bank withdrawals, and disrupted regular bank service in the city.<ref name="Liu-2023" />Template:Rp Despite the disruptions of the Cultural Revolution, Shanghai maintained economic production with a positive annual growth rate.<ref name="SHChronicles" />
In 1990, Deng Xiaoping permitted Shanghai to initiate economic reforms, which reintroduced foreign capital to the city and developed the Pudong district, resulting in the birth of Lujiazui.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> That year, the China's central government designated Shanghai as the "Dragon Head" of economic reform.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2022 Shanghai experienced a large outbreak of COVID-19 cases and the Chinese government locked down the entire city on 5 April. This resulted in widespread food shortages across the city as food-supply chains were severely disrupted. These restrictions were lifted on 1 June.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Geography
Shanghai is located on the Yangtze Estuary of China's east coast, with the Yangtze River to the north and Hangzhou Bay to the south, with the East China Sea to the east. The land is formed by the Yangtze's natural deposition and modern land reclamation projects. It has sandy soil, and skyscrapers have to be built with deep concrete piles to avoid sinking into the soft ground.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir">Template:Cite web</ref> The provincial-level Municipality of Shanghai administers the estuary and many of its surrounding islands. It borders the provinces of Zhejiang to the south and Jiangsu to the west and north.<ref name="location"> Template:Cite web </ref> The municipality's northernmost point is on Chongming Island, the second-largest island in mainland China after its expansion during the 20th century.<ref>"Chongming Island" in the Encyclopedia of Shanghai, p. 52. Template:Webarchive Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers (Shanghai), 2010. Hosted by the Municipality of Shanghai.</ref>
Shanghai is located on an alluvial plain and the vast majority of its Template:Convert land area is flat, with an average elevation of Template:Convert.<ref name="topo">Template:Cite web </ref> Tidal flat ecosystems exist around the estuary, but they have been reclaimed for agricultural purposes.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The city's few hills, such as She Shan, lie to the southwest; its highest point is the peak of Dajinshan Island (Template:Convert) in Hangzhou Bay.<ref name="topo" /> Shanghai has rivers, canals, streams, and lakes, and it is known for its rich water resources as part of the Lake Tai drainage basin.<ref name="waterresources"> Template:Cite web</ref>
Downtown Shanghai is bisected by the Huangpu River, a man-made tributary of the Yangtze created by order of Lord Chunshen during the Warring States period.<ref name="ancient" /> The historic center of the city was located on the west bank of the Huangpu (Puxi), near the mouth of Suzhou Creek, connecting it with Lake Tai and the Grand Canal. The central financial district, Lujiazui, was established on the east bank of the Huangpu (Pudong). Along Shanghai's eastern shore, the destruction of local wetlands due to the construction of Pudong International Airport has been partially offset by the protection and expansion of a nearby shoal, Jiuduansha, as a nature preserve.<ref>"Fourth Island Wetland Emerging", pp. 1–2. Template:Webarchive Shanghai Daily. 8 December 2009. Hosted at China.org.</ref>
Climate
Shanghai has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), with an average annual temperature of Template:Convert for downtown areas and Template:Convert for suburbs.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> The city experiences four distinct seasons. Winters are temperate to cold and damp—northwesterly winds from Siberia can cause nighttime temperatures to drop below freezing. Each year, there are an average of 4.7 days with snowfall and 1.6 days with snow cover.<ref name="SHChroniclesEnvir" /> Summers are hot and humid, and occasional downpours or thunderstorms can be expected. On average, 14.5 days exceed Template:Convert annually. In summer and the beginning of autumn, the city is susceptible to typhoons.<ref name="wiphatelegraph"> Template:Cite news</ref>
The most pleasant seasons are generally spring, although changeable and often rainy, and autumn, which is usually sunny and dry. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 28% in June to 46% in August, the city receives 1,754 hours of bright sunshine annually.Template:Efn According to China's seasonal division standard, from 2001 to 2025, Shanghai enters spring on 9 March, summer on 15 May, autumn on 5 October, and winter on 4 December. The average temperature for the three weeks from 19 July to 8 August is above Template:Convert. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from Template:Convert on 31 January 1977 (unofficial record of Template:Convert was set on 19 January 1893) to Template:Convert on 21 July 2017<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 13 July 2022<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> at a weather station in Xujiahui. It also has Template:Convert as the highest ever daily minimum temperature at Xujiahui on 2 August 2024.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Weather box Template:Weather box Template:Weather box
Cityscape
The Bund, located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neoclassical HSBC Building to the Art Deco Sassoon House (now part of the Peace Hotel).<ref name="art deco" /> The area has been revitalized several times: the first was in 1986, with a new promenade by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.<ref name="Potter">Template:Cite web</ref> The second was before the 2010 Expo, which includes restoration of the century-old Waibaidu Bridge and reconfiguration of traffic flow.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai's construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s caused the city to have several Art Deco buildings.<ref name="art deco" /> László Hudec, a Hungarian-Slovak who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> designed Art Deco buildings such as the Park Hotel, the Grand Cinema, and the Paramount.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other prominent Art Deco-style architects are Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner, who designed the Peace Hotel, the Metropole Hotel, and the Broadway Mansions;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Austrian architect C.H. Gonda, who designed the Capitol Theatre.<ref name="Potter" /> One common architectural element is the shikumen (Template:Lang, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.<ref name="radical quaintness">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as longtangTemplate:Efn (Template:Lang).<ref name="radical quaintness" /> Shanghai also has Soviet neoclassical architecture or Stalinist architecture: most were erected between the founding of the People's Republic in 1949 and the Sino-Soviet Split in the late 1960s when Soviet personnel came to China to aid in the development of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the Shanghai Exhibition Center.<ref name="Lonely Planet - undated - Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Center">Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai has making it the fifth city in the world with the most skyscrapers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of Shanghai's skyscrapers include the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower, which was completed in 2015 and is currently the tallest building in China and the third tallest in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Oriental Pearl Tower, at Template:Convert, is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.<ref>Template:Skyscraperpage</ref> Many areas in the former foreign concessions are well-preserved.<ref name="art deco">Template:Cite web</ref> Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City retains traditional architecture and designs, such as the Yu Garden, an elaborate Jiangnan style garden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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The Shanghai Museum
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The Shanghai Exhibition Center, an example of Stalinist architecture
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Politics
Structure
| File:Danghui.svg | File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg | File:National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg | File:Charter of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) logo.svg | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Title | CCP Committee Secretary | SMPC Chairwoman | Mayor | Shanghai CPPCC Chairman |
| Name | Chen Jining | Huang Lixin | Gong Zheng | Hu Wenrong |
| Ancestral home | Lishu, Jilin | Suqian, Jiangsu | Suzhou, Jiangsu | Putian, Fujian |
| Born | Template:Birth year and age | Template:Birth year and age | Template:Birth year and age | Template:Birth year and age |
| Assumed office | October 2022<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | January 2024<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Dead link</ref> | March 2020<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | January 2023<ref name="Dong Yunhu">Template:Cite news</ref> |
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Like all governing institutions in mainland China, Shanghai has a parallel party-government system,<ref name="PoliticalSystem">Template:Cite web</ref> in which the CCP Committee Secretary, officially termed the Chinese Communist Party Shanghai Municipal Committee Secretary, outranks the Mayor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The CCP committee acts as the top policy-formulation body, and typically composed of 12 members (including the secretary); it has control over the Shanghai Municipal People's Government.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Political power in Shanghai has been a stepping stone to higher positions in the central government. Since Jiang Zemin became the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in June 1989, several former Shanghai party secretaries and deputy party secretaries were elevated to the Politburo Standing Committee, the de facto highest decision-making body in China.<ref name="PoliticalSystem" /> Officials with ties to the Shanghai administration collectively form a powerful faction in the central government known as the Shanghai Clique, which has often been viewed as competing against the rival Youth League Faction over personnel appointments and policy decisions.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Administrative divisions
Template:Main Shanghai is one of the four municipalities under the direct administration of the Central People's Government,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and is divided into 16 districts. These are further divided to 108 subdistricts, 106 towns and 2 townships.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
When the Shanghai Municipal People's Government was founded in 1949, the land area governed was Template:Convert, largely located within the present-day Outer Ring Expressway.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1958, ten counties were reassigned under Shanghai from Jiangsu.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> District reorganizations saw several counties in the suburbs become districts between 1988 and 2015, and Chongming was the last county to be retitled as a district in 2015.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Shanghai also administers several enclaves in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Local residents hold Shanghai household registration and enjoy benefits identical to Shanghai residents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Administrative divisions of Shanghai | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Division code<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Division | Area (km2)<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2">Template:Cite web</ref> | Total population 2022<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.2" /> | Seat | Postal code | ||
| 310000 | Shanghai | 6,340.50 | 24,758,900 | Huangpu | 200000 | ||
| 310101 | Huangpu | 20.46 | 507,800 | Waitan Subdistrict | 200001 | ||
| 310104 | Xuhui | 54.76 | 1,098,500 | Xujiahui Subdistrict | 200030 | ||
| 310105 | Changning | 38.30 | 684,600 | Jiangsu Road Subdistrict | 200050 | ||
| 310106 | Jing'an | 36.88 | 940,500 | Jiangning Road Subdistrict | 200040 | ||
| 310107 | Putuo | 54.83 | 1,242,900 | Zhenru Town Subdistrict | 200333 | ||
| 310109 | Hongkou | 23.48 | 681,900 | Jiaxing Road Subdistrict | 200080 | ||
| 310110 | Yangpu | 60.73 | 1,199,200 | Pingliang Road Subdistrict | 200082 | ||
| 310112 | Minhang | 370.75 | 2,688,800 | Xinzhuang town | 201100 | ||
| 310113 | Baoshan | 270.99 | 2,271,900 | Youyi Road Subdistrict | 201900 | ||
| 310114 | Jiading | 464.20 | 1,893,400 | Xincheng Road Subdistrict | 201800 | ||
| 310115 | Pudong | 1,210.41 | 5,782,000 | Huamu Subdistrict | 200135 | ||
| 310116 | Jinshan | 586.05 | 823,700 | Shanyang town | 201500 | ||
| 310117 | Songjiang | 605.64 | 1,954,500 | Fangsong Subdistrict | 201600 | ||
| 310118 | Qingpu | 670.14 | 1,265,600 | Xiayang Subdistrict | 201700 | ||
| 310120 | Fengxian | 687.39 | 1,126,300 | Nanqiao town | 201400 | ||
| 310151 | Chongming | 1,185.49 | 597,400 | Chengqiao town | 202100 | ||
| Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Chinese | Pinyin | Shanghainese Romanization | |
| Shanghai Municipality | Template:Lang | Shànghǎi Shì | zaon he zy | |
| Huangpu District | Template:Lang | Huángpǔ Qū | waon phu chiu | |
| Xuhui District | Template:Lang | Xúhuì Qū | zi we chiu | |
| Changning District | Template:Lang | Chángníng Qū | zan nyin chiu | |
| Jing'an District | Template:Lang | Jìng'ān Qū | zin oe chiu | |
| Putuo District | Template:Lang | Pǔtuó Qū | phu du chiu | |
| Hongkou District | Template:Lang | Hóngkǒu Qū | ghon kheu chiu | |
| Yangpu District | Template:Lang | Yángpǔ Qū | yan phu chiu | |
| Minhang District | Template:Lang | Mǐnháng Qū | min ghaon chiu | |
| Baoshan District | Template:Lang | Bǎoshān Qū | pau sae chiu | |
| Jiading District | Template:Lang | Jiādìng Qū | ka din chiu | |
| Pudong New Area | Template:Lang | Pǔdōng Xīnqū | phu ton sin chiu | |
| Jinshan District | Template:Lang | Jīnshān Qū | cin se chiu | |
| Songjiang District | Template:Lang | Sōngjiāng Qū | son kaon chiu | |
| Qingpu District | Template:Lang | Qīngpǔ Qū | tsin phu chiu | |
| Fengxian District | Template:Lang | Fèngxián Qū | von yi chiu | |
| Chongming District | Template:Lang | Chóngmíng Qū | dzon min chiu | |
Economy
{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}}
| City | Area km2 | Population (2020) | GDP (CN¥)<ref name="GDP2022">The GDP figures are from the statistical bulletin on 2022 national economic and social development published by the statistical agencies of relevant cities, see Template:Cite web</ref> | GDP (US$) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shanghai | 6,341 | 26,875,500 | CN¥ 4,465 billion | US$663.9 billion |
| Suzhou | 8,488 | 12,748,252 | CN¥ 2,396 billion | US$356.0 billion |
| Ningbo | 9,816 | 9,618,000 | CN¥ 1,570 billion | US$233.5 billion |
| Wuxi | 4,628 | 7,462,135 | CN¥ 1,485 billion | US$221.0 billion |
| Nantong | 8,544 | 7,726,635 | CN¥ 1,138 billion | US$169.2 billion |
| Changzhou | 4,385 | 5,278,121 | CN¥ 955 billion | US$142.0 billion |
| Jiaxing | 4,009 | 5,400,868 | CN¥ 551 billion | US$73.6 billion |
| Huzhou | 5,818 | 3,367,579 | CN¥ 272 billion | US$40.7 billion |
| Zhoushan | 1,378 | 1,157,817 | CN¥ 151 billion | US$20.0 billion |
| Greater Shanghai Metropolitan Area | 53,407 | 79,634,907 | CN¥ 12.983 trillion | US$1.927 trillion |
The city is a global center for finance and innovation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and a national center for commerce, trade, and transportation,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> with the world's busiest container port—the Port of Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2022, the Greater Shanghai metropolitan area, which includes Suzhou, Wuxi, Nantong, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Zhoushan, and Huzhou, was estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product (nominal) of nearly 13 trillion RMB ($1.9 trillion).<ref name="GDP2022" /> As of 2020, the economy of Shanghai was estimated to be $1 trillion (PPP), ranking the most productive metro area of China and among the top ten largest metropolitan economies in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai's six largest industries—retail, finance, IT, real estate, machine manufacturing, and automotive manufacturing—comprise about half the city's GDP.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of, Shanghai had a GDP of Template:CNY ($757 billion in nominal; $1.52 trillion in PPP) that makes up 4% of China's GDP, and a GDP per capita of Template:CNY (Template:US$ in nominal; Template:US$ in PPP).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, the average annual disposable income of Shanghai's residents was Template:CNY (Template:US$) per capita, while the average annual salary of people employed in urban units in Shanghai was Template:CNY (Template:US$),<ref name="data2022" /> making it one of the wealthiest cities in China,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but also the most expensive city in mainland China to live in according to a 2023 study by the Economist Intelligence Unit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Julius Baer's Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report, Shanghai was the most expensive city in the world for living a luxurious lifestyle in 2021.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2023, the city's imports and exports reached CN¥7.73 trillion (US$1.07 trillion), accounting for 18.5% of the national total.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2022, Shanghai was ranked fifth-highest in the number of billionaires by Forbes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai's nominal GDP was projected to reach US$1.3 trillion in 2035 (ranking first in China), making it one of the world's top 5 major cities in terms of GRP according to a study by Oxford Economics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of August 2024, Shanghai ranked 4th in the world and 2nd in Greater China (after Beijing) by the largest number of the Fortune Global 500 companies.<ref name="FG">Template:Cite web</ref>
| Year | 1978 | 1980 | 1983 | 1986 | 1990 | 1993 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | 2010 | 2013 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018<ref name="SHECO2018">Template:Cite web</ref> | 2019<ref name="SHECO2019">Template:Cite web</ref> |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Nowrap | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.049 | 0.078 | 0.152 | 0.298 | 0.481 | 0.676 | 1.072 | 1.744 | 2.226 | 2.818 | 3.063 | 3.268 | 3.816 |
| Template:Nowrap | 2.85 | 2.73 | 2.95 | 3.96 | 5.91 | 11.06 | 20.81 | 30.31 | 38.88 | 55.62 | 77.28 | 92.85 | 116.58 | 126.63 | 134.83 | 157.14 |
| Template:Nowrap | 0.64 | 2.18 | 4.28 | 8.16 | 11.72 | 14.87 | 20.67 | 31.84 | 43.85 | 57.69 | 62.60 | 64.18 (total) |
69.44 (total) | |||
| Template:Nowrap | 0.40 | 1.67 | 4.85 | 5.57 | 6.66 | 9.21 | 13.75 | 19.21 | 25.52 | 27.82 |
In the last two decades, Shanghai has been one of the fastest-developing cities in the world; it has recorded double-digit GDP growth in almost every year between 1992 and 2008, before the 2008 financial crisis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Finance
Shanghai is a global financial center, ranking third in Asia and eighth globally on the Global Financial Centres Index.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai is also a large hub of the Chinese and global technology industry and home to a large startup ecosystem. As of 2021, the city was ranked as the 2nd Fintech powerhouse in the world after New York City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:As of, the Shanghai Stock Exchange had a market capitalization of Template:US$, making it the largest stock exchange in China and the fourth-largest stock exchange in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2009, the trading volume of six key commodities—including rubber, copper, and zinc—on the Shanghai Futures Exchange all ranked first globally.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the end of 2017, Shanghai had 1,491 financial institutions, of which 251 were foreign-invested.<ref name="hktdc.com">Template:Cite web</ref>
Manufacturing
As one of the main industrial centers of China, Shanghai plays a key role in domestic manufacturing and heavy industry. Several industrial zones—including Shanghai Hongqiao Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jinqiao Export Economic Processing Zone, Minhang Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Shanghai Caohejing High-Tech Development Zone—are backbones of Shanghai's secondary sector. Shanghai is home to China's largest steelmaker Baosteel Group, China's largest shipbuilding base Hudong–Zhonghua Shipbuilding Group, and one of China's oldest shipbuilders, the Jiangnan Shipyard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In auto manufacturing, the Shanghai-based SAIC Motor is one of the three largest automotive corporations in China, and has strategic partnerships with Volkswagen and General Motors.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The company ranked 84 on the Fortune Global 500 list in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Tourism
In 2017, the number of domestic tourists to the city increased by 7.5% to 318 million, while the number of overseas tourists increased by 2.2% to 8.73 million.<ref name="hktdc.com" /> In 2017, Shanghai was the highest earning tourist city in the world.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the International Congress and Convention Association, Shanghai hosted 82 international meetings in 2018, a 34% increase from 61 in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, it had 57 five-star hotels, 52 four star hotels, 1,942 travel agencies, 144 rated tourist attractions, and 34 red tourist attractions.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2023, Shanghai had 3.64 million tourists, a 4.8-fold growth compared to 2022. It generated CN¥177.12 billion (US$24.53 billion) in value, a 98.5% increase from the previous year. The number of foreign tourists reached 2.41 million, with a 5.2-fold increase.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
Free-trade zone
In September 2013, the city launched the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone—the first free-trade zone in mainland China. It introduced several reforms to incentivize foreign investment. The Banker reported that Shanghai attracted the highest volumes of financial sector foreign direct investment in the Asia-Pacific region in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of, it is the second largest free-trade zone in mainland China in terms of land area (behind Template:Ill<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) covering an area of Template:Convert and integrating four existing bonded zones—Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, and Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Commodities entering the zone are exempt from duty and customs clearance.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Demographics
Template:Historical population
Template:As of, Shanghai had a population of 24,874,500, including 14,801,700 (59.5%) hukou holders (registered locally).<ref name="SHECO2019" /> Template:As of, 89.3% of Shanghai's population lives in urban areas, and 10.7% live in rural areas.<ref name="data2022">Template:Cite web</ref> Based on the population of its total administrative area, Shanghai is the second largest of the four municipalities of China, behind Chongqing, but is generally considered the largest Chinese city because the urban population of Chongqing is much smaller.<ref name="chan_paper">Template:Cite journal p. 395</ref> According to the OECD, Shanghai's metropolitan area has an estimated population of 34 million.<ref name="OECD">Template:Cite news</ref>
According to the Shanghai Municipal Statistics Bureau, about 157,900 residents in Shanghai are foreigners, including 28,900 Japanese, 21,900 Americans, and 20,800 Koreans.<ref name="SHSTAT2018:2.11">Template:Cite web</ref> The actual number of foreign citizens in the city is probably much higher.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai is also a domestic immigration city—40.3% (9.8 million) of the city's residents are from other regions of China.<ref name="SHECO2019" />
Shanghai has a life expectancy of 83.18 years for the city's registered population,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the highest life expectancy of all cities in mainland China. This has also caused the city to experience population aging—in 2021, 17.4% (4.3 million) of the city's registered population was aged 65 or above.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2017, the Chinese government implemented population controls for Shanghai, resulting in a population decline of 10,000 people by the end of the year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Religion
{{#invoke:Hatnote|hatnote}} Template:See also
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Due to its cosmopolitan history, Shanghai has a blend of religious heritage; religious buildings and institutions are scattered around the city. According to a 2012 survey, 13.1% of the city's population belongs to organized religions, including Buddhists with 10.4%, Protestants with 1.9%, Catholics with 0.7%, and other faiths with 0.1%. The remaining 86.9% of the population could be either atheists or involved in worship of nature deities and ancestors or folk religious sects.<ref name="CFPS2012">Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Pie chart Buddhism, in its Chinese varieties, has had a presence in Shanghai since the Three Kingdoms period, during which the Longhua Temple—the largest temple in Shanghai—and the Jing'an Temple were founded.<ref name="Buddhism">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, Buddhism in Shanghai had 114 temples, 1,182 clergical staff, and 453,300 registered followers.<ref name="Buddhism" /> The religion also has its own college, the Template:Ill, and its own press, Template:Ill.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Catholicism was brought into Shanghai in 1608 by Italian missionary Lazzaro Cattaneo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Apostolic Vicariate of Shanghai was erected in 1933, and was further elevated to the Diocese of Shanghai in 1946.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The St. Ignatius Cathedral in Xujiahui is the largest Catholic church in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai has the highest concentration of urban Catholics in China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp Other forms of Christianity in Shanghai include Eastern Orthodox minorities and, since 1996, registered Christian Protestant churches. The Protestant All Saints Church in Huangpu was built in 1925 and features a Neo-Romanesque tower.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Prominent Jewish families immigrated to Shanghai when the Treaty of Nanking opened the city to Western populations.<ref name="ShanghaiJews">Template:Cite web</ref> During World War II, thousands of Jews emigrated to Shanghai to flee Nazi Germany. They lived in a designated area called the Shanghai Ghetto and formed a community centered on the Ohel Moishe Synagogue, (now the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1939, Horace Kadoorie, the head of the powerful philanthropic Sephardic Jewish family in Shanghai, founded the Shanghai Jewish Youth Association to support Jewish refugees through English education so they would be prepared to emigrate from Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Islam came into Shanghai during the Yuan dynasty. The city's first mosque, Songjiang Mosque, was built during the Zhizheng (Template:Lang) era under Emperor Huizong (reigned 1333 – 1368). Shanghai's Muslim population increased in the 19th and early 20th centuries (when the city was a treaty port), during which time many mosques—including the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque, the Huxi Mosque, and the Pudong Mosque—were built. The Shanghai Islamic Association is located in the Xiaotaoyuan Mosque in Huangpu.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> According to the 2010 census of China, there are an estimated 85,000 Muslims in Shanghai.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai has several folk religious temples, including the City God Temple at the heart of the Old City, the Dajing Ge Pavilion dedicated to the Three Kingdoms general Guan Yu, the Confucian Temple of Shanghai, and a major Taoist center Template:Ill where the Shanghai Taoist Association locates.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Language
Template:Main Template:Bar box
The vernacular language spoken in the city is Shanghainese, part of the Taihu Wu subgroup of the Wu Chinese language family. This is different from the national language, Mandarin, which is mutually unintelligible with Wu Chinese.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Modern Shanghainese derives from the indigenous Wu spoken in the former Songjiang prefecture but has been influenced by other dialects of Taihu Wu, most notably Suzhounese, and Ningbonese.<ref name="CZMShanghainese">Template:Cite web</ref>
Before its expansion, the language spoken in Shanghai was not as prominent as those spoken around Jiaxing and later Suzhou,<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> and was known as "the local tongue" (Template:Lang), a name which is now used in suburbs only.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the late 19th century, downtown Shanghainese (Template:Lang or simply Template:Lang) appeared, undergoing rapid changes and replacing Suzhounese as the prestige dialect of the Yangtze River Delta region. At the time, most immigration into the city came from the two adjacent provinces, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the local dialects of which had the greatest influence on Shanghainese. After 1949, Putonghua (Standard Mandarin) also had an impact on Shanghainese because it was promoted by the government.<ref name="CZMShanghainese" /> Since the 1990s, many migrants outside of the Wu-speaking region come to Shanghai for education and jobs; they often cannot speak the local language and use Putonghua (Mandarin) as a lingua franca. Because Putonghua and English were more favored, Shanghainese began to decline, and fluency among young speakers weakened. In recent years, there have been movements within the city to promote the local language and protect it from fading out.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Education and research
Template:Main Template:Main list
Shanghai is an international center of research and development and as of 2025, it was ranked second globally (after Beijing) by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> When compared to other countries, Shanghai ranked higher than France and nearly on par with Japan, securing sixth place globally after China, the US, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Japan, according to the Nature Index for 2025. For instance, Shanghai's share of the 2024 Nature Index is 3,153.61, with a count of 6,680, while Japan's share is 3,185.39, with 5,555 counts.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
As of 2023, Shanghai had 68 universities and colleges, ranking first in East China region as a city with most higher education institutions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city government's education agency is the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai has 15 universities listed in 147 Double First-Class Universities, ranking second nationwide among Chinese cities (after Beijing). According to the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking for 2025–26, Shanghai had the third highest concentration of universities among all major cities in the world included in the ranking, totaling 22, with three in the top 125 and six in the global top 500.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the 2025 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Shanghai had two in the top 40, three in the top 150 and nine in the top 500.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some of these universities were selected as "985 universities" or "211 universities" since the 90s by the Chinese government to build world-class universities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai has two members (Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University) in the C9 League, an alliance of elite Chinese universities offering comprehensive and leading education.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These two universities are consistently ranked in the Asia top 10.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2025, Fudan University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University were ranked in the global top 40 research comprehensive universities based on aggregate performance from four widely observed university rankings (THE+ARWU+QS+US News).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The other two members of Project 985, Tongji University and East China Normal University, are also based in Shanghai and internationally; they were ranked they ranked 150–175th globally by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where .<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai University of Sport is also based in the city, which consistently ranks the best in China among universities specialized in sports,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and as of 2024 ranks #1 in Asia and #29 globally according to the "Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments" released by Shanghai Ranking.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The city has many Template:Ill, such as the Shanghai University–University of Technology Sydney Business School since 1994, the University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute since 2006, and New York University Shanghai—the first China–U.S. joint venture university—since 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2013, the Shanghai Municipality and the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the ShanghaiTech University in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park in Pudong.<ref>Rouhi, Maureen (19 January 2015). "ShanghaiTech Aims To Raise The Bar For Higher Education In China" Template:Webarchive. Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</ref> The city is also a seat of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China's oldest think tank for the humanities and social sciences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By the end of 2023, the city also had a total of 49 institutions for postgraduate education, 900 secondary schools, 70 vocational schools, 664 primary schools, and 31 special education schools. Five years of primary education and four years of junior secondary education are free, with a gross enrollment ratio of over 99.9%.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> In 2009 and 2012, 15-year-old students from Shanghai ranked first in every subject (math, reading, and science) in the Program for International Student Assessment.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The consecutive three-year senior secondary education is priced and uses the Senior High School Entrance Examination (Zhongkao) as a selection process, with a gross enrollment ratio of 98%.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai High School, No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University, High School Affiliated to Fudan University, and High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University—are termed "The Four Schools" (Template:Lang) of Shanghai and highlighted as having the best teaching quality in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Transport
Public
Shanghai has a public transportation system comprising metros, buses, ferries, and taxis, which can be accessed using a Shanghai Public Transport Card.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai's rapid transit system, the Shanghai Metro, incorporates subway and light metro lines and extends to each core urban district as well as neighboring suburban districts. Template:As of, there are 19 metro lines (excluding the Shanghai maglev train and Jinshan railway), 508 stations, and Template:Convert of lines in operation, making it the longest network in the world.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> On 8 March 2019, it set the city's daily metro ridership record with 13.3 million.<ref name="ridership record">Template:Cite web</ref> Opened in 2004, the Shanghai maglev train is the first and the fastest commercial high-speed maglev in the world, with a maximum operation speed of Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The first tram line in Shanghai was opened in 1908. By 1925, there were 328 tramcars and 14 routes operated by Chinese, French, and British companies collaboratively,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> all of which were nationalized in 1949. Since the 1960s, tram lines were either dismantled or replaced by trolleybus or motorbus lines;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the last tram line was demolished in 1975.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai reintroduced trams in 2010 with the rubber-tyred Zhangjiang Tram.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2018, the steel wheeled Songjiang Tram started operating in Songjiang District.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Shanghai has the world's most extensive bus network, including the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, with 1,575 lines covering a total length of Template:Convert by 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> The system is operated by multiple companies.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2024, 30,900 taxis were in operation in Shanghai, which carried 134 million passengers that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Roads and expressways
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Shanghai is a major hub of China's expressway network. Many national expressways pass through or end in Shanghai, including Jinghu Expressway, Hurong Expressway, Shenhai Expressway, Hushaan Expressway, Huyu Expressway, Hukun Expressway, and Shanghai Ring Expressway.<ref name="expresswayshanghai">Template:Cite web</ref> There are also numerous municipal expressways prefixed with the letter S.<ref name="expresswayshanghai" /> As of 2019, Shanghai has 12 bridges and 14 tunnels crossing the Huangpu River.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Bicycle lanes are common in Shanghai, separating non-motorized traffic from car traffic on most surface streets. However, bicycles and motorcycles are banned on expressways and some main roads. Cycling has increased in popularity due to the emergence of dockless, app-based bicycle-sharing systems, such as Mobike, Hello, and Template:Ill.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, bicycle-sharing systems had an average of 1.15 million daily riders within the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Private car ownership in Shanghai is rapidly increasing: in 2019, there were 3.40 million private cars in the city, a 12.5% increase from 2018.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> New private cars cannot be driven without a license plate, which are sold in monthly license plate auctions. Around 9,500 license plates are auctioned each month, and the average price was about Template:CNY (Template:US$) in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This policy was introduced to limit the growth of automobile traffic and alleviate congestion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Railways
Shanghai has four major railway stations: Shanghai railway station, Shanghai South railway station, Shanghai West railway station, and Shanghai Hongqiao railway station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Built in 1876, the Woosung railway was the first railway in Shanghai and the first railway in operation in China<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By 1909, Shanghai–Nanjing railway and Shanghai–Hangzhou railway were in service.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, the two railways have been integrated into two main railways in China: Beijing–Shanghai railway and Shanghai–Kunming railway, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Shanghai has four high-speed railways (HSRs): Beijing–Shanghai HSR (overlaps with Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger railway), Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai–Kunming HSR, and Shanghai–Nantong railway. One HSR is under construction: Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou HSR.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Shanghai also has four commuter railways: Pudong railway (although passenger service was suspended in 2015) and Jinshan railway operated by China Railway, and Line 16 and Line 17 operated by Shanghai Metro.<ref name="envir20160218">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="envir20160418">Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of, four additional lines—Chongming line, Jiamin line, Airport link line and Lianggang Express line—are under construction.<ref name="envir20160418" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Air and sea
Shanghai is one of the largest air transportation hubs in Asia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city has two commercial airports: Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Pudong is the primary international airport, while Hongqiao mainly operates domestic flights with limited short-haul international flights. In 2018, Pudong International Airport served 74.0 million passengers and handled 3.8 million tons of cargo, making it the ninth-busiest airport by passenger volume and third-busiest airport by cargo volume.<ref name="aerodata">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The same year, Hongqiao International Airport served 43.6 million passengers, making it the 19th-busiest airport by passenger volume.<ref name="aerodata" />
Since its opening, the Port of Shanghai has become the largest port in China.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Yangshan Port was built in 2005 because the river was unsuitable for docking large container ships. The port is connected with the mainland through the Template:Convert long Donghai Bridge. In 2010, it became world's busiest container port with an annual TEU transportation of 42 million in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Lloyd's2019">One Hundred Ports 2019 Template:Webarchive Lloyd's List，2019</ref> The Port of Shanghai also handled 259 cruises and 1.89 million passengers in 2019.<ref name="SHECO2019" /> Although the port is run by the Shanghai International Port Group under the government of Shanghai, it administratively belongs to Shengsi County, Zhejiang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to the northern Italian hub of Trieste.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. (2017).</ref><ref>Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China's Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2019).</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture
The culture of Shanghai was formed by a combination of the Wuyue culture and the "East Meets West" Haipai culture. Wuyue culture's influence is manifested in Shanghainese language—which comprises dialectal elements from Jiaxing, Suzhou, and Ningbo—and Shanghai cuisine, which was influenced by those of Jiangsu and Zhejiang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Haipai culture emerged after Shanghai became a prosperous port in the early 20th century, with foreigners from Europe, America, Japan, and India moving into the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The culture fuses elements of Western cultures with the local Wuyue culture, and its influence extends to the city's literature, fashion, architecture, music, and cuisine.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing">Template:Cite web</ref> The term Haipai was coined by Beijing writers in 1920 to criticize Shanghai scholars for admiring capitalism and Western culture.<ref name="The Culture of Shanghai. Beijing" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the early 21st century, Shanghai has been recognized as a new influence and inspiration for cyberpunk culture.<ref>Sahr Johnny, "Cybercity – Sahr Johnny's Shanghai Dream" That's Shanghai, October 2005; quoted online by [1] Template:Webarchive</ref> The city is recognized by UNESCO as a "City of Design" since February 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Museums
Cultural curation in Shanghai has grown since 2013, with several new museums having been opened in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is in part due to the city's 2018 development plans, which aim to make Shanghai "an excellent global city".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Shanghai Museum has one of the largest collections of Chinese artifacts in the world, including a large collection of ancient Chinese bronzes and ceramics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The China Art Museum is one of the largest museums in Asia and displays an animated replica of the 12th century painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Shanghai Natural History Museum and the Shanghai Science and Technology Museum are natural history and science museums. There are numerous smaller, specialist museums housed in archeological and historical sites, such as the Songze Museum,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, the site of the former Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum, and the Shanghai Post Office Museum (located in the General Post Office Building).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cuisine
Benbang cuisine (Template:Lang-zh)<ref name="kankanews">Template:Cite web</ref> is cooking style that originated in the 1600s, with influences from surrounding provinces. It emphasizes the use of condiments while retaining the original flavors of the raw ingredients. Sugar is an important ingredient in Benbang cuisine, especially in combination with soy sauce. Signature dishes of Benbang cuisine include Xiaolongbao, Red braised pork belly, and Shanghai hairy crab.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Haipai cuisine is a Western-influenced cooking style that originated in Shanghai. It uses elements from French, British, Russian, German, and Italian cuisines and adapted them for local taste preferences and to incorporate local ingredients.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Haipai cuisine dishes include Shanghai-style borscht (Template:Lang, "Russian soup"), crispy pork cutlets, and Shanghai salad, derived from Olivier salad.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Both Benbang and Haipai cuisine use varoius seafoods including freshwater fish, shrimp, and crab.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Visual arts
The Songjiang School (Template:Lang), containing the Huating School (Template:Lang) founded by Gu Zhengyi,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> was a small painting school in Shanghai during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was represented by Dong Qichang.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore</ref> The school was considered an expansion of the Wu School in Suzhou, the cultural center of the Jiangnan region at the time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Shanghai School commenced in the 19th century, focusing on the visual content of painting through the use of bright colors, using secular objects like flowers and birds as themes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Western art was introduced to Shanghai in 1847 by Spanish missionary Joannes Ferrer (Template:Lang), and the city's first Western atelier was established in 1864 inside the Tushanwan orphanage (土山湾孤儿院).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the Republic of China, artists including Zhang Daqian, Liu Haisu, Xu Beihong, Feng Zikai, and Yan Wenliang settled in Shanghai, allowing it to become the art center of China. Art forms such as photography, wood carving, sculpture, comics (Manhua), and Lianhuanhua—thrived. Sanmao was created to dramatize the chaos created by the Second Sino-Japanese War.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The most comprehensive art and cultural facility in Shanghai is the China Art Museum, with Template:Convert of exhibition space.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Since 2001, Shanghai has held Shanghai Fashion Week each April and October. The main venue is in Fuxing Park, and the opening and closing ceremonies are held in the Shanghai Fashion Center. The April session is also part of the one-month Shanghai International Fashion Culture Festival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Performance arts
Traditional Chinese opera became a popular source of public entertainment in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, monologue and burlesque in Shanghainese appeared, absorbing elements from traditional dramas. In the 1920s, Pingtan performance art expanded from Suzhou to Shanghai;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> commercial radio stations expanded its popularity in the 1930s, with 103 programs every day. A Shanghai-style Beijing Opera was formed in the 1930s, led by Zhou Xinfang and Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A small troupe from Shengxian (now Shengzhou) promoted Yue opera on the Shanghainese stage.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai opera was formed when local folksongs were fused with modern operas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Drama appeared in missionary schools in Shanghai in the late 19th century, mainly performed in English. Scandals in Officialdom (Template:Lang-zh), staged in 1899, was one of the earliest-recorded plays.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1907, Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly (Template:Lang-zh) was performed at the Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai is the birthplace of Chinese cinema;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> China's first short film, The Difficult Couple (1913), and the country's first fictional feature film, An Orphan Rescues His Grandfather (Template:Lang, 1923)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> were both produced in the city. Shanghai's film industry grew during the early 1930s, generating stars such as Hu Die, Ruan Lingyu, Zhou Xuan, Jin Yan, and Zhao Dan. The exile of Shanghainese filmmakers and actors during the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Communist revolution contributed to the development of the Hong Kong film industry.<ref name="SHHKFilm">Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai Television Festival, founded in 1986, is the earliest international TV festival founded in China. The Shanghai International Film Festival was founded in 1993 and is one of the nine major international film festivals in the A category.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sports
Shanghai has several football teams, including two in the Chinese Super League: Shanghai Shenhua<ref name="绿地宣布接手申花 朱骏时代宣告终结">Template:Cite web</ref> and Shanghai Port.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai's top-tier basketball team, the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association, developed Yao Ming before he entered the NBA.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="yao ming">Template:Cite news</ref> Shanghai's baseball team, the Shanghai Golden Eagles, plays in the China Baseball League.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Professional athletes from Shanghai include 110 metres hurdles runner Liu Xiang,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> table tennis player Wang Liqin,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and badminton player Wang Yihan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The Shanghai Cricket Club dates back to 1858, when the first recorded cricket match was played between a team of British Naval officers and a Shanghai 11. The Shanghai cricket team played various international matches between 1866 and 1948 as China's de facto China national cricket team. After going dormant in 1949 after the founding of the PRC, the club was re-established in 1994 by expatriates living in the city and has since grown to over 300 members.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai hosts several international sports events. Since 2004, it has hosted the Chinese Grand Prix, a round of the Formula One World Championship, at the Shanghai International Circuit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The city also hosts the Shanghai Masters tennis tournament, which is part of ATP World Tour Masters 1000, as well as golf tournaments including the BMW Masters and WGC-HSBC Champions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2023, Shanghai hosted 118 sports events, with 190,000 participants and 1.29 million spectators, driving a consumption of CN¥3.713 billion (US$510.83 million).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Environment
Parks and resorts
Shanghai has an extensive public park system; by 2022, the city had 670 parks, of which 281 had free admission, and the per capita park area was Template:Convert.<ref name="Shanghai Overview 2019">Template:Cite web</ref> The largest park in Shanghai is Century Park in Pudong.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The People's Square park, located in the heart of downtown Shanghai, is known for its proximity to other major landmarks in the city. Fuxing Park, located in the former French Concession, features formal French-style gardens and is surrounded by high-end bars and cafes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lu Xun Park in Hongkou is named after writer Lu Xun, whose tomb is located within the park.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Zhongshan Park, in western central Shanghai, contains a monument of Chopin, the tallest statue dedicated to the composer in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The park features sakura and peony gardens and a 150-year-old platanus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Shanghai Botanical Garden is located Template:Convert southwest of the city center and established in 1978. In 2011, the largest botanical garden in Shanghai—Shanghai Chen Shan Botanical Garden—opened in Songjiang District.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Shanghai Disney Resort opened in 2016,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> featuring a castle that is the biggest among Disney's resorts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Air pollution
Air pollution in Shanghai is not as severe as in many other Chinese cities, but is still considered substantial by world standards.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 2013 Eastern China smog, air pollution rates reached between 23 and 31 times the international standard.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Liu Chen-yao">Template:Cite web</ref> On 6 December 2013, levels of PM2.5 particulate matter in Shanghai rose above 600 micrograms per cubic meter and in the surrounding area, above 700 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref name="Liu Chen-yao" /> Levels of PM2.5 in Putuo District reached 726 micrograms per cubic meter.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The following month, Yang Xiong, the mayor of Shanghai, announced three measures to manage the air pollution in Shanghai: implementing the 2013 air-cleaning program, establishing a linkage mechanism with the three surrounding provinces, and improving the city's early-warning systems.<ref name="yangxiongannouncement">Template:Cite web</ref> That year, China's cabinet announced that a Template:CNY (Template:US$) fund will be set up to help companies meet the new environmental standards.<ref>Qiu, Jane. Fight against smog ramps up (Nature Template:Webarchive, 18 February 2014).</ref> From 2013 to 2018, more than 3,000 treatment facilities for industrial waste gases were installed, and the city's annual smoke, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide emissions decreased by 65%, 54%, and 95%, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2023, the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Shanghai reached a rate of 87.7%, a 0.6% increase compared to the previous year. The annual average concentration of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) was 48 microgrammes per cubic meter, while the annual average concentration of fine particulate matter was 28 microgrammes per cubic meter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Environmental protection
A 16-year rehabilitation of Suzhou Creek, which runs through the city, was finished in 2012, clearing the creek of barges and factories and removing 1.3 million cubic meters of sludge.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The government has moved almost all the factories within the city center to either the outskirts or other provinces.<ref name="airpollution"> Template:Cite web</ref> Shanghai once promoted the usage of liquefied petroleum gas vehicles, such as scooters and taxis, in the early 2000s; due to safety risks and lack of refuelling stations, these vehicles met limited success in the city.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
On 1 July 2019, Shanghai adopted a new garbage-classification system that sorts waste into categories such as residual, kitchen, recyclable, and hazardous.<ref name="garbageclassification">Template:Cite web</ref> The wastes are collected by separate vehicles and sent to incineration plants, landfills, recycling centers, and hazardous-waste-disposal facilities, respectively.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Media
Template:Ill covers newspapers, publishers, broadcast, television, and the Internet, with some media having influence over the country. Concerning foreign publications in Shanghai, Hartmut Walravens of the IFLA Newspapers Section said that when the Japanese controlled Shanghai in the 1940s "it was very difficult to publish good papers – one either had to concentrate on emigration problems, or cooperate like the Chronicle."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:As of, newspapers publishing in Shanghai include: Template:Div col
- Jiefang Daily
- Oriental Sports Daily
- Shanghai Review of Books
- Shanghai Daily
- Shanghai Star
- Xinmin Evening News
- Wen Hui Bao
- Wenhui Book Review
Newspapers formerly published in Shanghai include: Template:Div col
- Der Ostasiatische Lloyd
- Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung
- Gelbe Post<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- North China Daily News
- Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury
- The Shanghai Gazette<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Shanghai Jewish Chronicle
- Shanghai Herald
- The Shanghai Mercury<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- The Shanghai Post<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Template:Ill
- Shen Bao
- Israel's Messenger
The city's main broadcaster is Shanghai Media Group.
International relations
The city is the seat of the New Development Bank, a multilateral development bank established by the BRICS states.
Twin towns – sister cities
Template:See also Shanghai is twinned with 68 cities from the following 57 countries:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Columns-list
Consulates and consulates general
Template:See alsoAs of September 2020, Shanghai hosts 71 consulates general and 5 consulates, excluding Hong Kong and Macao trade offices.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
- List of economic and technological development zones in Shanghai
- List of administrative divisions of Shanghai
- List of fiction set in Shanghai
- List of films set in Shanghai
- List of people from Shanghai
- Shanghai Detention Center
- Shanghai International Football Tournament
- Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers
- Shuping Scholarship
- Urban planning in Shanghai
Notes
References
Further reading
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Haarmann, Anke. Shanghai (Urban Public) Space (Berlin: Jovis, 2009). 192 pp. online review
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Scheen, Lena (2022). "History of Shanghai." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History 18 online
- Yan Jin. "Shanghai Studies: An evolving academic field" History Compass (October 2018) e12496 Historiography of recent scholarship. online
External links
- Template:Commons category-inline
- Official website (Template:Webarchive)
- ShanghaiEye – English news website of SMG
- WikiSatellite view of Shanghai at WikiMapia
- Template:OSM relation
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