Ave maris stella
.jpg)
"Ave maris stella" (Latin for 'Hail, star of the sea') is a medieval Marian hymn, usually sung at Vespers. It was especially popular in the Middle Ages and has been used by many composers, as the basis of other compositions.
Background
Authorship of the original hymn has been attributed to several people, including Bernard of Clairvaux (12th century), Venantius Fortunatus (6th century)<ref name="CE">Template:CathEncy</ref> and Hermannus Contractus (11th century).<ref> Frauenlob's song of songs by Frauenlob, Barbara Newman, Karl Stackmann 2007 Template:ISBN page 100</ref> Probably originating in the 9th century,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it appears as a 10th century addition in two 9th-century manuscripts, one from Salzburg (now in Vienna)<ref> Cod. Vindob. 387, fol. 3v, has a fragmentary version written by a later hand (10th/11th century) in originally blank space</ref> and the other still at the Abbey of Saint Gall.<ref>Codex Sangallensis 95, p. 2, has a full version written by a later hand (10th/11th century) on originally blank space</ref> Its frequent occurrence in the Divine Office made it popular in the Middle Ages, other hymns being founded upon it.<ref name="CE"/> "Ave maris stella" was highly influential in presenting the Blessed Virgin Mary as a merciful and loving Mother.<ref>Reynolds, Brian. Gateway to heaven, New City Press, 2012, Template:ISBN, p. 194</ref> "Much of its charm is due to its simplicity".<ref>Brittain, F., Mediaeval Latin and Romance Lyric to A, Cambridge University Press, 1951, p. 79</ref> The title "Star of the Sea" is one of the oldest and most widespread titles applied to Mary. This hymn is frequently used as a prayer for the safe conduct of travelers.<ref>"Ave Maris Stella Prayer", International Marian Research Institute, University of Dayton</ref>
The melody is found in the Irish plainsong "Gabhaim Molta Bríde", a piece in praise of Saint Brigid of Kildaire.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The popular modern hymn Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star, is loosely based on this plainsong original.
Latin lyrics
The Latin text of the hymn as authorized for use in the Liturgy of the Hours of the Roman Rite (Ordinary Form) is as follows:<ref name="Liber Hymnarius 1983">Liber Hymnarius, Solesmes, 1983.</ref>
Musical settings
Template:Catholic marian prayers sidebar The plainchant hymn has been developed by many composers from pre-Baroque to the present day. The Roman Rite employs four different plainchant tunes for "Ave maris stella"; the first three are designated for solemnities, feasts, and memorials of the Blessed Virgin Mary;<ref name="Liber Hymnarius 1983" /> a fourth is given in the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary as an alternative to the memorial tone. The tunes have been used as the cantus firmus for some polyphonic settings of the Mass, including those by Josquin and Victoria.<ref>The Josquin companion: Volume 1 by Richard Sherr 2001 Template:ISBN Page 110</ref>
Renaissance settings include those by Hans Leo Hassler, Felice Anerio, Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Guillaume Dufay and William Byrd. Baroque settings include Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine 1610, one by Emperor Leopold I, one by Louis Couperin in 1658, four settings by Marc-Antoine Charpentier (H.60, H.63, H.65, H.67 1670–1680s), and Sébastien de Brossard. Romantic settings include those by Dvorak, Grieg, and Liszt. Modern composers who have either set the text or used the hymn as an inspiration include Marcel Dupré, Flor Peeters, Abel Decaux, Peter Maxwell Davies, Grace Williams, James MacMillan, Jean Langlais, Cecilia McDowall and others.Template:Cn
Acadian National Anthem
In 1884, the second Acadian National Convention at Miscouche, Prince Edward Island, adopted "Ave maris stella" as the anthem of Acadia.<ref name=UNESCO>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
References
External links
Template:Commons category Template:Wikisource
Template:Catholic Prayers Template:Marian hymns Template:Virgin Mary