Banastre Tarleton

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General Sir Banastre Tarleton, 1st Baronet Template:Postnom (21 August 1754Template:Snd15 January 1833) was a British military officer and politician. He is best known as the lieutenant colonel leading the British Legion at the end of the American Revolutionary War. He later served in Portugal and held commands in Ireland and England.

During most of his service in North America, he led the British Legion, a provincial unit organised in New York in 1778. After returning to Great Britain in 1781 at the age of 27, Tarleton was elected to Parliament as a member for Liverpool. He served as a prominent Whig politician for 20 years.Template:Sfn He was interested in military matters and opposed abolition of the slave trade.

Early life

BanastreTemplate:EfnTarleton was the third of seven children born to merchant John Tarleton (1718–1773) and his wife. His birthplace at 7 Water Street is marked by a plaque at the corner with Fenwick Street (Template:Coord).Template:Sfn Tarleton's father had prospered in the West Indian sugar trade and also managed several slaving vessels.Template:Sfn Tarleton’s & Backhouse became one of the largest import-export companies in Britain.Template:Sfn The family had trade interests throughout America and dealt in many cargoes, including slaves.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Tarleton was educated at Oxford, attending University College. He was further educated at Middle Temple, London, which, at that time, served as a college for the education of lawyers.

In 1775 he purchased a commission as a cornet (junior cavalry officer) in the 1st Dragoon Guards (effective from 2 May 1775).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He proved to be a gifted horseman and leader of troops. Owing to his abilities, he worked his way up through the ranks to lieutenant colonel without having to purchase any further commissions.Template:Citation needed

American War of Independence

In December 1775, at the age of 21, the volunteer-soldier Banastre Tarleton sailed from Cork to North America, where the American War of Independence (1775–1783) had broken out. Tarleton sailed with Lord Cornwallis as part of an expedition to capture the southern city of Charleston, South Carolina.<ref>Wilson p. 243</ref> After that expedition failed, at the Battle of Sullivan's Island (28 June 1776), Tarleton went north to join the main British Army under command of General William Howe, in New York.

Under the command of Colonel William Harcourt, Tarleton, as a cornet, was part of a scouting party sent to gather intelligence on the movements of General Charles Lee in New Jersey. On 13 December 1776, Tarleton surrounded a house in Basking Ridge, and forced Lee, still in dressing gown, to surrender, as he threatened to burn down the house. General Lee was taken to New York as a prisoner of war. He later was used in an exchange of prisoners.

In the course of the colonial war in North America, Cornet Tarleton's campaign service during 1776 earned him the position of brigade major at the end of the year.Template:Sfn He was promoted to captain on 13 June 1778.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Late in 1777, Tarleton was in action at Brandywine, the capture and defence of Germantown, and the capture of Philadelphia and at other battles in 1778.Template:Sfn One such battle, in 1778, was an attack upon a communications outpost on Signal Hill in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, which was guarded by troops commanded by Capt. Henry Lee III, of the Continental Army, who repulsed the British attack.Template:Sfn

Capture of Charleston

Template:Further After becoming commander of the British Legion, a force of American Loyalist cavalry and light infantry, Tarleton went to South Carolina at the beginning of 1780. There, the capture of Charleston was the first step in regaining control of the southern provinces. The Legion supported Sir Henry Clinton in the operations which culminated in the British capture of Charleston. Tarleton was mentioned with high praise in Clinton's despatch.Template:Sfn

Battle of Waxhaws

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File:Waxhaw massacre sketch.jpg
The Battle of Waxhaw Creek (29 May 1780), in Lancaster County, South Carolina

On 29 May 1780, Colonel Tarleton, with a force of 149 mounted soldiers, overtook a detachment of 350 to 380 Virginia Continentals, led by Colonel Abraham Buford. Buford rejected Tarleton's invitation to surrender on essentially the same terms as the Charles Town garrison. The Continentals continued marching, not preparing for battle until they heard their rear guard in action. Only after sustaining many casualties did Buford order his soldiers to surrender.Template:Dubious Nonetheless, fighting continued until 113 soldiers of Buford's detachment were killed, 203 were captured, and 150 were severely wounded. The British army casualties were 5 soldiers killed and 12 soldiers wounded.<ref>Boatner, Cassell's Biographical Dictionary, p. 1174</ref> From the perspective of the British Army, the affair is known as the Battle of Waxhaw Creek. In that time, Patriots used the phrase "Tarleton's quarter" (shooting after surrender) as meaning "no quarter offered".

Forty years later, William Dobein James asked Robert Brownfield, a surgeon’s mate of the wartime Second South Carolina Regiment, for a description of the battle. Brownfield's account,Template:Sfn published as an appendix to A Sketch of the Life of Brig. Gen. Francis Marion,Template:Citation needed said that Colonel Buford raised a white flag of surrender, "expecting the usual treatment sanctioned by civilized warfare"; yet, while Buford called for quarter, Colonel Tarleton's horse was shot with a musket ball, trapping him underneath. On seeing that, according to Brownfield, the Loyalist soldiers believed that the Virginia Continentals had shot their commander while they asked for mercy. Enraged, the Loyalist troops attacked the Virginians and "commenced a scene of indiscriminate carnage never surpassed by the ruthless atrocities of the most barbarous savages"; in the aftermath, the British Legion soldiers purportedly killed wounded soldiers where they lay.Template:Sfn

Tarleton's account, published in 1787, said that his horse had been shot from under him. His soldiers, thinking him murdered while the Continentals were asking for quarter, were vengeful until they could be brought under control.Template:Sfn

Regardless of the extent to which they were true or false, the reports of British atrocities motivated Whig-leaning colonials to support the American Revolution.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> On 7 October 1780, at the Battle of Kings Mountain, South Carolina, soldiers of the Continental Army, having heard of the slaughter at Waxhaw Creek, killed American Loyalists who had surrendered after a sniper killed their British commanding officer, Maj. Patrick Ferguson.<ref>Steel Wills (2014), pp. 7–8</ref>

Subsequent operations

In South Carolina, to deny resupply of food and horses, cause attrition and reduce reconnoitering, Tarleton's British Legion were harried by Francis Marion, an American militia commander who practiced guerrilla warfare against the British. Throughout the campaigns, Tarleton was unable to capture him or thwart his operations. Marion's local popularity among anti-British South Carolinians ensured continual aid and comfort for the American cause. In contrast, Colonel Tarleton alienated the colonial citizens with arbitrary confiscations of cattle and food stocks.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification

At Camden, Tarleton's cavalry delivered the coup de grace against the Continental army when they charged into the rear of the Continental line. The Continental troops broke and fled, and were pursued for more than twenty miles. All the baggage and ordnance of the Continental army were captured. Cornwallis, in his despatch of 21 August, again commended Tarleton's "capacity and vigour".Template:Sfn

On 22 August, he was promoted to major in the 79th Regiment of Foot (Royal Liverpool Volunteers).<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He defeated Thomas Sumter at Fishing Creek, also called Catawba Fords, but was less successful when he encountered the same general at Blackstock's Farm in November 1780.Template:Sfn

On 17 January 1781, Tarleton's forces were virtually destroyed by American Brigadier General Daniel Morgan at the Battle of Cowpens. Tarleton and about 200 men escaped the battlefield.<ref>"70th Congress, 1st Session House Document No. 328: Historical Statements Concerning the Battle of King's Mountain and the Battle of the Cowpens", page 53. Washington: United States Government Printing Office (1928).</ref>

Lieutenant Colonel William Washington commanded the rebel cavalry;<ref>"William Washington". American Battlefield Trust. Accessed 20 February 2024.</ref> to deprive the rebels of leadership he was targeted by the British commander and two of his men.Template:Failed verification Tarleton was stopped by Washington himself, who attacked him with his sabre, calling out, "Where is now the boasting Tarleton?"<ref name=17th1841>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Unreliable source? A cornet of the 17th, Thomas Patterson, rode up to strike Washington but was shot by Washington's orderly trumpeter.<ref name=17th1841 />Template:Better source needed

Washington survived this assault and in the process wounded Tarleton's right hand with a sabre blow,Template:Dubious while Tarleton creased Washington's knee with a pistol shot that also wounded his horse. Washington pursued Tarleton for sixteen miles, but gave up the chase when he came to the plantation of Adam Goudylock near Thicketty Creek. Tarleton was able to escape capture by forcing Goudylock to serve as a guide.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Better source needed

File:Tarleton's Movements historical marker 01.jpg
Tarleton's Movements historical marker in Adams Grove, Virginia

He was successful in a skirmish at Torrence's Tavern while the British crossed the Catawba River (Cowan's Ford Skirmish, 1 February 1781) and took part in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in March 1781. With his men, Tarleton marched with Cornwallis into Virginia.Template:Sfn There he carried out a series of small expeditions while in Virginia. Among them was a raid on Charlottesville, where the state government had relocated following the British occupation of the capital at Richmond. He was trying to capture Governor Thomas Jefferson and members of the Virginia General Assembly. The raid was partially foiled by the ride of Jack Jouett, with Jefferson and all but seven of the legislators escaping over the mountains. Tarleton destroyed arms and munitions and succeeded in dispersing the Assembly.

Tarleton was brevetted to lieutenant-colonel in the 79th Foot on 26 June 1781.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> After other missions, Cornwallis instructed Tarleton to hold Gloucester Point, during the Siege of Yorktown. On 4 October 1781, the French Lauzun's Legion and the British cavalry, commanded by Tarleton, skirmished at Gloucester Point. Tarleton was unhorsed, and Lauzun's Legion drove the British within their lines before being ordered to withdraw by the Marquis de Choisy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lauzun's Legion suffered three Hussars killed with two officers and eleven Hussars wounded.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> They reported fifty British were killed or wounded, erroneously including Tarleton.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The British surrendered Gloucester Point to the French and Americans after the surrender at Yorktown in October 1781. He returned to Britain on parole early in 1782.Template:Sfn

Return to England

File:Tarleton, Baronet.png
The arms of Sir Banastre Tarleton of Liverpool, 1st Baronet<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Banastre Tarleton returned to England a hero: a triumphant veteran wounded in his country's service. On his arrival "[in] Liverpool in 1782 after legendary exploits in the American war of independence, the church bells rang out and he was feted by admirers."Template:Sfn Knight expands on this:

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Images everywhere

Tarleton sat for portraits by three leading artists in London: Reynolds, Gainsborough, and Cosway.Template:Sfn Contrary to claims of Tarleton’s vanity, he did not pay to have them painted.

Tarleton’s brother commissioned Sir Joshua Reynolds' well-known painting of Banastre for their mother.Template:Efn "Colonel Tarleton", now in the National Gallery, is regarded as one of the finest examples of Reynolds' work and portraiture in general. The full-length painting, at Template:Cvt, is too tall to fit in many homes. Like Tarleton's mark on the history of the war, the painting is larger than life. The National Gallery describes it as follows:

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The pose disguises Tarleton's mutilated right hand, of which he lost two fingers to a musket ball at the Battle of Guilford Court House.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:No ISBN</ref>Template:Self-published inline The flags are unidentified. The Reynolds painting was shown at the Royal Academy later in the year.

Thomas Gainsborough's equestrian portrait of Tarleton, an even larger canvas, was also exhibited in 1782.Template:Sfn John Tarleton wrote to their mother in evident pride, "The picture of my Brother at Gainsborough's will not measure with the frame less than 12 feet 6 inches."Template:Citation needed

The portrait by the third artist, Richard Cosway, is on quite a different scale. During the late Georgian and Regency periods, Cosway became a sought-after miniaturist as well as receiving commissions for his full-sized portraits. He was the only artist ever appointed official painter to the Prince of Wales. Miniatures met the need for images which could be transported easily, and it is for these which Cosway is most famous today. His miniature of Banastre Tarleton<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> is in a private collection and a photograph of it is copyrighted.Template:Dubious

Some good quality engravings of Tarleton exist, having met the popular interest in him. Most commonly, they were based on the Reynolds painting. Others likely arise from the Gainsborough. Some are inaccurate, perhaps imagined by the engraver. A few were coloured to show him in a red uniform, presumably to meet the expectations of some readers.

Engravings were the basis for illustrations of Tarleton in books and magazines. Others were made for transfer printing on earthenware. There are examples of jugs with his likeness in museums on both sides of the Atlantic.

As a well-known person, politician, and member of the princely social circle, Tarleton was satirized. A caricature of him appeared in several Gilray prints, both as one of the group and as the main subject. The French National Assembly includesTemplate:Clarify a figure in a Tarleton helmet.

Recriminations

File:Sir Henry Clinton.jpg
General Sir Henry Clinton
File:Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88) - Charles, Second Earl and First Marquess Cornwallis (1738-1805) - RCIN 400748 - Royal Collection.jpg
General Charles, Earl Cornwallis (1738–1805)
File:Thomas Beach (1738-1806) - George Hanger, 4th Lord Coleraine (1751-1824) - RCIN 400554 - Royal Collection.jpg
Major George Hanger, later Lord Coleraine (1751–1824), in the uniform of the British Legion

The war was not over after the capitulation at Yorktown, though most of the fighting was finished. Yet the war of words amongst soldiers and politicians was already under way. The London Morning Chronicle printed an anonymous letter castigating Tarleton on 9 August 1782. Lieutenant Roderick MacKenzie was probably the author.Template:Sfn MacKenzie had been a junior officer of the 71st Regiment of Foot (Fraser's Highlanders). He was wounded and captured at the Battle of Cowpens for which he blamed Tarleton.Template:Efn Agniel wrote:Template:Sfn "If one takes exception to the premise that Lieutenant MacKenzie loathed his commanding officer, it is entirely feasible to substitute any other verb which means roughly the same thing." Babits noted "Lieutenant Roderick MacKenzie and others had clear bias and slanted their accounts to suit their own purposes ... MacKenzie hated Banastre Tarleton".Template:Sfn Buchanan said Mackenzie "bore considerable personal animosity against Tarleton".Template:Sfn

Subsequent letters extended Mackenzie's criticism to Cornwallis and Clinton, and continued to attack Tarleton for years. As the events of 1781, the year of the defeat at Cowpens and the surrender at Yorktown, were picked apart, the principal actors responded. Clinton's account was first, in 1783. He held that "none of the misfortunes of the very unfortunate campaign of 1781 can, with the smallest degree of justice, be imputed to me."Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Cornwallis rebutted Clinton's claims the same year.Template:Sfn They continued to trade rhetorical shots for years after the treaty was signed, attempting to prove themselves blameless for the loss of thirteen of the provinces in North America. Naturally, responsibility for the events became a subject of general discussion and gossip. Tarleton became a focus of the controversy due to the loss of the light infantry at Cowpens. However, according to Scotti, the criticism of Tarleton "was fuelled by resentment and jealousy".Template:Sfn

Tarleton defended himself in response to the publications by Clinton and Cornwallis, and Mackenzie's vendetta. The eventual result was Tarleton's 1787 book, History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North America.Template:Sfn Mackenzie followed by compiling his letters into a book,Template:Sfn and explicitly criticised Tarleton's account almost line by line. The Cornwallis Correspondence also included responses. Major George Hanger (Lord Coleraine) published a rebuttal to Mackenzie in his "Address to the Army".Template:Sfn

Of all the British documentation about the war, Tarleton's History of the Campaigns of 1780 and 1781 in the Southern Provinces of North AmericaTemplate:Sfn has remained a resource for historians. The book questions decisions made by Cornwallis.

Later military career

Tarleton continued to serve in the British Army and was promoted to colonel on 22 November 1790,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> to major-general on 4 October 1794 and to lieutenant-general on 1 January 1801.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref><ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Whilst on service in Portugal, Tarleton succeeded William Henry Vane, 3rd Earl of Darlington as colonel of the Princess of Wales's Fencible Dragoons in 1799.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Tarleton was appointed colonel of the 21st Light Dragoons on 24 July 1802.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He was brevetted to general on 1 January 1812.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He had hoped to be appointed to command British forces in the Peninsular War, but the position was instead given to Wellington. He held a military command in Ireland and another in England.Template:Sfn

Tarleton had lost two fingers from a musket ball received in his right hand during the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina,<ref name=cheaney/> but "his crippled hand was to prove an electoral asset" back home.<ref name=hop>Template:Cite web</ref> The condition of his hand is disguised in the pose of his 1782 portrait (shown in this article) by Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Member of Parliament

Tarleton first stood as a Whig candidate for Liverpool in the 1784 general election. He was narrowly defeated by Richard Pennant as the second MP of this borough constituency. In the 1790 general election Pennant was ahead in the poll, but withdrew in favour of Tarleton.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Failed verification With the exception of a single year, Tarleton was re-elected to the House of Commons until 1812.Template:Sfn Throughout his tenure in Parliament, he generally voted with the Parliamentary opposition. He was also a supporter of Charles James Fox despite their opposing views on the British role in the American War of Independence.

Tarleton was known for speaking on military matters as well as opposing abolition of the slave trade. Thorne wrote "most of his speeches in his first two sessions in the House assailed the 'mistaken philanthropy' of abolishing the slave trade, which Liverpool Members were instructed to oppose."Template:Sfn

Appointments

He was appointed governor of Berwick and Holy Island in 1808.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

On 23 January 1816, he was made a baronet;<ref>Template:Cite ODNB</ref> and in 1820 a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB).

Personal life

File:Gainsborough Mary-Robinson.jpg
Portrait of Mary Robinson by Thomas Gainsborough, 1781

Tarleton had a 15-year relationship with the actress and writer Mary Robinson, known as Perdita, the character she played to much acclaim. She was an ex-mistress of the Prince of Wales (future King George IV). Tarleton and Robinson had no children; in 1783 Robinson had a miscarriage. She was important to his parliamentary career, writing many of his speeches.Template:Citation needed

In 1797 Tarleton fathered an illegitimate daughter, Banina Georgina.Template:Citation needed Her mother was recorded simply as Kolina.<ref>Old Church in Saint Pancras</ref> Banina died in 1818.

On 17 December 1798, Tarleton married Susan Priscilla Bertie, the daughter of Robert Bertie, 4th Duke of Ancaster. They had no children.Template:Sfn

Death

Tarleton died in January 1833, at Leintwardine, Herefordshire. There is a monument to him on the west wall of the Mortimer chapel in St Mary Magdalene Church. It is inscribed:

NEAR THIS PLACE ARE DEPOSITED THE MORTAL REMAINS OF
SIR BANASTRE TARLETON BARONET
GENERAL IN THE ARMY, KNIGHT GRAND CROSS OF THE ORDER OF THE BATH,
GOVERNOR OF BERWICK UPON TWEED, AND COLONEL OF THE GALLANT 8TH HUSSARS.
HE REPRESENTED HIS NATIVE TOWN LIVERPOOL DURING SEVEN SESSIONS
AND CLOSED HIS DISTINGUISHED CAREER AT THIS PLACE, JANUARY 16TH 1833, AGED 78.
HE WAS A TENDER HUSBAND, AN INDULGENT MASTER, AND A LIBERAL BENEFACTOR OF THE POOR.
THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED TO HIS MEMORY BY HIS BEREAVED WIDOW AS A TESTIMONY OF HER AFFECTION, BUT HE HAS RAISED A MORE IMPERISHABLE MEMORIAL FOR HIMSELF IN THE ANNALS OF HIS COUNTRY AND IN THE HEARTS OF MANY FRIENDS.

The exact location of his grave isn't known.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

Tarleton helmet

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File:A soldier called Major John André.png
Major John André wearing a Tarleton helmet

During the American War of Independence, Tarleton made popular a leather helmet with antique style applications and a fur plume (woolen for lower ranks) protruding far into the upper front side. It was based on the Continental European dragoon helmet that became popular in several other armies before it fell out of fashion.Template:Efn Sir Joshua Reynolds' portrait of Tarleton shows him wearing the helmet; it was worn by all ranks in the British Legion. Royal Horse Artillery troops wore the helmet until the end of the Napoleonic Wars, as did light dragoon regiments from about 1796 to 1812.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

Auction of captured battle flags

In 2006, four Patriot regimental colours captured by Tarleton in 1779 and 1780 were auctioned by Sotheby's in New York City.<ref> Template:Cite web </ref> The flags sold for US$17.3 million at auction on Flag Day in the United States on 14 June 2006.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

These battleflags are the last American Revolutionary War colours known to remain in British hands and the last such colours to remain in private hands anywhere. Banastre Tarleton bequeathed the trophies to his nephew Thomas Tarleton. They had remained in the family for over 200 years.

Lot 1<ref> Template:Cite web </ref> was the colour of the 2nd Continental Light Dragoons (Sheldon's Dragoons), captured by the British Legion at Pound Ridge on 2 July 1779. It is the earliest surviving American flag of any kind with thirteen horizontal red and white stripes. Including its silver metallic fringe, the silk flag is Template:Frac inches (hoist) × Template:Frac inches (fly). In the centre, there is a square of red silk bordered in gold and black. On it is a painted badge of a winged dark storm cloud from which ten gold and orange thunderbolts are emanating. Below that is the motto "PAT:A CONCITA  FULM:NT NATI" (roughly translated, "When their country calls, her sons answer in tones of thunder").

Lot 2<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> was the complete stand of three regimental colours of the 3rd Virginia Detachment. The British Legion, commanded by Tarleton, captured them at the Battle of Waxhaws on 29 May 1780. They are the only remaining intact stand of colours from the Revolution. The Template:Frac inches (hoist) × Template:Frac inches (fly) regimental flag is the oldest surviving American flag having a canton of five-pointed stars. It is of gold silk painted with a beaver felling a palmetto tree. Below that is the motto "Perseverando". At the upper hoist is a blue silk canton with thirteen stars. It is very similar to No. 7 described in the 1778 inventory "A Return of ye New Standards & Division Colours for ye Army of ye United States of America In Possession of Major Jonathan Gostelowe, Comy. Mily. Stores".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

Places named for Banastre Tarleton

Representation in other media

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Perceptions

Numerous tales about Tarleton exist, mostly to show him in a bad light. Verified facts are included in the biographical information above. Widespread but dubious stories are discussed here.

Slave trade

Banastre Tarleton was not engaged in the slave trade. As a child in Liverpool, he benefited from his father’s mercantile business, which included chartering ships, some of which carried slaves. But, as an adult, he did not join the business.

Tarleton is not listed by the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which is based at University College London, nor by the Slave Voyages database,<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> begun at Emory University, now hosted at Rice University. Furthermore, unlike many of the Patriots he fought, Banastre Tarleton never owned slaves.

Nevertheless, after his election to Parliament in 1790, Tarleton often spoke against the abolition of the slave trade: "most of his speeches in his first two sessions in the House assailed the 'mistaken philanthropy' of abolishing the slave trade, which Liverpool Members were instructed to oppose."Template:Sfn

Wounds

Lee claimed to have wounded Tarleton in Pennsylvania. William Washington was said to have wounded him at the Battle of Cowpens. Tilden reported that Tarleton had been wounded during the siege of Yorktown.<ref>Historical Society of Pennsylvania, "Extracts from the Journal of Lieutenant John Bell Tilden", The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, p. 60</ref> According to Tarleton's history of his service, he was only wounded once, at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse. While his maimed hand was disguised in his famous portrait, he proudly showed it in politics as evidence of having served his country.

Raiders

The British Legion is occasionally referred to as 'Tarleton's Raiders" in modern American sources.Template:Citation needed However, during its service in the American War of Independence, the British Legion was most often called Tarleton's Legion. Lawrence Babits wrote of the unit’s formation:

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Modern historians also use that name. For example, in Cavalry of the American Revolution, Jim Piecuch says "Dockerty's statement provides clear evidence of Americans switching sides in the South and Continentals enlisting in Tarleton's Legion."Template:Sfn In the same book, Scott Miskimon writes "Before the Americans could bridle a single horse, Tarleton's Legion charged ..."Template:Sfn

Thomas Raddall, a prolific writer on historical subjects, said of the British Legion:

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Only after the American Civil War was the British Legion sometimes called "Tarleton's Raiders" by analogy with some Confederate units of that war. Knight explained:

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Epithets

In the United States, Banastre Tarleton is often disparaged as "Bloody Tarleton" or "Bloody Ban' in modern histories. But this label was not used by his contemporaries. Scotti searched fruitlessly for examples of "Bloody Tarleton" before the twentieth century. He concluded "with some degree of certainty" that Robert Bass was an early writer to use the term.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn John Pancake varied it to "Bloody Ban" in 1985.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Later, Scotti elaborated:Template:Sfn Template:Blockquote

Knight agreed with that origin, sayingTemplate:Sfn Template:Blockquote and Template:Blockquote

Social rejection by American officers

Several writers have said that, after the surrender, Tarleton was the sole British senior officer not invited to dinner with any American officers. Where a source is given, it is the 1860 bookTemplate:Sfn of George Washington Parke Custis, a step-grandson of General Washington. Custis wrote "Colonel Tarleton ... was left out in the invitations to headquarters." He bases this on an alleged meeting between Tarleton and Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens about military etiquette. Scotti searched many sources, in particular the writing of Laurens and the Marquis de La Fayette, to whom Custis claimed Tarleton first complained. He found no indication that any such meeting took place and considers the incident to be apocryphal.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Supporting Scotti's conclusion, a 1978 book about the end of the war, The Campaign That Won America: The Story of Yorktown, authored by Burke Davis,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> mentions only that "all the ranking British and German officers were invited". Also, at the negotiations for surrender, Cornwallis had sought terms which would have ensured no reprisals, but Washington refused. Consequently, some men of the Legion deemed at risk were evacuated. Tarleton was not among them.Template:Citation needed

Sources

Some of the more notable authors of books relating to Tarleton point out the extreme bias in the accounts of Roderick Mackenzie. Unfortunately, they fail to look in the mirror to recognise their own bias.Template:Opinion A few independent assessments of the sources are provided to guide the reader.

Notes

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References

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Further reading

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