Barentsburg
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Barentsburg (Template:Langx) is the second-largest settlement in Svalbard, Norway, with about 300 inhabitants (Template:As of).Template:Efn A coal mining town, the settlement is almost entirely made up of Russian nationals.
History
Rijpsburg, a now abandoned Dutch settlement on Spitsbergen on Cape Boheman (Bohemanflya), at the north site of Nordfjorden in the Isfjord, stood roughly diagonally opposite Longyearbyen. The Rotterdam-based Template:Langr (a navigation company) built it in 1920, using prefabricated huts, for the mining of coal. Twelve Dutch staff and 52 German miners started mining coal here that year.
The Dutch Spitsbergen Company, founded in 1920, bought a mine in Green Harbour from the Russians and mined coal from 1921 to 1926. The company renamed its settlement Template:Langr after the Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz. In 1932 the company sold the mine, including its settlement Template:Langr, to the Soviet trust Arktikugol.
2006 fire
On 17 October 2006, Norwegian inspectors detected a smouldering underground fire in Barentsburg, prompting fears that an open fire might break out,<ref>Norway Svalbard Coal Fire. International Herald Tribune. 1 November 2006.</ref> which would have forced the total evacuation of Barentsburg for an indefinite period of time, and would also have caused environmental problems of unknown magnitude for the entire archipelago. The fire was later contained.<ref>Barentsburg: Kullbrann kan føre til evakuering Template:Webarchive Aftenposten 1 November 2006 Template:In lang</ref> Coal mining resumed at the end of 2010.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref>
2020s
In 2022, Russia announced new investment plans to support its presence in Barentsburg and Pyramiden.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Then, in 2023, amid continuing tensions around Russia's war against Ukraine, the Russian Consulate General and Arktikugol staged a May 9 Day victory parade through Barentsburg consisting of 50 cars, snowmobiles, trucks and buses and also including a low-flying Mi-8 helicopter. While the Governor of Svalbard, Lars Fause, was reportedly invited to attend, he declined.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> According to a report in the Economist in 2025, relations between Russian and other towns were better during the Cold War, with residents ending visits on national days.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:Blockquote
Status
Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty of 1920, citizens of signatory countries have equal rights to exploit natural resources, and as a result Russia, along with Norway (via the Sveagruva mine and Mine 7), maintains mining operations on Svalbard. However, as Svalbard is under Norwegian sovereignty, the Russian government is represented in Barentsburg by a consulate.<ref name="CG" />
Consequently, the town has a Norwegian postcode, 9178.<ref>9178 BARENTSBURG SVALBARD, Posten Norge</ref> Similarly, it uses Norwegian telephone numbering.<ref name="CG">Consulate General in Barentsburg (Spitsbergen)</ref>
Economy
Barentsburg started as a Dutch mining town in the 1920s.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1932 the Dutch sold their concession to the Soviet Union.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Since 1932 the Russian state-owned Arktikugol (Russian for Template:Gloss) trust has been operating on Svalbard and the main economic activity in Barentsburg is coal mining by Arktikugol. The coal is usually exported to Northern European buyers. The town relies entirely on mainland Russia for food and coinage. There have been instances in which not enough food was sent, and aid packages were sent from Longyearbyen. Tourism is nowTemplate:When? being developed, but does not yetTemplate:As of? generate enough income to revive the town.
Prior to 2022, the majority of workers and inhabitants were Russians and Ukrainians.<ref name="observer">Template:Cite web</ref> After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the economy of Barentsburg has been in steady decline, and population, which once numbered around a thousand, has decreased drastically.<ref name="observer"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Amid the warming waters, Russia said in 2021 it intends to build a facility in Barentsburg to process fish for export.<ref name="SA-2021">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Transportation
The distance from Longyearbyen to Barentsburg is about Template:Convert, but there are no roads connecting the two settlements. Most contact between the two is by boat, snowmobile, and helicopter. There is a heliport (ICAO code ENBA) with a road connection at Heerodden (Template:Coord), Template:Convert north of Barentsburg. The port is located in the middle of Barentsburg. Tourists usually arrive via a 2-3-hour boat trip from Longyearbyen. The coal is freighted by ship.
Climate
Barentsburg features a tundra climate (ETs under the Köppen climate classification), with short, dry, chilly summers and long, very cold, snowy winters, though winters there are noticeably warmer than winters in a number of locations with tundra climates. Because the town is located at a latitude approaching 80 degrees, only four months of the year have average temperatures above freezing, and in no month does the average monthly temperature exceed Template:Convert, meaning it is north of the tree line. Average low temperatures during the winter routinely drop below Template:Convert. Barentsburg averages roughly Template:Convert of precipitation, much of which falls as snow. The town typically experiences snowfall in every month of the year. Template:Weather box
Science and culture
The Barentsburg Pomor Museum presents Pomor culture, Arctic flora and fauna, and archaeological objects preserved in the permafrost. It is open when the daily, summer-only boat from Longyearbyen arrives, and by special arrangement. There is an athletic complex, including a swimming pool with heated seawater.
Every summer, several dozen geophysicists, geologists, archaeologists, biologists, glaciologists, geographers, and others from Russia and elsewhere work in the scientific research centre. There is also a year-round meteorological observatory and the northernmost cosmic rays station.
Education
Barentsburg has its own school serving the Russian community; in 2014 it had three teachers, with one for most subjects, one for music, and one for the English language. By 2014, its welfare funds had declined.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gallery
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Bust of Lenin (Inscription in the background — Communism is our goal)
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Soviet stone stele (Through miner's labor, peace is sown, In cosmic rockets, hushed and deep. With hands by toil and hardship known, You give the world its light and heat.)
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Pomors 16th century hut
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School
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Hospital
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Sports Center
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Hotel
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Remains of Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge
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See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
- Template:Wikivoyage inline
- [1] Dream Town, Film Trailer
- Barentsburg Research Base Official site
- Barentsburg Cosmic Ray Station from the Polar Geophysical Institute
- Map and guide, with photos in English Japanese version of site
- Barentsburg photos from Galen R Frysinger site
- Many photos of Barentsburg on this flickr site
- More photos of Barentsburg from a Svalbard site
- Story on Barentsburg from the BBC, December 25, 2006
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