Bernard-Henri Lévy

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Template:Short description Template:EngvarB Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox philosopher Bernard-Henri Georges Lévy (Template:IPAc-en;<ref>"The Wars Against Ukraine and Israel and the Duty of the Jewish People"</ref> Template:IPA; born 5 November 1948) is a French public intellectual. Often referred to in France simply as BHL,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> he was one of the leaders of the "Nouveaux Philosophes" (New Philosophers) movement in 1976. His opinions, political activism, and publications have also been the subject of several controversies over the years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Life and career

Early life and career

Lévy was born in 1948 in Béni Saf, French Algeria, to an affluent Sephardic Jewish (Algerian-Jewish) family. His family moved to Paris a few months after his birth. He is the son of Dina (Siboni) and André Lévy, the founder and manager of a timber company, Becob, who became a multimillionaire from his business.<ref>Kirsch, Jonathan. "Bernard-Henri Lévy bares his Jewish soul". Jewish Journal. 11 January 2017. 17 January 2017.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He is the brother of Template:Ill.

Inspired by a call for an International Brigade<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> to aid Bangladeshi separatists made by André Malraux,<ref name="BHL in Dhaka">Template:Cite news</ref> he became a war correspondent for Combat in 1971, covering the Bangladesh Liberation War against Pakistan. The next year he worked as a civil servant for the newly established Bangladesh Ministry of Economy and Planning.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His experience in Bangladesh was the source of his first book, Bangla-Desh, Nationalisme dans la révolution ("Bangladesh, Nationalism in the Revolution", 1973).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He visited Bangladesh again in 2014<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to speak at the launch of the first Bengali translation of this book and to open a memorial garden for Malraux at Dhaka University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

New Philosophers

After his return to France, Lévy became a lecturer at the University of Strasbourg where he taught a course on epistemology. He also taught philosophy at the École normale supérieure. He was a founder of the New Philosophers (Nouveaux Philosophes) school. This was a group of young intellectuals who were disenchanted with communist and socialist responses to the near-revolutionary upheavals in France of May 1968, and who developed an uncompromising moral critique of Marxist and socialist dogmas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Notable books

In the Footsteps of Tocqueville

Template:External media Although Lévy's books have been translated into the English language since La Barbarie à visage humain, his breakthrough in gaining a wider US audience was the publication of a series of essays between May and November 2005 for The Atlantic Monthly, later collected as a book.<ref name="Keillor 1">Template:Cite news</ref> In preparation for the series, In the Footsteps of Tocqueville, Lévy crisscrossed the United States, interviewing Americans, and recording his observations, with direct reference to his acclaimed predecessor, Alexis de Tocqueville. His work was published in serial form in the magazine and collected as a book by the same title. The book was widely criticized in the United States, with Garrison Keillor publishing a damning review on the front page of The New York Times Book Review.<ref name="Keillor 1" />

The Spirit of Judaism

Template:External media In February 2016, Lévy published a book entitled L'Esprit du Judaisme. An English version, The Genius of Judaism, was published by Random House in January 2017. Liam Hoare wrote in Moment that the book examines "the humanism, ethics and politics of Judaism, as well as address[es] the issues of Israel and anti-Semitism in France today".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed

Notable movies

Peshmerga

Lévy's involvement with the Kurdish cause goes back to the early 1990s.<ref name="Algemeiner1">Template:Cite web</ref> On 16 May 2016, Bernard-Henri Lévy's new documentary film, Peshmerga, was chosen by the Cannes Film Festival as a special screening to its official selection.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Lévy developed his vision of the Iraqi Civil War, through the Peshmerga fighters (Kurdish fighters armed by Westerners and fighting in particular against Daesh). It consists of images shot on the spot by a small team, especially with the help of drones. It portrays notably the female regiments of the Peshmerga army.

The movie itself is, as stated in its official Cannes presentation:

"The third part of a trilogy, opus three of a documentary made and lived in real-time, the missing piece of the puzzle of a lifetime, the desperate search for enlightened Islam. Where is that other Islam strong enough to defeat the Islam of the fundamentalists? Who embodies it? Who sustains it? Where are the men and women who in word and deed strive for that enlightened Islam, the Islam of law and human rights, an Islam that stands for women and their rights, that is faithful to the lofty thinking of Averroes, Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Ibn Tufail, and Rumi? ..."

"Here, with this third film, this hymn to Kurdistan and the exception that it embodies, I have the feeling of possibly reaching my goal. Kurdistan is Sunnis and Shiites, Chaldeans, Assyrians, Aramaic-speaking Syrians living freely with Muslims, the memory of the Jews of Aqrah, secularism, freedom of conscience and belief. It is where one can run into a Jewish Barzani on the forward line of a front held, 50 kilometers from Erbil, by his distant cousin, a Muslim, Sirwan Barazi... Better than the Arab Spring. The Bosnian dream achieved. My dream. There is no longer really any doubt. Enlightened Islam exists: I found it in Erbil."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A year later, Lévy said that "Jews have a special obligation to support the Kurds", and that he hopes "they will come say to the Peshmerga: 'For years now you have spilled your blood to defend the values of our shared civilization. Now it is our turn to defend your right to live freely and independently.Template:'"<ref name="Algemeiner1" />

The Will to See

This documentary, released in 2022, shows Lévy visiting several countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic as he documents various atrocities and humanitarian crises.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Glory to the Heroes

Since 2022, Lévy made four documentaries on the Russian invasion of Ukraine: Why Ukraine, Slava Ukraini,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Glory to the Heroes<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Our War.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political activism and social involvement

1980s and 1990s

In 1981, Lévy published L'Idéologie française ("The French Ideology"), in which he offers a dark picture of French history. It was strongly criticised for its journalistic character and unbalanced approach to French history by Marxism-critic Raymond Aron.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 1990s, Lévy called for European and American intervention in the Bosnian War during the breakup of Yugoslavia. He spoke about the Serb POW camps which were holding Bosniaks. He referred to the Jewish experience in the Holocaust as providing a lesson that mass murder cannot be ignored by those in other nations.<ref name=leadel />

At the end of the 1990s, with Benny Lévy and Alain Finkielkraut, Lévy founded an Institute on Levinassian Studies at Jerusalem, in honour of Emmanuel Levinas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2000s

Through the 2000s, Lévy argued that the world must pay more attention to the crisis in Darfur.<ref name=leadel />

In 2006, Lévy joined the British debate over Muslim women's veils by said to The Jewish Chronicle that wearing a veil had the effect of dehumanizing the wearer by hiding her face Template:Ndashand suggested, alluding to a passage by Emmanuel Levinas, that "the veil is an invitation to rape".<ref>The Jewish Chronicle, 14 October 2006. Not available online, quote in context: "Our time is almost up, but BHL becomes the most animated I have seen him when I ask him about Jack Straw's intervention on Muslim women and the veil. 'Jack Straw', he says, leaning close to me, 'made a great point. He did not say that he was against the veil. He said it is much easier, much more comfortable, and respectful, to speak with a woman with a naked face. And without knowing, he quoted Levinas, who is the philosopher of the face. Levinas says that [having seen] the naked face of your interlocutor, you cannot kill him or her, you cannot rape him, you cannot violate him. So when Muslims say that the veil is to protect women, it is the contrary. The veil is an invitation to rape.Template:'"</ref>

In August 2008, Lévy interviewed the President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, during the Russia-Georgian War.<ref>Bernard-Henri Lévy, "Georgia at War: What I Saw", The Huffington Post, 20 August 2008.</ref>

In 2009, Lévy signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2010s

Bernard-Henri Lévy at Tel Aviv University

In January 2010, Lévy publicly defended Popes Pius XII and Benedict XVI against political attacks directed against them from within the Jewish community.<ref>"Bernard-Henri Lévy défend Benoît XVI et Pie XII". 7sur7.be, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref>

At the opening of the "Democracy and its Challenges" conference in Tel Aviv (May 2010), Lévy gave a very high estimation of the Israel Defense Forces, saying "I have never seen such a democratic army, which asks itself so many moral questions. There is something unusually vital about Israeli democracy."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In March 2011, he engaged in talks with Libyan rebels in Benghazi, and publicly promoted the international acknowledgement of the recently formed National Transitional Council.<ref>L'appel de BHL depuis Benghazi (Libye) en direct sur TF1 au – une vidéo Nieuws & Politiek. Dailymotion. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>Robert Marquand, +World%29 "How a philosopher swayed France's response on Libya". The Christian Science Monitor, 28 March 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref> Later that month, worried about the 2011 Libyan civil war, he prompted and then supported Nicolas Sarkozy's seeking to persuade Washington, and ultimately the United Nations, to intervene in Libya, ostensibly to prevent a massacre in Benghazi.<ref>Steven Erlanger, "By His Own Reckoning, One Man Made Libya a French Cause", The New York Times, 1 April 2011.</ref>

In May 2011, Lévy defended IMF Chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn when Kahn was accused of sexually assaulting a chambermaid in New York City. Lévy questioned the credibility of the charges against Strauss-Kahn, asking The Daily Beast, "how a chambermaid could have walked in alone, contrary to the habitual practice of most of New York's grand hotels of sending a 'cleaning brigade' of two people, into the room of one of the most closely watched figures on the planet."<ref>"Dominique Strauss-Kahn: Bernard-Henri Lévy Defends IMF Director". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In May 2011, Lévy argued for military intervention in Syria against Bashar al-Assad after violence against civilians in response to the 2011 Syrian uprising.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He repeated his position in a letter to the Weekly Standard in August 2013.<ref>Daniel Halper, "Experts to Obama: Here Is What to Do in Syria", The Weekly Standard, 27 August 2013.</ref>

On 9 November 2011, his book, La guerre sans l'aimer, which tells the story of his Libyan spring, was published.<ref>"Cinq bonnes raisons de dévorer le dernier BHL", Atlantico, 8 November 2011, MRY</ref><ref>"La légende dorée de BHL en Libye", Le Monde. 7 November 2011.</ref><ref>"BHL en Libye, sur les traces de Lawrence d'Arabie", Rue89, 7 November 2011, Pierre Haski</ref><ref>Sébastien Le Fol, "Bernard-Henri Lévy en Libye, la guerre intime", Le Figaro, 8 November 2011.</ref>

Lévy and Nicolas Sarkozy, at the commemoration of the Toulouse and Montauban shootings, 19 March 2015

In April 2013, he was convicted by a French court for libelling journalist Bernard Cassen.<ref>"Même la justice française condamne BHL...", Le Monde Diplomatique, 26 April 2013.</ref>

In 2013, Lévy criticized the international community for their acts during the Bosnian genocide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Levy travelled to Kyiv, Ukraine during the Euromaidan in February 2014, actively promoting the events.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In February 2015, he performed his play Hotel Europa at the National Opera of Ukraine on the first anniversary of the Euromaidan's toppling of the government of Viktor Yanukovych.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In April 2014, he visited Bangladesh for the first time since 1972 to speak at the launch of the first Bengali translation of his first book Bangla-Desh, Nationalisme dans la révolution ("Bangladesh, Nationalism in the Revolution", 1973), and to open a memorial garden for Malraux at Dhaka University.<ref name="BHL in Dhaka" />

On 5 June 2018, he performed his one-man play Last Exit before Brexit at the Cadogan Hall in London. The play is a revised version of Hotel Europa and argues that Brexit should be abandoned.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In December 2019, Lévy visited the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, where he met Kurdish fighters led by General Mazloum Abdi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2020s

In July 2020, Lévy arrived on Misrata Airport in Libya, then he met some Government of National Accord officials; his visit was met with protests near Tarhuna.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Regarding the war between Israel and Hamas, Lévy wrote as reported in the French newspaper Le Figaro: "we need to say it again, the death of civilians in Gaza is not a massacre" (translated from original French: "il faut le redire, la mort des civils de Gaza n'est pas un massacre.")<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He wrote in WSJ: "A genocidal army doesn't take two years to win a war in a territory the size of Las Vegas. A genocidal army doesn't send SMS warning before firing or facilitate the passage of those trying to escape the strikes. A genocidal army would not evacuate, every month, hundreds of Palestinian children suffering from rare diseases or cancer, sending them to hospitals in Abu Dhabi as part of a medical airlift set up right after Oct. 7. To speak of genocide in Gaza is an offense to common sense, a maneuver to demonize Israel, and an insult to the victims of genocides past and present."<ref>Bernard Henri Levy, 25 September 2025, The Wall Street Journal </ref>

On 12 April 2024, after an investigation by Tunisian authorities, Lévy was accused of maintaining relations with Tunisian lobbyist Kamel Eltaïef and of having interceded to prevent the production of phosphate in Tunisia for the benefit of other countries in the region. He was also accused of having propagated "Masonic" ideology through charitable organizations and Tunisian personalities indicted in the case, in addition to working towards the normalization of relations between Tunisia and Israel and of being a "member of Mossad", the Israeli intelligence service. The investigating judge considered that he had sufficient evidence to initiate proceedings.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 19 April 2025, he was sentenced in absentia to 33 years in prison by a Tunisian court.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In October 2024, Lévy signed an open letter written by the pro-Israel organization Creative Community for Peace criticizing boycotts of Israeli authors and literary institutions over the Gaza war. The letter decried efforts to "demonize and ostracize Jewish authors across the globe".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 2025, Lévy acknowledged that Europe could not depend further just on the United States and NATO for defense, but advocated that Europe should fund and have its own army, under European command.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In June 2025, the New York Times described Lévy as "a French author and intellectual who has the ear of Mr. Macron",<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> quoting Levy's advice to Macron that a Palestinian state "can only be envisaged after Hamas has laid down its arms, its commanders in Gaza have gone into exile, and the people of the West Bank and Gaza have renounced their murderous dream of a Palestine stretching from the sea to the Jordan border".<ref name=":0" />

Criticisms and controversies

Early essays, such as Le Testament de Dieu or L'Idéologie française faced strong rebuttals from noted intellectuals on all sides of the ideological spectrum, such as historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet and philosophers Cornelius Castoriadis, Raymond Aron, and Gilles Deleuze, who called Lévy's methods "vile".<ref>Gilles Deleuze, A propos des nouveaux philosophes et d'un problème plus général, first published in May 1977</ref>

More recently, Lévy was publicly embarrassed when his essay De la guerre en philosophie (2010) cited the writings of French philosopher Jean-Baptiste Botul.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Botul's writings are actually well-known spoofs, and Botul himself is the purely fictional creation of a living French journalist and philosopher, Frédéric Pagès. The obviousness of the hoax, with Botul's philosophy being botulism, led to suspicions that Lévy had not read Botul, and that he consequently might have used a ghostwriter for his book. Responding in an opinion piece, Lévy wrote: "It was a truly brilliant and very believable hoax from the mind of a Canard Enchaîné journalist who remains a good philosopher all the same. So I was caught, as were the critics who reviewed the book when it came out. The only thing left to say, with no hard feelings, is kudos to the artist."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In the essay Une imposture française, journalists Nicolas Beau and Olivier Toscer claim that Lévy uses his unique position as an influential member of both the literary and business establishments in France to be the go-between of the two worlds, which helps him to get positive reviews as marks of gratitude, while silencing dissenters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> For instance, Beau and Toscer noted that most of the reviews published in France for Who Killed Daniel Pearl? did not mention the strong denials about the book given by experts and by Pearl's own family including wife Mariane Pearl.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Who Killed Daniel Pearl?

Template:External media In 2003, Lévy wrote an account of his efforts to track the murderer of Daniel Pearl, The Wall Street Journal reporter who was taken captive and beheaded by Islamic extremists the previous year. At the time of Pearl's death, Lévy was visiting Afghanistan as French President Jacques Chirac's special envoy.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He spent the next year in Pakistan, India, Europe and the United States trying to uncover why Pearl's captors held and executed him. The resulting book, Who Killed Daniel Pearl?, argues it was because Pearl knew too much about the links between Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and al-Qaeda. The book was strongly criticized by both experts and Pearl's own family, including wife Mariane Pearl who called Lévy "a man whose intelligence is destroyed by his own ego".<ref name="ReferenceA">Nicolas Beau and Olivier Toscer, Une imposture française, Éditions des Arènes, 2006.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The book was condemned by William Dalrymple, a British historian of India and travel writer, and others, for its lack of rigour and its caricatured depictions of Pakistani society. Dalrymple also criticized Lévy's fictionalised account of Pearl's thoughts in the last moments of his life.<ref>Escobar, Pepe, "Who killed Daniel Pearl?" (review), Asia Times (28 June 2003). Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>Dalrymple, William, "Murder in Karachi", The New York Review of Books, 4 December 2003. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>"'Murder in Karachi': An Exchange" (Bernard-Henri Levy and William Dalrymple), The New York Review of Books, 12 February 2004. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

However, in an interview published in Newsline in April 2005, Omar Saeed Shaikh stated: "You can obtain details of my background from the book Who Killed Daniel Pearl? by Bernard-Henri Lévy. In this book Lévy traces my entier life story; the references are usually negative, but he has done a lot of research."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Threats

Lévy was one of six Jewish public figures in Europe targeted for assassination by a Belgium-based Islamist militant group in 2008. The list included others in France such as Josy Eisenberg. That plot was foiled after the group's leader, Abdelkader Belliraj, was arrested on unrelated murder charges from the 1980s.<ref>"Bernard Henri Levy among 6 Jews said targeted by Islamist group", Haaretz (1 January 2009). Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref>

In Asterix and the White Iris, Julius Caesar's personal advisor Libellus Blockbustus has been officially described as a caricature modelled on Lévy, among other contemporary French figures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Personal life

Lévy has been married three times. His eldest daughter by his first marriage to Isabelle Doutreluigne, Justine Lévy, is a best-selling novelist. He has a son, attorney Template:Ill, by his second wife, Sylvie Bouscasse. He is currently married to French actress and singer Arielle Dombasle. The affair between Lévy and English socialite Daphne Guinness was an open secret known amongst US society columnists since 2008. On 13 July 2010, Daphne Guinness confirmed the stories to Harper's Bazaar.<ref>Derek Blasberg, "Daphne Guinness: Bernard-Henri Levy 'Is Quite Obviously The Love Of My Life'", HuffPost, 12 February 2011.</ref>

Lévy is Jewish, and he has said that Jews ought to provide a unique Jewish moral voice in society and politics.<ref name=leadel>environment-science | Leading Jewish Inspiration Template:Webarchive. Leadel. Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref>

Lévy has been friends with Nicolas Sarkozy since 1983. Relations between them deteriorated during Sarkozy's 2007 presidential run in which Lévy backed the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal and also described Sarkozy as "A man with a warrior vision of politics". However, they grew closer again after Sarkozy's victory.<ref>Christopher Dickey, "Why Sarkozy Went to War". Newsweek (3 April 2011). Retrieved 19 May 2011.</ref>

In 2004, his fortune amounted to 150 million euros. The owner of seven companies, he inherited most of the fortune from his parents, which was complemented by stock exchange investments. In 2000 he was suspected of insider trading by the Commission des opérations de bourse.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Written works

Lévy's works have been translated into many different languages; below is an offering of works available in either French or English.

Filmography

  • Aurélien, directed by Michel Favart, 1978, actor
  • Partir, revenir, directed by Claude Lelouch, 1985, actor (himself)
  • Bosna !, 1994, director
  • Day and Night, 1997, director, screenwriter and coproducer
  • Serbie, année zéro, directed by Goran Marković, 2001, actor
  • The Oath of Tobruk, directed by Bernard-Henri Lévy and Marc Roussel, documentaire, 2012
  • Peshmerga, director, documentary , 2016
  • The Battle of Mosul, director, documentary, 2017
  • Princesse Europe, directed by Camille Lotteau, documentary, 2020
  • The Will to see, directed by Bernard-Henri Lévy and Marc Roussel, documentary, 2021
  • Why Ukraine, directed by Bernard-Henri Lévy and Marc Roussell, documentary, 2022
  • Slava Ukraini, directed by Bernard-Henri Lévy and Marc Roussel, documentary, 2023
  • Glory to the Heroes, directed by Bernard-Henri Lévy and Marc Roussel, documentary, 2023
  • Our War, de Bernard-Henri Lévy et Marc Roussel, documentary, 2025

References

Template:Reflist

Further reading

  • Dominique Lecourt, Mediocracy: French Philosophy Since the Mid-1970s (2001), new edition. Verso, London, 2002.
  • Craig Owens, "Sects and Language", in Beyond Recognition: Representation, Power, and Culture, Scott Bryson, et al., eds (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1992), 243–52.

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