Boeing-Stearman Model 75
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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox aircraft The Stearman (Boeing) Model 75 is an American biplane formerly used as a military trainer aircraft, of which at least 10,626 were built in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>National Museum of the United States Air Force gives the figure 10,346 but this includes the equivalent airframes in manufactured spare parts.</ref> Stearman Aircraft became a subsidiary of Boeing in 1934. Widely known as the Stearman, Boeing Stearman, or Kaydet, it served as a primary trainer for the United States Army Air Forces, the United States Navy (as the NS and N2S), and with the Royal Canadian Air Force as the Kaydet throughout World War II. After the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years, they became popular as crop dusters and sports planes, and for aerobatic and wing walking use in air shows.
Design and development
In late 1933, Stearman engineers Mac Short, Harold W. Zipp, and J. Jack Clark took a 1931 Lloyd Stearman design, and added cantilever landing gear and adjustable elevator trim tabs, to produce the Model 70. Able to withstand +12g and -9g, the aircraft was powered by a 210-hp Lycoming R-680, first flew on 1 January 1934, before flight tests were conducted at Wright Field, Naval Air Station Anacostia, and Pensacola. The Navy then requested a similar model built to Navy specifications, including a 200-hp Wright J-5 engine. The resultant Model 73, was designated NS-1 by the Navy, of which 41 were ordered, including enough spares to build another 20 aircraft.<ref name="ep">Template:Cite book</ref>
In the summer of 1934, Stearman engineers refined the Model 73 into the Model X75. The Army Air Corps evaluated the plane that autumn, powered by a 225-hp Wright R-760 or a 225-hp Lycoming R-680. In July 1935, the Army Air Corps ordered 26 with the Lycoming engine, designated the PT-13A, while the navy ordered an additional 20. In August 1936, the Army ordered an additional 50 PT-13As, followed by another 30 in October, and another 28 in December. Simultaneously, the company received orders for its primary trainer from the Argentinian navy, the Philippine Army Air Corps, and the Brazilian Air Force. In January 1937, the army ordered another 26 PT-13As.<ref name=ep/>
On 6 June 1941, the U.S. government issued Approved Type Certificate No. 743 for the civilian version of the Model 75. Designated the Model A75L3 (PT-13) and Model A75N1 (PT-17), about 60 were sold to civilian flights schools such as Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, and for export.<ref name=ep/>Template:Rp
On 15 March 1941, the company delivered the 1000th trainer to the Army, and the 1001st trainer to the Navy. Then on 27 August 1941, the company delivered the 2000th trainer to the Army. On 27 July 1944, the company delivered its 10,000th primary trainer.<ref name=ep/>Template:Rp
The Kaydet was a conventional biplane of rugged construction, with a large, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and accommodation for the student and instructor in open cockpits in tandem. The radial engine was usually not cowled, although some Stearman operators choose to cowl the engine, most notably the Red Baron Stearman Squadron.
Operational history
Post-war usage
After World War II, thousands of surplus PT-17s were auctioned off to civilians and former military pilots. Many were modified for crop-dusting use, with a hopper for pesticide or fertilizer fitted in place of the front cockpit. Additional equipment included pumps, spray bars, and nozzles mounted below the lower wings. A popular approved modification to increase the maximum takeoff weight and climb performance involved fitting a larger Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior engine and a constant-speed propeller.
Variants
Data from: United States Navy aircraft since 1911,<ref name=Swanborough>Template:Cite book</ref> Boeing aircraft since 1916<ref name="Bowers">Template:Cite book</ref> 8,584 Model 70s, 75s and 76s were built, with additional "spares" bringing the number up to the sometimes quoted 10,346.<ref name=Bowers255/>
USAAC/USAAF designations
The U.S. Army Air Forces Model 75 Kaydet had three different designations, PT-13, PT-17 and PT-18, depending on which type of radial engine was installed.
- PT-13
- Initial production version with Lycoming R-680-B4B engine, 26 built in 1936
- PT-13A Model A75 with R-680-7 engine, 92 delivered from 1937 to 1938.
- PT-13B R-680-11 engine, 255 delivered from 1939 to 1941.
- PT-13C Six PT-13Bs modified for instrument flying.
- PT-13D Model E75 with R-680-17 engine, 793 delivered
- PT-17
- Version with Continental R-670-5 engine, 2,942 delivered.
- PT-17A 136 PT-17s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
- PT-17B Three PT-17s modified with agricultural spraying equipment for pest control near army bases.
- PT-17C Single PT-17 conversion with standardized Army-Navy equipment.
- PT-18
- Version with Jacobs R-755-7 engine, 150 built. Further production was cancelled as the engines were needed for other types of trainers.
- PT-18A Six PT-18s modified with blind-flying instrumentation.
- PT-27
- USAAF paperwork designation given to 300 D75N1/PT-17 aircraft supplied under Lend-Lease to the Royal Canadian Air Force. The last example built, FK108, had a canopy installed.Template:Efn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
US Navy designations
- NS
- Up to 61 Model 73B1 delivered, powered by Template:Cvt Wright J-5/R-790 Whirlwind radials<ref name="Bowers pp. 252–3">Bowers 1989, pp. 252–253.</ref>
- N2S
- Known colloquially as the "Yellow Peril" from its overall yellow paint scheme.
- N2S-1 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-14 engine, 250 delivered.
- N2S-2 Model B75 with Lycoming R-680-8 engine, 125 delivered in 1941.
- N2S-3 Model B75N1 with Continental R-670-4 engine, 1,875 delivered.
- N2S-4 Model A75N1 with Continental R-670-4 and -5 engines, 457 delivered of 579 ordered, including 99 PT-17s diverted from U.S. Army orders.
- N2S-5 Model E75 with Lycoming R-680-17 engine, 1,450 delivered.
Company designations
- Stearman 70
- Company designation for prototype, powered by Template:Cvt Lycoming radial engine, designated XPT-943 for evaluation<ref name="Bowers pp. 251–2">Bowers 1989, pp. 251–252.</ref>
- Model 73
- Initial production version, 61 built for U.S. Navy as NS plus export variants<ref name="Bowers pp. 252–3"/>
- Model 73L3
- Version for the Philippines, powered by Template:Cvt R-680-4 or R-680C1 engines, seven built<ref name="Bowers p. 253">Bowers 1989, p. 253.</ref>
- Model A73B1
- Seven aircraft for Cuban Air Force powered by Template:Cvt Wright R-790 Whirlwind, delivered 1939–1940<ref name="Bowers p. 253"/>
- Model A73L3
- Improved version for the Philippines, three built<ref name="Bowers p. 254">Bowers 1989, p. 254.</ref>
- Stearman 75
- (or X75) Evaluated by the U.S. Army as a primary trainer, the X75L3 became the PT-13 prototype. Variants of the 75 formed the PT-17 family.
- Stearman 76
- Export trainer and armed version of the 75 with a gun ring and one or two fixed forward firing machine guns.
- A76B4
- 5 built for Venezuela.
- A76C3
- 15 built for Brazil.
- B76C3
- 15 built with cameras for Brazil.
- 76D1
- 16 built for Argentina and three for Philippines as BT-1.
- S76D1
- seaplane version of 76D1 for Argentina
- 76D3
- 24 built for Philippine Constabulary as BT-1 armed advanced trainer, and 24 built for Cuba.
Other designations
- Stearman XPT-943
- Designation assigned to the X70 evaluated at Wright Field
- Stearman Kaydet
- Name used for aircraft in Royal Canadian Air Force service
- American Airmotive NA-75
- Single-seat agricultural conversion of Model 75, fitted with new, high-lift wings<ref name="JAWA65 p. 178">Taylor 1965, p. 178.</ref>
Operators
- Argentine Air Force
- Argentine Navy received 16 Model 76D1s 1936 to 1937<ref name="Bowers p. 268">Bowers 1989, p. 268.</ref> and 60 N2S Kaydet post-war; all were retired by the early 1960s<ref name="BOEING STEARMAN N2S KAYDET">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Bolivian Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Template:BRA
- Brazilian Air Force Model A75L3 and 76.<ref name="andrade158">Andrade 1979, p. 158</ref>
- Template:Flag
- Royal Canadian Air Force received 301 PT-27s under Lend Lease.<ref name="Bowers p. 265">Bowers 1989, p. 265.</ref>
- Template:ROC
- Republic of China Air Force received 150 PT-17s under Lend-Lease,<ref name="Bowers p. 262">Bowers 1989, p. 262.</ref> and 104 refurbished aircraft post war in Taiwan. The ROCAF used them until 1958.<ref name="Bowers pp. 260–1">Bowers 1989, pp. 260–261.</ref>
- Template:COL
- Colombian Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Template:CUB
- Cuban Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Dominican Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Guatemalan Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Template:IRN
- Imperial Iranian Air Force
- Template:ISR
- Israeli Air Force purchased 20 PT-17s.<ref name="Nordeen p. 27">Nordeen 1991, p. 27.</ref>
- Template:MEX
- Mexican Air Force
- Template:NIC
- Nicaraguan Air ForceTemplate:Citation needed
- Template:Flag
- Paraguayan Air Force<ref name="andrade159">Andrade 1979, p. 159</ref>
- Template:PER
- Peruvian Air ForceTemplate:Citation needed
- Template:Flag
- Philippine Constabulary Air Corps
- Philippine Army Air Corps<ref name="andrade158" />
- Philippine Air Force
- Template:USA
- United States Army Air Corps/United States Army Air Forces<ref name="andrade158" />
- United States Marine CorpsTemplate:Citation needed
- United States Navy<ref name="andrade158" />
- Template:VEN
- Venezuelan Air Force<ref name="andrade158" />
- Template:YUG
- Yugoslav Air Force
Surviving aircraft
A considerable number of Stearmans remain in flying condition throughout the world, as the type remains a popular sport plane and warbird.
Argentina
- 308 – N2S-5 airworthy at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum in Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires.<ref name="BOEING STEARMAN N2S KAYDET"/>
Australia
- 75-6488 – B75N1 registered as VH-EYC, airworthy, owned by Steven Bradley, South Australia 5134<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-7462 - B75N1 - registered as VH-PWS, airworthy, owned by Michael Murphy, Royal Aero Club of Victoria.
- 75-8314 – E75 Registered as VH-USE, airworthy, owned by Raalin, Western Australia 6208<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Austria
- 75-2606 – Registered as OE-CBM, airworthy
- 75-5032 – PT-17 Registered as OE-AMM, airworthy at Hangar-7, Salzburg<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Brazil
- K-132 – A75L3 on display at the Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- K-210 – A76C3 on display at the Museu Aeroespacial in Rio de Janeiro<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 38010 – N2S-3 on display at the TAM Museum in São Carlos, São Paulo<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Canada
- 41-8621 – PT-17 airworthy at the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Hamilton, Ontario.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-17456 – PT-13D owned by Daniel Jones of Lacombe, Alberta.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 5284 – N2S-3 under restoration to airworthy with Daniel Jones of Lacombe, Alberta<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 5293 – N2S-3 owned by J. Kurtin of Collingwood, Ontario<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 30083 – N2S-4 on display at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 61105 – N2S-5 with Bruce Bond of Sarnia, Ontario<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-3498 – PT-17 airworthy owned by Great River Aviation Ltd. of Whitehorse, Yukon o/a Klondike Airways.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- PT-17 airworthy at the Canadian Aviation Museum in Windsor, Ontario.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Colombia
- FAC-62 – PT-17 airworthyTemplate:Citation needed
- FAC-1995 – PT-17 airworthyTemplate:Citation needed
Iceland
- T5-1556 – PT-17 is airworthy with Erling Pétur Erlingsson in Hafnarfjörður, Capital Region. It is the oldest airplane in Iceland. It was brought to the country in 1941 by the aircraft carrier Template:USS and damaged in an accident in 1943.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Indonesia
- PT-13D is on display at Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Yogyakarta. The aircraft is painted in Taloa Academy of Aeronautics livery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Israel
- 2752 – PT-17 is airworthy at the Israeli Air Force Museum in Hatzerim.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Mexico
- EPS-6084 – PT-17 on static display at the Template:Ill in Santa Lucía, Zumpango.Template:Cn
Netherlands
- 75-7027 – PT-13B is airworthy, registered as PH-TOX, owned by Joe Brewer and based at Oostwold Airport.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-7213 – N2S-3 is airworthy, registered as N9912H, owned by the Nordsiek family and based at Breda International Airport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 75-5864 – PT-13D Kaydet is airworthy, registered as N1944S based at Texel International Airport<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
New Zealand
- 75-647 – PT-17 airworthy with R. J. S. Jenkins in Ardmore, Auckland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-2055 – PT-17 airworthy with R. B. Mackley in Milford.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-2100 – PT-17 airworthy with Classic Aircraft Sales Limited in Blenheim.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-2724 – PT-17 airworthy with B. L. Govenlock in Hastings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-3132 – PT-17 airworthy with the Antonievich Family Trust in Pukekohe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-3655 – PT-17 airworthy with M. P. Cantlon in Mount Maunganui.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-4245 – PT-17 airworthy with the Strome Farm Trust in Drury.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-5064 – PT-13D airworthy with the Stearman Syndicate in Drury.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-5907 – PT-13D airworthy with Stearman 03 Limited in Mount Maunganui.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-8025A – N2S-3 airworthy with M. J. Dean in Mount Maunganui.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Peru
- PT-17 is on display at the Instituto de Estudios Históricos Aeroespaciales del Perú, Miraflores, Lima.Template:Citation needed
Spain
- PT-13 on display at the Template:Ill in Cuatro Vientos, Madrid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- PT-17 on display at the Fundación Infante de Orleans in Cuatro Vientos, Madrid.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Switzerland
- 75-5436 – PT-13D is airworthy, registered as HB-RBG, and based at the Fliegermuseum Altenrhein.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Built in 1943 and restored to airworthiness in 1989 after sustaining considerable damage during an emergency landing in the grounds of the Stadler Rail factory in Altenrhein due to engine failure.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Taiwan
- PT-17 is on static display at the Aviation Education Exhibition Hall in Gangshan District, Kaohsiung City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
United States
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- Model 70 is airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It is the original prototype of the Model 75.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 37-0099 – PT-13A is on static display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 41-7121 - PT-17 is on static display at the US Army Aviation Museum in Fort Novosel, Alabama.
- 41-7960 – PT-17 is airworthy at Mississippi State University in Starkville, Mississippi. It is used as a research aircraft and glider tow-plane.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 41-8786 – PT-17 is in storage at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 41-8882 – PT-17 on static display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 41-25254 – PT-17 is airworthy at the Military Aviation Museum in Pungo, Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 41-25284 – PT-17 is on static display at the Hill Aerospace Museum in Roy, Utah.<ref name="NMUSAFLoan" />
- 41-25588 – PT-17 is airworthy at the Charles M. Schulz–Sonoma County Airport in Santa Rosa, California.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Failed verification
- 41-25623 – PT-17 is on display at Patriots Point in Charleston, South Carolina.Template:Citation needed
- 42-15687 – PT-27 is on display at the Vintage Flying Museum in Fort Worth, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-16365 – PT-17 is on static display at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NMUSAFLoan">Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-16388 – PT-17D is on static display at the March Field Air Museum near Riverside, California.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-16691 – PT-17 is on static display at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.<ref name="NMUSAFLoan" />
- 42-17591 – PT-13D is on static display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.<ref name="PoFS">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="PoFA">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-17724 – PT-13D is on static display at the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC. It was used in 1944 to train members of the Tuskegee Airmen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-17763 – PT-13D is on static display at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Valle, Arizona.<ref name="PoFS" /><ref name="PoFA" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 42-17800 – PT-13D is on static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft is the 63rd to last aircraft built and was donated to the museum in 1959 by the Boeing Aircraft Company, which purchased the Stearman Company in 1934.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 3514 – N2S-3 is airworthy with Neil Alan Raaz in Colleyville, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 3558 – N2S-2 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.<ref name="PoFS" /><ref name="PoFA" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 5369 – N2S-3 is on static display at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. It was flown by George H. W. Bush during his initial training as a naval pilot.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 7591 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the Valiant Air Command Warbird Museum in Titusville, Florida.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 7718 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.<ref name="LSFM">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 15923 – N2S is on static display at the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Failed verification
- 29981 – N2S-4 is on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 38278 – N2S-3 is airworthy at the Tri-State Warbird Museum in Batavia, Ohio.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 38490 – N2S-5 is airworthy at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.<ref name="LSFM" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 43197 – N2S-5 is under restoration to airworthy condition with the Commemorative Air Force Utah Wing in Heber City, Utah.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 61064 – N2S-5 on static display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 92468 – N2S-3 is on static display at the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii. It was flown by George H. W. Bush during his initial training as a naval pilot.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-133 – PT-17 is airworthy at the Simsbury Airport in Simsbury, Connecticut.
- 75-3845 – PT-27 is under restoration to airworthy condition at the Texas Air Museum in Slaton, Texas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-5337 – PT-13D is airworthy and owned by Sharon D. Smith. It is presumably located in DeRidder, Louisiana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 75-7540 – B75N1 is airworthy and resides at the Commemorative Air Force Airbase Arizona, Mesa, Arizona.
- 75-8234 - E75N1 is airworthy, owned by Ageless Aviation Dreams Foundation, Carson City, NV.
- 75-8498 – N2S-5 is airworthy at the CAF Big Easy Wing in New Orleans, Louisiana.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- A75N1 – PT-17 is on display at the College Park Aviation Museum in College Park, Maryland. It was flown by Gus McLeod for the first open-cockpit flight over the North Pole.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- N2S-3 is on display at the Western Antique Aeroplane and Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Stearman on display at Scottsdale Airport (KSDL)
Specifications (PT-17)
In popular culture
See also
Template:Portal Template:Aircontent
References
Footnotes
Notes
Bibliography
- Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979, Template:ISBN
- Avis, Jim and Bowman, Martin. Stearman: A Pictorial History. Motorbooks, 1997. Template:ISBN.
- Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London:Putnam, 1989. Template:ISBN.
- Nordeen, Lon. Fighters Over Israel. London: Guild Publishing, 1991.
- Phillips, Edward H. Stearman Aircraft: A Detailed History . Specialty Press, 2006. Template:ISBN.
- Template:Cite journal
- Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
- Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965.
- Template:Cite book
Videography
- Stearman, Lloyd. Stearmans, You Gotta Love Them. Lap Records, 2005. (NTSC Format)
External links
Template:Commons Template:External media
- Interview with Boeing PT-17 air show pilot John Mohr.
- Netherlander Hans Nordsiek's "The Storyteller" homepage, featuring his "Old Crow" Stearman biplane
- FAA Type Certificate Template:Webarchive
Template:Stearman Aircraft Template:Boeing model numbers Template:USAF trainer aircraft Template:USN trainer aircraft Template:Wright Field project numbers