Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior

The Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior is a series of nine-cylinder, air-cooled, radial aircraft engines built by the Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Company from the 1930s to the 1950s. These engines have a displacement of Template:Cvt; initial versions produced Template:Cvt, while the most widely used versions produce Template:Cvt.

Wasp Juniors have powered numerous smaller civil and military aircraft, including small transports, utility aircraft, trainers, agricultural aircraft, and helicopters. Over 39,000 engines were built, and many are still in service today.

Design and development

Pratt & Whitney developed the R-985 Wasp Junior as a smaller version of the R-1340 Wasp to compete in the market for medium-sized aircraft engines. Like its larger brother, the Wasp Junior was an air-cooled, nine-cylinder radial, with its power boosted by a gear-driven single-speed centrifugal type supercharger. Its cylinders were smaller, however, with a bore and stroke of Template:Cvt, giving a 27% lesser total displacement. The Wasp Junior used many parts from the Wasp and even had the same mounting dimensions, allowing an aircraft to easily use either the smaller or the larger engine.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first run of the Wasp Junior was in 1929,<ref name=PWweb>Template:Citation</ref> and sales began in 1930. The initial version, the Wasp Junior A, produced Template:Cvt.<ref name=PW56_A2>Pratt & Whitney (1956), p. A2</ref><ref name=ATC39>FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet ATC 39</ref>

The U.S. military designated the Wasp Junior as the R-985, with various suffixes denoting different military engine models. However, Pratt & Whitney never adopted the R-985 designation scheme for its civilian Wasp Juniors, identifying them simply by name and model (e.g. "Wasp Junior A").

Pratt & Whitney followed the Wasp Junior A with more powerful models in the "A series". These had higher compression ratios, greater RPM limits, and more effective supercharging, and they led to the "B series". The first B series model was the Wasp Junior TB, which could maintain Template:Cvt at sea level and could reach Template:Cvt for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name=TC85>FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet TC 85</ref> The TB was tuned for best performance at sea level; it was soon joined by the Wasp Junior SB, which was tuned for best performance at altitude and could sustain Template:Cvt at altitudes up to Template:Cvt, with Template:Cvt available for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name=E123>FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet E-123</ref> A still later model, the Wasp Junior T1B2, had improved performance at low level, being able to sustain Template:Cvt up to Template:Cvt<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name=E123 /> while still matching the SB's power at high altitudes.<ref name=5E1notes>FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet TC 5E-1, see notes 5 and 6.</ref> The SB and T1B2, and later versions of these with similar performance, were the most popular Wasp Junior models. One later development of the T1B2, the Wasp Junior B4, was especially designed for vertical mounting in helicopters.<ref name=E123 /><ref name=PW56_A3>Pratt & Whitney (1956), p. A3</ref>

During the mid-1930s, Pratt & Whitney developed a still greater improvement of the Wasp Junior, the "C series", with an even higher compression ratio and RPM limit. The only type produced in this series, the Wasp Junior SC-G, could sustain Template:Cvt at an altitude of Template:Cvt and could produce Template:Cvt for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A3 /> It also included reduction gearing to allow the high-revving engine to drive a propeller at suitable speeds, hence the "-G" suffix. Aviator Jacqueline Cochran flew a special Model D-17W Beechcraft Staggerwing with this engine in 1937, setting a speed and altitude record and placing third in the Bendix transcontinental race. However, the SC-G never got past the experimental stage.

Operational history

Early versions of the Wasp Junior were used in various small civilian and military utility aircraft, but only in limited numbers. The type became more popular later in the 1930s. It was selected for the Lockheed Model 10A Electra twin-engined airliner, as well as for other small twin-engined civil transports like the Lockheed Model 12A Electra Junior, the Beechcraft Model 18, and the Grumman Goose amphibious aircraft. It was also used in single-engined civilian utility aircraft like the Beechcraft Staggerwing, the Howard DGA-15, and the Spartan Executive.

As World War II arrived, the U.S. military chose the Wasp Junior for the Vultee BT-13 Valiant and North American BT-14 basic training aircraft and for the Vought OS2U Kingfisher observation floatplane. Military versions of existing Wasp Junior-powered civilian aircraft were also produced, such as the military derivatives of the Beech 18, Beech Staggerwing, Grumman Goose, and Howard DGA-15. The Wasp Junior also powered some versions of the British Avro Anson and Airspeed Oxford twin-engined trainers. The demands of World War II led to the production of many thousands of Wasp Juniors.

Until the end of the war, the Wasp Junior's closest competitor was Wright Aeronautical's R-975 Whirlwind. However, during the war, the Wasp Junior was far more widely used in aircraft than the R-975, and Wright ceased production of the R-975 in 1945.

After World War II, many military-surplus aircraft with Wasp Junior engines entered the civilian market. New designs based on the Wasp Junior were also introduced, such as the Sikorsky H-5 helicopter, the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, and Max Holste Broussard bush airplanes, and agricultural aircraft such as the Snow S-2B and S-2C, Grumman Ag Cat, and Weatherley 201.

Pratt & Whitney ceased production of the Wasp Junior in 1953, having built 39,037 engines.<ref name=PWweb /> Many Wasp Junior engines are still in use today in older bush planes and agricultural planes, as well as in antique aircraft. Some antique aircraft, such as the Boeing-Stearman Model 75, which originally used other engines, have had them replaced with the Wasp Junior to provide more power or for easier maintenance, since parts for the Wasp Junior are readily available.

R-985 fitted to a DHC-2 Beaver

Variants

Wasp Junior A

U.S. military version: R-985-1<ref name=PW56_A1>Pratt & Whitney (1956), p. A1</ref>

Template:Cvt at 2,000 RPM at sea level and for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name=ATC39 /> First production version.

Wasp Junior S2A

Wasp Junior TB, TB2

U.S. military versions: R-985-9, -11, -11A, -21, -46<ref name=PW56_A1 />

Template:Cvt at 2,200 RPM at sea level, Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name="TC85"/> Early B-series versions rated for sea-level performance.

Wasp Junior SB, SB2, SB3

U.S. military versions: R-985-13, -17, -23, -33, -48, -50; R-985-AN-2, -4, -6, -6B, -8, -10, -12, -12B, -14B<ref name=PW56_A1 /><ref name=5E1>FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet TC 5E-1</ref>

Template:Cvt at 2,200 RPM up to Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM for takeoff.<ref name=E123 /><ref name=PW56_A2A3>Pratt & Whitney (1956), pp. A2-A3</ref> Common B-series versions were rated for performance at altitude.

Wasp Junior T1B2, T1B3

U.S. military versions: R-985-25, -27, -39, -39A; R-985-AN-1, -1A, -3, -3A<ref name=PW56_A1 /><ref name=5E1 />

Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM up to Template:Cvt and for takeoff.<ref name=PW56_A2 /><ref name=E123 /> Common B-series versions with improved sea-level performance

Wasp Junior B4

U.S. military versions: R-985-AN-5, -7.<ref name=PW56_A1 /><ref name=5E1 />

Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM up to Template:Cvt and for takeoff<ref name=E123 /><ref name=PW56_A3 /> Vertically mounted development of T1B3, for helicopters

Wasp Junior SC-G

Template:Cvt at 2,700 RPM up to Template:Cvt, Template:Cvt at 2,850 RPM for takeoff<ref name=PW56_A3 /> Experimental high-powered version with propeller reduction gearing.

Applications

• Airspeed Oxford (AS.46 Oxford V)
• Air Tractor AT-300
• Avro Anson (Mk V)
• Barkley-Grow T8P-1
• Beechcraft Model 18 and military derivatives
• Beechcraft Staggerwing D17S, D17W, G17S
• Bell XV-3
• Bellanca 300-W
• Berliner-Joyce OJ
• Boeing-Stearman Model 75 (in aftermarket conversions)
• Bratukhin G-3
• CAC Winjeel
• de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver and L-20/U-6 military versions
• Douglas C-26 Dolphin
• Fleetwings BT-12
• Gee Bee Model Z
• Griffon Lionheart
• Grumman G-164 Ag Cat (some models)
• Grumman G-21 Goose
• Howard DGA-11
• Howard DGA-15P
• Junkers F13 (Rimowa F13 replica)
• Koolhoven F.K.51 (some models)
• Laird Solution (LC-DW Solution, LC-DW300 Super Solution)
• Lockheed Model 10-A Electra
• Lockheed Model 12-A Electra Junior
• Max Holste MH.1521 Broussard
• McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway
• Naval Aircraft Factory N3N (in aftermarket conversions)
• North American BT-14
• PWS-24bis
• Seversky BT-8
• Sikorsky H-5 helicopter (and S-51 civil version)
• Sikorsky S-39 amphibian
• Snow S-2B and S-2C
• SIAI-Marchetti SM.102
• Spartan Executive 7W
• Stinson Reliant SR-9F and SR-10F
• Vought OS2U Kingfisher
• Vultee BT-13 Valiant
• Waco S3HD
• Waco SRE Aristocrat
• Weatherly 201 series
• Weatherly 620
• Wedell-Williams Model 44

Engines on display

A Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum

Pratt & Whitney R-985 on display at Museum of Aviation, Robins AFB

Some museums which have Wasp Junior engines on display:

• The National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia: This engine has been sectioned and motorized for display.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>
• EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin<ref>Template:Citation. This page has a photo of the museum's R-985 Template:Webarchive and several photos ([1] Template:Webarchive, [2] Template:Webarchive, [3] Template:Webarchive) of its R-985 teardown display.</ref>
• Hill Aerospace Museum near Ogden, Utah.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation. This page has a photo of the museum's R-985 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
• Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington<ref name=passion>Template:Citation. This personal collection of museum aircraft engine photos has R-985 photos under the sections titled "From Canada's National Aviation Museum in Ottawa, ON", "From the SAC Museum in Ashland, NE", and "From the Museum of Flight new galleries in Seattle, WA".</ref>
• National Museum of Naval Aviation near Pensacola, Florida<ref>Template:Citation. This page has a photo of the museum's R-985 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
• National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation. The section "Images from Gary Brossett" has a photo of the museum's R-985 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
• New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut<ref>http://neam.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&layout=edit&id=1075. "Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior"</ref>
• Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona<ref>Template:Citation.</ref><ref>Template:Citation. This page has photos ([4] Template:Webarchive, [5] Template:Webarchive) of the museum's R-985.</ref>
• Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham, Alabama.<ref>Template:Citation Template:Dead link.</ref>
• Strategic Air and Space Museum (formerly the Strategic Air Command Museum) near Ashland, Nebraska<ref name=passion />
• Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario<ref name=passion />
• Royal Air Force Museum Cosford, near Wolverhampton, United Kingdom<ref>Template:Citation. (Note page title has an error.)</ref><ref>Template:Citation. This page has a photo of the museum's R-985 Template:Webarchive.</ref>
• Queensland Air Museum in Caloundra, Queensland.<ref>Template:Citation.</ref>

Specifications (R-985 Wasp Junior SB)

Specifications for different R-985 Wasp Junior variants

Engine	Power, continuous	Critical altitude<ref group=t>This is the highest altitude at which the engine can achieve its full continuous power rating. Above this altitude, power falls off with height as with a naturally aspirated engine. See Supercharger#Altitude effects for details.</ref>	Power, takeoff	Compression ratio	Supercharger gear ratio	Octane rating	Dry weight
Wasp Jr. A<ref name=ATC39 />	Template:Cvt at 2,000 RPM	sea level	same	5.0:1	7:1	68	Template:Cvt
Wasp Jr. TB<ref name=TC85 />	Template:Cvt at 2,200 RPM	sea level	Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM	6.0:1	8:1	80	Template:Cvt
Wasp Jr. SB<ref name=E123 />	Template:Cvt at 2,200 RPM	Template:Cvt	Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM	6.0:1	10:1	80/87	Template:Cvt
Wasp Jr. T1B2<ref name=E123 />	Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM	Template:Cvt	same	6.0:1	10:1	80/87	Template:Cvt
Wasp Jr. B4<ref name=E123 />	Template:Cvt at 2,300 RPM	Template:Cvt	same	6.0:1	10:1	80/87	Template:Cvt
Wasp Jr. SC-G<ref name=PW56_A3 />	Template:Cvt at 2,700 RPM	Template:Cvt	Template:Cvt at 2,850 RPM	6.7:1	10:1	100	Template:Cvt

Template:Refbegin <references group=t/> Template:Refend

References

Bibliography

• Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006.Template:ISBN
• White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. Template:ISBN
• Template:Citation. Available from the Aircraft Engine Historical Society's reference page.
• Template:Cite book

The following Federal Aviation Administration type certificate data sheets, all available from the FAA's Regulatory and Guidance Library Template:Webarchive:

• Wasp Jr. A: Template:Citation.
• Wasp Jr. SB, T1B2, B4: Template:Citation.
• Wasp Jr. TB: Template:Citation.
• Wasp Jr. military models: Template:Citation.

External links

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