Brazilian aircraft carrier Minas Gerais

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NAeL Minas Gerais (pennant number A 11) was a Template:Sclass light aircraft carrier operated by the Brazilian Navy from 1960 until 2001. The ship was laid down for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy during World War II as Template:Ship, was completed shortly before the war's end, and did not see combat. After stints as a training vessel and Arctic research ship, the carrier was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy from 1952 to 1955. She was returned to the British, who sold her to Brazil in 1956.

The ship underwent a four-year conversion in the Netherlands to make her capable of operating heavier naval aircraft. She was commissioned into the MB as Minas Gerais (named after the state of Minas Gerais) in 1960; the first purchased by a Latin American nation, and the second to enter service, behind the Argentinian ARA Independencia (also Colossus-class). Between 1987 and 1996, the carrier was unable to operate fixed-wing aircraft because of a defective catapult, and was retasked as a helicopter carrier and amphibious assault ship.

Minas Gerais remained in service until 2001, when she was replaced by NAe Template:Ship. At the time of her decommissioning, she was the oldest operational aircraft carrier in the world, and the last operational unit of the World War II Light Fleet design. Despite attempts to preserve the carrier as a museum ship, and after several failed attempts to auction the ship off (including a listing on eBay), Minas Gerais was sold for scrap in 2004 and taken to Alang, India for breaking up.

Design and construction

Template:Main The carrier was constructed by Swan Hunter for the Royal Navy (RN) as HMS Vengeance.<ref name=Janes68>Blackman (ed.), Jane's Fighting Ships (1968–69), p. 23</ref> She was laid down on 16 November 1942, and launched on 23 February 1944.<ref name=Janes68/> Construction was completed on 15 January 1945, and Vengeance was commissioned into the RN.<ref name=Janes68/>

The Colossus-class carriers were intended to be 'disposable warships': they were to be operated during World War II and scrapped at the end of hostilities or within three years of entering service.<ref name="Hobbs p. 217">Hobbs, in The Navy and the Nation, p. 217</ref> Despite this plan, the ship had a service life of over 55 years across three navies.

Early operational history

Template:Main After commissioning, Vengeance was assigned to the 11th Aircraft Carrier Squadron, which was attached to the British Pacific Fleet.<ref name=Cass181>Cassells, The Capital Ships, p. 181</ref> The carrier arrived in Sydney, Australia in July 1945, but remained in the harbour for refits until the end of World War II.<ref name=Cass181/> Vengeance operated in the waters of Asia until mid-1946, when she returned to England and was reassigned as a training vessel.<ref name=Cass181/> In late 1948, Vengeance was converted for Arctic conditions, and from February 1949 to March 1949, she operated in Arctic waters as part of an experimental cruise to determine how well ships, aircraft, and personnel functioned in extreme cold.<ref name=Cass181/><ref>Till, Holding the Bridge in Troubled Times, p. 317</ref>

From late 1952 until mid-1955, Vengeance was loaned to the Royal Australian Navy, to serve in place of the under-construction Template:HMAS.<ref name=Donohue94>Donohue, From Empire Defence to the Long Haul, p. 94</ref><ref name=ANAM120>ANAM, Flying Stations, p. 120</ref>

Purchase and modernisation

During the leadup to the 1955 presidential election, Juscelino Kubitschek de Oliveira, governor of the state of Minas Gerais promised Brazilian admirals to acquire an aircraft carrier for the Marinha do Brasil (MB, Brazilian Navy).<ref name=Gordon40>Gordon, Brazil's Second Chance, p. 40</ref> Kubitschek later claimed that this was to avoid a naval rebellion during his inauguration at the start of 1956, and despite believing in the "military uselessness" of the second-hand warship,<ref name=Gordon40/> the sale of Vengeance to Brazil for US$9 million went through on 14 December 1956.<ref name=Janes68/>

From mid-1957 until December 1960, the carrier underwent a massive refit and reconstruction in the Netherlands.<ref name=Janes68/> The work was carried out by Verolme Dock in Rotterdam, and cost US$27 million.<ref name=Janes68/> The most visible change was the installation of an 8.5-degree angled flight deck.<ref name=Ireland245>Ireland, Aircraft Carriers of the World, p. 245</ref> The size of the angle required that an accessway be built around the starboard side of the island superstructure; the weight acting as a counterbalance for the flight deck's portside overhang.<ref name=Ireland245/> Combined with the fitting of a more powerful steam catapult, stronger arresting gear, reinforced hangar elevators, and a mirror landing aid, these modifications permitted the operation of jet aircraft up to Template:Convert in weight.<ref name=Ireland245/><ref name=BisChant82>Bishop & Chant, Aircraft carriers, p. 82</ref> The carrier's island superstructure was replaced, and a lattice mast was fitted to support the new fire control system and radar suite.<ref name=Janes68/><ref name=Ireland245/> The ship's boiler capacity was increased, and internal electricity was converted to AC through the installation of four turbo generators and one diesel generator.<ref name=Janes68/>

The carrier was commissioned into the Marinha do Brasil as NAeL Minas Gerais (named for Kubitschek's home state) on 6 December 1960.<ref name=Janes68/> She departed Rotterdam for Rio de Janeiro on 13 January 1961.<ref name=Janes68/> The duration of the refit meant that while the carrier was the first purchased by a Latin American nation, she was the second to enter service, after another Colossus-class carrier entered service with the Argentine Navy as ARA Independencia in July 1959.<ref name=English56>English, Focus on Latin American Navies, p. 56</ref>

Weapons and systems

During the ship's modernisation refit to become Minas Gerais, her armament was altered to consist of ten Bofors 40 mm anti-aircraft guns (2 quad mountings and 1 twin mounting), and two 47 mm saluting guns.<ref name=Janes96/> In 1994, the Bofors were removed and replaced with two twin surface-to-air launchers for Mistral missiles.<ref name=Janes96/> If additional armament was required, the Bofors could be reinstalled.<ref name=Janes96/>

By 1996, Minas Gerais was fitted with the following radars: a Lockheed SPS-40B for air search, a Plessey AWS 4 for surface search, a Signaal ZW06 for navigation, two SPG-34 for fire control, and a Scanter Mil-Par for Carrier-Controlled Approach.<ref name=Janes96/> The two search radars operate on NATO frequency bands designated E and F, the navigation and CCA radars operate on the NATO I band, and the fire control radars on both the I and J bands.<ref name=Janes96/>

As of the mid-1990s, the carrier's air group consisted of six S-2E Trackers, four to six ASH-3D Sea Kings, two AS-355 Ecureuils, and three A-332 Super Pumas.<ref name=Janes96/> In 1999, the MB acquired 20 A-4KU Skyhawks and 3 TA-4KU trainer aircraft from the Kuwait Air Force for $US70 million.<ref name=Corless/> Minas Gerais began operating these aircraft in late 2000.<ref>http://www.chilecompany.com/chilecomp11.htm Kuwaiti Air Force Sale</ref>

Brazilian operational history

Minas Gerais underway in 1984

In 1965, President Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco permitted the operation of helicopters to the Navy, fixed-wing aircraft were to remain the responsibility of the Força Aérea Brasileira (FAB, Brazilian Air Force).<ref name=Signals1998>Jane's Navy International, Carrier Aviation – Skyhawks set to land on Brazilian carrier, p. 6</ref> As a result, Minas Gerais was required to embark two air groups: the Navy operated helicopters while the Air Force operated S-2 Tracker aircraft.<ref name=English1996/> Consequently, the ship spent most of her Brazilian career operating as an anti-submarine warfare carrier.<ref name=Corless>Corless, The Brazilian Navy blazes a trail in the South Atlantic</ref>

From 1976 to 1981, the ship underwent a major refit.<ref name=BisChant82/> Work included the installation of a datalink to improve co-operation with Template:Sclasss, updates to the radar suite, and other work to extend the carrier's life expectancy into the 1990s.<ref name=BisChant82/> In 1988, engine problems, combined with the inability for Argentina to fund a required modernisation of Template:Ship, saw the Argentine Colossus-class carrier confined to port, making Minas Gerais the only active aircraft carrier in the South American region.<ref name=English1996>English, Latin American Navies still treading water</ref> In December 1987, Minas Gerais herself was laid up after participating in Operation Dragon XXIII because of problems with her aircraft catapult.<ref name=FAAA>Fleet Air Arm Archive, History of the Colossus class carrier Minas Gerais</ref> Although unable to operate as an aircraft carrier, the ship saw use over the following years in training exercises as an amphibious assault ship; using an air group of Eurocopter AS532 Cougar and Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel helicopters to transport Marines ashore.<ref name=FAAA/>

Minas Gerais underwent a modernisation refit from July 1991 to October 1993.<ref name=Janes96/> This included the overhaul of the boilers and engines, integration of a SICONTA command system, two new navigation radars and Scanter-MIL landing radar were installed, and preparation for the installation of Simbad launchers for Mistral surface-to-air missiles.<ref name=Janes96/><ref name=ScottStarr>Scott & Starr, Carrier aviation at the crossroads</ref> The launchers themselves were installed in 1994, with the ten Bofors removed at the same time.<ref name=Janes96/> The Bofors could be reinstalled to complement the ship's armament if needed.<ref name=Janes96/> In November 1993, the carrier conducted a joint exercise with the Argentine Navy, where Argentine pilots flying Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard aircraft performed 177 touch-and-go landings, in order to maintain their carrier landing qualifications while Veinticinco de Mayo was out of service.<ref name=ScottStarr/>

During 1995 and 1996, the ability to operate fixed-wing aircraft was restored to Minas Gerais after the catapult from the decommissioned Veinticinco de Mayo was acquired and installed.<ref name=FAAA/> In 1997, Minas Gerais was loaned an A-4Q airframe by the Argentine Aviación Naval (Naval Aviation) for deck-handling and interface trials.<ref name=Signals1998/> This was in lead-up to the 1999 acquisition of 20 A-4KU Skyhawks and three TA-4KU trainer aircraft from the Kuwait Air Force for US$70 million.<ref name=Corless/> This was the first time since the carrier's commissioning that Força Aeronaval da Marinha (Brazilian Navy Aviation) had been permitted to own and operate fixed-wing aircraft.<ref name=Corless/> The 23 aircraft were formed as the First Intercept and Attack Squadron, had all entered service by early 2000, and began carrier operations in late October 2000.<ref name=Corless/><ref name=Signals2000>Jane's International Defence Review Brazil – Skyhawks begin flights from carrier</ref> In order to operate the new fighters, Minas Gerais underwent a major refit at the Arsenal de Marinha do Rio de Janeiro.<ref name=Corless/> The main purpose of this refit was to upgrade the catapult to launch Skyhawks.<ref name=Corless/>

Replacement and decommissioning

Minas Gerais at anchor in Rio de Janeiro in 1995

The replacement of Minas Gerais was first suggested in the early 1980s, as part of planned 15-year naval expansion program.<ref name=Anthony110/> Two different carrier designs were proposed.<ref name=Anthony110>Anthony, The Naval Arms Trade, p. 110</ref> The first was for a 40,000-ton ship equipped with up to forty aircraft, including naval fighters.<ref name=Corless/><ref name=Anthony110/> To complement this proposal, a plan to expand the Brazilian fleet air arm by acquiring second-hand A-4 Skyhawks from Kuwait or Israel was submitted.<ref name=Anthony111>Anthony, The Naval Arms Trade, p. 111</ref> For this to happen, the 1965 ruling that prevented the MB from operating fixed-wing aircraft had to be overturned; a decision the FAB opposed.<ref name=Anthony110/> To make the purchase worthwhile, Minas Gerais would have to operate the aircraft until the replacement carrier entered service, which in turn required the installation of a modified steam catapult and arresting gear.<ref name=Anthony111/> As the ship had just emerged from a modernisation refit, this was an expensive proposition, and the Skyhawk acquisition plan was cancelled in October 1984.<ref name=Anthony111/> The Skyhawk plan was successfully revisited in the late 1990s. The second proposal was for a 25,000-ton helicopter carrier built to commercial standards.<ref name=Corless/><ref name=Anthony110/> Later interpretations of this proposal suggested a ship similar to the Royal Navy's Template:HMS.<ref name=Corless/>

Replacement of Minas Gerais was under serious consideration by 1999; despite numerous refits and life-extending upgrades, the MB predicted that the carrier would require replacement before 2010.<ref name=Corless/> As well as the two proposals, consideration was given to acquiring a second-hand carrier, such as the French Navy's Template:Ship.<ref name=Corless/> One of the main issues in considering the replacement was the MB's significant investment in fixed-wing aviation in the late 1990s; a carrier capable of operating the recently acquired Skyhawks would be more expensive to acquire and operate than a STOVL or helicopter carrier, but the cheaper concepts would require the refactoring of Brazilian naval aviation.<ref name=Corless/> In the end, Foch was acquired, renamed NAe São Paulo, and slated to commission into the Marinha do Brasil in April 2001.<ref name=Signals2000/> She was downclassed as a helicopter support ship in 2001 before her decommissioning.<ref name="Archived copy">Template:Cite web</ref>

Minas Gerais was decommissioned on 16 October 2001: the second to last of the World War II-era light aircraft carriers to leave service, with the other being the 1959-commissioned Template:INS (former Template:HMS) which was ordered during the war but not completed and was the oldest aircraft carrier still in service in the world until it was decommissioned in 2017.<ref name="Hobbs p. 217"/><ref name=NNCampaign>Navy News (Australia), Campaign to save the Vengeance</ref> At the time of her decommissioning, she was the second oldest active aircraft carrier in the world (a title passed on to the 1961-commissioned Template:USS). Also at the decommissioning ceremony was 87-year-old Admiral Hélio Leôncio Martins, who was the first commander of the aircraft carrier. There were also crew who had served on the Minas Gerais at different times.<ref name="Archived copy"/> The carrier was marked for sale in 2002, and was sought after by British naval associations for return to the United Kingdom and preservation as a museum ship, although they were unable to raise the required money.<ref name=telerace>Syal & Lashmar, Race to save historic ship from scrap heap</ref><ref name=Parry/> Just before Christmas 2003, the carrier was listed for sale on auction website eBay by a user claiming to be a shipbroker representing the owner.<ref name=teleebay>Tweedie, For internet sale: aircraft carrier, only three owners</ref> Bidding reached £4 million before the auction was removed from the website under rules preventing the sale of military ordnance.<ref name=teleebay/> An auction in Rio de Janeiro in February 2004 also failed to sell the ship.<ref name=Parry/> Sometime between February and July 2004, the carrier was towed to the Alang Ship Breaking Yard, India for dismantling.<ref name=Parry>Parry, Sad end to symbol of city's liberation</ref>

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