British Rail Class 91
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox locomotive
The British Rail Class 91 is a high-speed electric locomotive, which produces power of Template:Convert; it was ordered as a component of the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. The Class 91s were given the auxiliary name of InterCity 225 to indicate their envisaged top speed of Template:Convert; they were also referred to as Electras by British Rail during their development and throughout the electrification of the East Coast Main Line.
The locomotive body shells are of all-steel construction. Unusually, the motors are body mounted and drive bogie-mounted gearboxes via cardan shafts; this reduces the unsprung mass and hence track wear at high speeds. The locomotive also features an underslung transformer, therefore the body is relatively empty compared to contemporary electric locomotives. Much of the engineering specification for the locomotive was derived from the research and operational experience of the APT-P.<ref name="jma"/><ref name="ieee1989">Template:Cite journal</ref>
The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Mark 4 Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar body shell to the Class 91 locomotives but with only one driving cab.
History
Background
The origins of the Class 91 are closely associated with the East Coast Main Line (ECML) on which it has been primarily operated. During the 1950s, British Rail had considered electrification of the ECML to be of equal importance to the West Coast Main Line (WCML), but various political factors led to the envisioned electrification programme being delayed for decades; as an alternative, high-speed diesel traction, the Deltic and then the InterCity 125, was introduced upon the route during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="ele upgrade18">Template:Cite news</ref> During the 1970s, a working group of British Rail and Department of Transport officials determined that, out of all options for further electrification, the ECML represented the best value by far. Its in-house forecasts determined that increases in revenue and considerable reductions in energy and maintenance costs would occur by electrifying the line.<ref name = "raileng elect18">Template:Cite news</ref>
Accordingly, between 1976 and 1991, the ECML was electrified with Template:Nowrap overhead lines. The electrification was installed in two phases: The first phase between London (King's Cross) and Template:Rws (including the Hertford Loop Line) was carried out between 1976 and 1978 as the Great Northern Suburban Electrification Project, using Mk. 3A equipment,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> covering Template:Convert in total.<ref name = "raileng elect18"/><ref name = "ele upgrade18"/> In 1984, the second phase commenced to electrify the northern section to Edinburgh and Leeds. During the late 1980s, the programme was claimed to be the longest construction site in the world, spanning more than Template:Convert.<ref name = "raileng elect18"/>
In 1989 the InterCity 225 was officially introduced to revenue service.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="NRMEC">Template:Cite news</ref> That same year, the ECML had been energised through to York;<ref name = "raileng elect18"/> two years later, electrification had reached Edinburgh, allowing electric services to begin on 8 July 1991, eight weeks later than scheduled. The ECML electrification programme was completed at a cost of £344.4Template:Nbspmillion (at 1983 prices), a minor overrun against its authorised expenditure of £331.9Template:Nbspmillion. 40 per cent of the total cost was on new traction and rolling stock and 60 per cent for the electrification of the line.<ref name = "raileng elect18"/>
Options and selection
The electrification of the ECML necessitated the procurement of new high speed electric traction. The options and requirements for this trainset were hotly deliberated for a number of years. On 7 June 1978, the electric-powered prototype Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was unveiled; it was at one point intended for the APT to be the next major intercity express train.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> However, due to various factors including technical issues, the APT programme was curtailed during the summer of 1983. Shortly thereafter, two alternative options were explored, an electrified version of the InterCity 125 (known as the HST-E), and the Template:Brc mixed-traffic locomotive; these were both intended to a peak service speed of 125Template:Nbspmph.<ref name="railmag unpromised">Template:Cite news</ref>
Some officials within British Rail pushed for more demanding requirements for the future Intercity trainset; reportedly, BR's Director of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (M&EE) was a strong proponent for increasing the top speed to 140 mph.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> To facilitate this, tilting train technologies developed for the APT were explored. While BR's board had approved the ordering of a single Class 89 as a prototype, the Strategy Committee queried why the type had been favoured over a proposed 80-tonne Bo-Bo locomotive.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> While the Class 89 was thought to be a low-risk option for multi-purpose traction, it offered little advantage over the existing Template:Brc in terms of speed. At the time, the 1950s era Template:Brc and Template:Brc electric locomotives were nearing the end of their viable service lives and were quite unreliable, but their withdrawal had effectively been ruled out by a national shortage of newer electric traction, in part caused by the APT's cancellation.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/>
A key advantage of the InterCity 225 concept over a Class 89-hauled consist was the lower weight of the former, resulting in less slippage and greater acceleration over the latter.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> Appraisals also determined that the Class 89 was comparatively inferior in financial terms, in part due to the InterCity 225's prospective compatibility with WCML traction, reducing its development costs. A further cost-saving measure was the decision to base the InterCity 225's technologies on the APT. BR reportedly stated that it had derived 90% of the former's engineering from the latter.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> Thus, the study group recommended that the InterCity 225 be pursued as the preferred option, while the Class 89 and HST-E initiatives serve as back-ups. Despite this, the HST-E effort was promptly aborted, while Brush Traction decided to de-prioritise work on the Class 89 after learning that it was unlikely to lead to volume production.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/>
By spring 1984, favour was being given towards the adoption of a tilting carriage, tentatively designated as the Mk 4; this was viewed as superior to the existing Mk 3 and enabled a single design to be shared between the ECML and WCML.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> At one point, it was envisaged that the InterCity 225 would be extremely ubiquitous, even potentially having the capability built into it to operate over the southern third-rail network and within the Channel Tunnel; by mid 1984, such proposals were curtailed. Furthermore, it was decided to reduce the freight haulage capabilities of the InterCity 225, as traction for this sector was instead intended to be served via other platforms.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> The emergence of the Template:Brc, derived from the existing Class 87, somewhat reduced the pressure for the InterCity 225, reducing the prospective numbers to be built of the latter. Without tilting carriages, it had little speed advantage over the Class 90 on the WCML.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/>
It was decided to hold a competitive tender for the InterCity 225 programme; this measure was aimed at avoiding the difficulties experienced with the APT programme.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> A pre-qualification document was formalised, in which various requirements for the type were laid out; these included the need to perform mixed-traffic duties (day and night passenger, parcel and mail, and overnight heavy freight services), the haulage of both tilting and conventional rolling stock, a top speed of 225Template:Nbspkm/h, a maximum cant deficiency of 9° without the provision of tilt equipment, and that the maximum unsprung mass could not exceed 1.8Template:Nbsptonnes. Furthermore, BR stated its readiness to sub-contract with the successful bidder for the supply of technical information, advice and testing.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> The prequalification document was issued to BREL, Brush Traction and the General Electric Company (GEC), as well as the French firm Alsthom and Germany's Krauss Maffei. The inclusion of foreign manufacturers was in part due to the limited domestic experience with trainsets capable of such high top speeds.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> A total of three companies, ASEA, Brush Traction and GEC, submitted tenders for the design and construction of the Class 91 locomotive.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On 14 February 1985, the BR board approved the substitution of the Class 91 for Class 89 for the ECML programme.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> The tendering process was relatively complex, but a decisive move appeared to have been GEC's offer of a sub-contracting arrangement to BREL for the construction of the locomotive's mechanical elements. It would be GEC's submission that would be selected as the winner; after which a contract for the construction of 31 Class 91 locomotives, along with an option for 25 more for the WCML, was awarded during February 1986.<ref name = "raileng elect18"/><ref name = "railmag unpromised"/> Shortly thereafter, BREL established a production line for the type at its Crewe Works.<ref name = "railmag unpromised"/>
Post-introduction developments
The first passenger service to be operated by a Class 91 locomotive was the 17:36 King's Cross to Peterborough on 3 March 1989. From 6 March, members of the fleet began to work services between London and Grantham, and from 11 March services between London and Leeds.<ref name="no-rest" /> With the completion of the East Coast Main Line electrification programme, Class 91 trains reached Newcastle upon Tyne for the first time in service on 10 June 1991, then Edinburgh on 12 June.<ref name="no-rest" />
In service, as a part of the InterCity 225 sets, the fleet worked alongside Template:Brc locomotives and Template:Brc electric multiple units. Diesel trains displaced by the Class 91 introduction were reallocated predominantly to the Midland Main Line.<ref name = "raileng elect18"/> The InterCity 225's introduction correlated with a significant increase in passenger numbers using the ECML within two years; one station recorded a 58 per cent increase in passengers.<ref name = "raileng elect18" />
In the early 1990s, after the cancellation of InterCity 250, British Rail examined the option of ordering a further set of ten Class 91s to operate on the West Coast Main Line with UK Treasury support, however the business case for these failed to prove sufficiently worthwhile.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and led to the electric Networker Classes 365, 465 and 466 EMU Networker stock's procurement being taken forward.Template:Citation needed
The locomotive body is asymmetric; streamlined at the 'front' (Number 1) end Template:Citation needed span, but left 'blunt' at the Number 2 end so as to visually blend with the fixed sets of Mark 4 coaches in normal push-pull passenger service. Because of a design requirement that the class be able to function as normal locomotives if so required, a full driver's cab is also provided at the Number 2 endTemplate:Sndbut the locomotive's maximum speed is reduced to Template:Convert when this cab is at the front of a train.
During the privatisation of British Rail ownership of the Class 91 fleet passed to Eversholt Rail Group, which in turn leased the fleet to its various operators.<ref name="no-rest">Template:Cite news</ref> Eversholt put all 31 locomotives through a £30Template:Nbspmillion heavy overhaul and refit process (Template:Citation needed span) between 2000 and 2003, seeking to improve the fleet's reliability. Rail Magazine described it in March 2001 as being necessary because "eight out of ten failures on Class 91s were caused by the sub-standard electrics", and further noted that problems with relays in particular were the "third-biggest" cause of failures.<ref name="no-rest" /> The refit was performed by Adtranz (later Bombardier Transportation), with technical support from Alstom, and involved upgrades to the bogies, electrical systems, air compressors, and parking brakes; alterations to the cab layout at the Number 1 end; the replacement of the original gearboxes with newly designed Voith models; and the installation of TPWS and a new air-cooling system.<ref name="no-rest" /> Overhauled units had their numbers increased by 100; thus 91001 became 91101 and so onTemplate:Sndwith the exception of 91023, which was renumbered 91132 due to sensitivity around its involvement in both the Hatfield and Selby accidents.<ref name="no-rest" />
During the overhaul process, GNER hired in Class 90 locomotives to provide cover for their services.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In November 2012, number 91114 had a second pantograph added as a pilot project conducted jointly by Eversholt, East Coast, DB ESG, Wabtec, and Brecknell Willis. The new design uses the same mounting positions as a conventional pantograph but pairs two pantograph arms in an opposing configuration. If there is an ADD (Automatic Dropping Device) activation or the pantograph becomes detached, the train can keep going, so the system provides redundancy in the event of a pantograph/OLE failure.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Speed records
Locomotive 91010 (now 91110) holds the British speed record for electric locomotives, reaching Template:Convert while on a test run down the East Coast Main Line's Stoke Bank on 17 September 1989.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Locomotive 91012 (now 91112) holds the separate record for the fastest non-stop journey between London King's Cross and Template:Stnlnk; 3Template:NbsphoursTemplate:Nbsp29Template:Nbspminutes on 26 September 1991,<ref name = "raileng elect18" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> running within the Template:Cvt speed limit but hauling a shortened set of only five coaches plus DVT. The time converts to an average speed of Template:Convert.
Despite these successes, however, Class 91 locomotives have never used their 140Template:Nbspmph top speed in regular service, because testing conducted by British Rail in 1988 established that drivers could not interpret and act upon line-side signal aspects with sufficient consistency and accuracy when driving at speeds exceeding Template:Cvt.<ref name="re-digital">Template:Cite news</ref> Regulations throughout Britain were subsequently amended to require the use of in-cab signalling whenever running service trains at speeds above 125Template:Nbspmph,<ref name="re-digital" /><ref name="Heath">Template:Cite journal</ref> an option that BR were unwilling to pursue at the time.
Fleet
When British Rail was privatised, the InterCity livery was progressively removed and new operator GNER applied their corporate livery of blue and vermilion. When GNER lost their franchise in 2007, the vermilion stripe was replaced by a white stripe containing the words National Express and East Coast. National Express East Coast originally planned to repaint all of their InterCity 225 sets in the white and silver NXEC corporate livery within two years. However, the collapse of NXEC in 2009 and its replacement with East Coast saw this repainting programme cancelled. As a result, 91111 was the only locomotive to receive the full National Express livery.
In June 2010, a new silver livery with a purple stripe was unveiled by East Coast.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> By February 2011, locomotives 91101,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> 91106, 91107 and 91109 carried this livery. Locomotive 91101 was soon given maroon vinyls, with Flying Scotsman branding. Locomotive 91107 was given promotional "Skyfall" vinyls for a time during 2012–3. The locomotive later returned to conventional Virgin Trains East Coast livery. Locomotive 91110 carries 'BBMF' Battle Of Britain Memorial Flight livery. By 2013, all locomotives carried the standard East Coast livery of silver/grey with a purple stripe. 91118 was the last locomotive to carry GNER/NXEC livery. All Mark 4 coaches and DVTs have since been repainted. On 14 October 2014, at Newcastle station, locomotive 91111 was unveiled in a commemorative World War I livery and named 'For The Fallen'.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
The Class 91 fleet has carried nameplates applied in various batches and themes. Immediately after repainting into GNER colours in the late 1990s, all locomotives were briefly nameless. Having initially been applied to only a few locomotives in the early 1990s using cast-iron plates, eventually the whole fleet was named, many multiple times, until all were removed in 2008. In 2011, in response to customer requests, East Coast resumed the practice. It began by naming No. 91109 as Sir Bobby Robson with cast-iron plates, unveiled in a ceremony at Newcastle station on 29 March by his widow Elsie and Alan Shearer.<ref name=BBC29Mar2011Train>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=EastCoastTrains29Mar2011>Template:Cite press release</ref>
List of Class 91 locomotives
| Key: | In service | Stored | Scrapped | Preserved | Exported |
|---|
| Current Number | Previous Number(s) | Current name | Previous name(s) | Current livery | Built | Operator | Status | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 91101 | 91001 | Flying Scotsman<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | ||
| 91102 | 91002 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Scrapped at Sims, Newport, May 2021.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | ||||
| 91103 | 91003 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Arrived at C F Booth, Rotherham for scrapping, March 2022.<ref name="RailwayMagApr22">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Scrapped in August 2022.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | ||||
| 91104 | 91004 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Arrived at C F Booth, Rotherham for scrapping, March 2022.<ref name="RailwayMagApr22"/> | ||||
| 91150 | 91005 91105 91000 |
National Railway Museum 50 Years 1975-2025 | Template:Ubl | National Railway Museum 50th anniversary artwork | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | Renumbered in July 2025 to celebrate 50 years of National Railway Museum in York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| 91106 | 91006 | Swallow InterCity 225 - Since 1989 | East Lothian | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI239">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | Named to celebrate LNER's first ‘225 Day’.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | |
| 91107 | 91007 | Skyfall<ref name="Skyfall">Template:Cite press release</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI242"/> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | Was temporarily renumbered back to 91007 for the duration of the Skyfall promotion.<ref name="Skyfall"/> | |
| 91108 | 91008 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Went off lease in July 2019; first Class 91 locomotive to be withdrawn.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Scrapped at C F Booth, Rotherham, May 2022.<ref name="RailwayMagApr22"/> | ||||
| 91109 | 91009 | Sir Bobby Robson<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI239"/> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | ||
| 91110 | 91010 | Battle of Britain Memorial Flight<ref name="RA-91119">Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Ubl | Battle of Britain Memorial Flight artwork | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational | The locomotive holds the national speed record for electric locomotives of Template:Abbr attained at Stoke Bank near Peterborough on 17 September 1989. Selected for preservation in the National Collection. | |
| 91111 | 91011 | For the Fallen<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> | Terence CuneoTemplate:Hair spaceTemplate:Citation needed | For the Fallen artwork<ref name="RA-91119" /> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | World War I commemoration. | |
| 91112 | 91012 | County of Cambridgeshire | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Hauled to Sims, Newport, on 3 February 2023<ref name="RI242"/> | ||||
| 91113 | 91013 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Scrapped at Sims, Newport, May 2021.<ref name=":0" /> | ||||
| 91114 | 91014 | Durham Cathedral<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI239"/> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | Previously fitted with experimental two-in-one pantograph. | |
| 91115 | 91015 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Hauled to Sims, Newport, on 3 February 2023<ref name="RI242"/> | ||||
| 91116 | 91016 | Strathclyde<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
LNER red/white | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Stored<ref name="RI242"/> | Currently in warm storage at Belmont Yard, Doncaster.<ref name=":1" /> | |
| 91117 | 91017 | Template:Ubl | Europhoenix | Template:Date table sorting | Europhoenix | Stored<ref name="RI242"/> | Went off-lease on 25 September 2019.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> Currently stored at Barrow Hill. To be used as a spares donor in the project to reactivate 89001 Avocet.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| 91118 | 91018 | The Fusiliers<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER red/white | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Stored<ref name="RI242"/> | Currently in warm storage at Belmont Yard, Doncaster.<ref name=":1" /> | |
| 91119 | 91019 | Bounds Green Intercity DepotTemplate:Hair space<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Ubl | BR InterCity 'Swallow'<ref name="RA-91119" /> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | |
| 91120 | 91020 | Royal Armouries | BR Intercity 'Swallow'<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> | Template:Date table sorting | Europhoenix | Stored<ref name="RI242"/> | On display at Crewe Heritage Centre on long-term loan from Europhoenix.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 91121 | 91021 | Template:Ubl | LNER red/white | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Stored<ref name="RI242"/> | Formerly carried pride decorations and was known as the "Trainbow".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Currently in warm storage at Belmont Yard, Doncaster.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
| 91122 | 91022 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped | Used following withdrawal in testing of overhead wires on the Midland Main Line, scrapped in October 2022.<ref name=":1" /> | ||||
| 91124 | 91024 | Reverend W AwdryTemplate:Hair spaceTemplate:Citation needed | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI239"/> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | |||
| 91125 | 91025 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Previously carried promotional livery for Sky 1 HD. Hauled to Sims, Newport, on 3 February 2023.<ref name="RI242"/> | ||||
| 91126 | 91026 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Scrapped at Sims, Newport, May 2021.<ref name=":0" /> | ||||
| 91127 | 91027 | Neville Hill<ref>"Neville Hill name for Class 91". Rail Express. No. 329. Horncastle: Mortons Media Group. October 2023. p. 12.</ref> | Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity<ref name="RI239"/> | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | First locomotive in LNER InterCity livery.<ref name="oxblood" /> | |
| 91128 | 91028 | Template:Ubl | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Used following withdrawal in testing of overhead wires on the Midland Main Line, scrapped in July 2022.<ref name=":1" /> | ||||
| 91129 | 91029 | Queen Elizabeth IITemplate:Hair spaceTemplate:Citation needed | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Scrapped at Sims, Newport, May 2021.<ref name=":0" /> | ||||
| 91130 | 91030 | Lord Mayor of NewcastleTemplate:Hair space<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Template:Ubl | LNER InterCity | Template:Date table sorting | LNER | Operational<ref name="RI242"/> | |
| 91131 | 91031 | Template:Ubl | LNER red/white | Template:Date table sorting | Preserved<ref name="RI242"/> | Last locomotive built at Crewe Works. Preserved at the Museum of Scottish Railways.<ref name="RI242"/><ref name="BonessTweet">Template:Cite tweet</ref> | |||
| 91132 | 91023 | City of Durham<ref name="91132 scrapped" /> | Template:Date table sorting | Scrapped<ref name="RI242"/> | Involved in both Hatfield and Great Heck accidents. Renumbered 91132 (rather than 91123) after 2001 refurbishment. Scrapped at Sims, Beeston, March 2021.<ref name=":0" /> |
| Year | Quantity in service at start of year |
Quantity withdrawn |
Locomotives withdrawn |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 31 | 4 | 91103, 91108, 91117, 91120 |
| 2020 | 27 | 15 | 91102, 91104, 91112–91113, 91115–91116, 91118, 91121–91122, 91125–91126, 91128–91129, 91131–91132 |
Operators
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Current operations
The fleet, which was previously operated by InterCity and then GNER, National Express East Coast, East Coast and Virgin Trains East Coast, is currently run by London North Eastern Railway.
In July 2019, 91108 was the first of the class to be withdrawn.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Following the withdrawal of the InterCity 125 fleet in December 2019, it was previously thought that the InterCity 225 fleet would be fully withdrawn by June 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, LNER announced on 29 January 2020 that they would be retaining a limited number of the InterCity 225 fleet to deliver all of the benefits of their December 2021 timetable.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> LNER later confirmed that they would be keeping 10 sets in service.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref>
In September 2020, Eversholt Rail Group and London North Eastern Railway extended their lease to ten by 2023. In addition, there are options to make it operational until 2024. It will be overhauled at the Wabtec Doncaster plant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
At the end of service on 15 January 2021, the remaining serviceable InterCity 225 sets went into storage temporarily as part of the East Coast Upgrade.<ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref> Originally, the plan was to return the sets to service for 7 June 2021, but instead the first set re-entered service on 11 May 2021 due to a number of Azuma sets having to be taken out of service.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Future operations
Europhoenix purchased 91117 and 91120 in September 2019. They were repainted at Bounds Green TMD before moving to UK Rail Leasing's Leicester depot. They were to be re-geared for freight operation in Europe.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In September 2022, 91120 moved to Crewe Heritage Centre on long-term loan from Europhoenix.
Rail Operations Group have taken a pair of Class 91s for use in testing of the newly electrified Midland Main Line prior to the introduction of regular electric services between Template:Stnlnk and Template:Stnlnk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The company has also expressed interest in using the Class 91s on high speed logistics trains.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Grand Union proposed to operate InterCity 225s on London Paddington to Cardiff Central and London Euston to Stirling services.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Scrapping
91132 was the first Class 91 to be scrapped, at Sims Metals scrapyard in Nottingham in 2021.<ref name="91132 scrapped">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Preservation
91131 was nominated by the Railway Heritage Committee to be preserved upon its retirement;<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> in March 2023, it moved to preservation at the Museum of Scottish Railways at the Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway.<ref name="BonessTweet" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In June 2021, the 225 Group was launched; their intention is to preserve a further Class 91 and an InterCity 225 set.<ref name="225 Group preservation">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In September 2022, Crewe Heritage Centre received 91120 on long-term loan from Europhoenix.<ref name=":2" />
Notes
References
Literature
Further reading
External links
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|CitationClass=web }}
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