Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

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File:Americas (orthographic projection) blank.svg
America, Western Hemisphere
File:North American cultural areas.png
Cultural regions of North American people at the time of contact
File:Early Localization Native Americans USA.jpg
Early Indigenous languages in the US

Historically, classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is based upon cultural regions, geography, and linguistics. Anthropologists have named various cultural regions, with fluid boundaries, that are generally agreed upon with some variation. These cultural regions are broadly based upon the locations of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from early European and African contact beginning in the late 15th century. When Indigenous peoples have been forcibly removed by nation-states, they retain their original geographic classification. Some groups span multiple cultural regions. Peoples can also be classified by genetics, technology, and social structure.

Canada, Greenland, United States, and northern Mexico

In the United States and Canada, ethnographers commonly classify Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits, called cultural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greenland is part of the Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.

Arctic

File:Inuktitut dialect map.svg
Inuktitut dialect map
File:Early Indian Languages Alaska.jpg
Early Indigenous languages in Alaska

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Subarctic

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Pacific Northwest coast

Template:Main article Of the Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast, it is widely agreed upon by scholars that that the area north of the Haisla represents a cultural subarea, called the "Northern" or "Northern Maritime" area. However, south of this, there is a deal of disagreement on the existence of any subareas, especially south of Vancouver Island.<ref name="SuttlesIntro">Template:Cite book</ref> For the purposes of organization, south of the Northern subarea, tribes are grouped by language family. Template:Div col Northern subarea

Wakashan

Nuxalk (Salishan)

Coast Salish peoples
Northern Coast Salish

Central Coast Salish

Southern Coast Salish

Southwestern Coast Salish

Chimakuan

Chinookans

Oregon Salish

Alseans

Siuslawans

Coosans

Kalapuyans

Athabaskans

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Northwest Plateau

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  • Chinook peoples
  • Sahaptin people
  • Other or both

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Great Plains

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Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes. Template:Div col

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Eastern Woodlands

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Northeastern Woodlands

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  • Adena culture (1000–200 BCE) formerly Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland
  • Assateague, formerly Maryland<ref name=n241>Sturtevant and Trigger 241</ref>
  • Attawandaron (Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Beothuk, formerly Newfoundland<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Chowanoc, Chowanoke, formerly North Carolina
  • Choptank people, formerly Maryland<ref name=n241/>
  • Conoy, Virginia,<ref name=n241/> Maryland
  • Fort Ancient culture (1000–1750 CE), formerly Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and West Virginia
  • Erie, formerly Pennsylvania, New York<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Etchemin, formerly Maine
  • Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), southern Wisconsin and Nebraska, formerly northern Illinois,<ref name=ne_ix/> Iowa, and Nebraska
  • Honniasont, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia
  • Hopewell tradition, formerly Ohio, Illinois, and Kentucky, and Black River region, 200 BCE–500 CE
  • Housatonic, formerly Massachusetts and New York<ref name="ne198">Sturtevant and Trigger 198</ref>
  • Illinois Confederacy (Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri<ref name=ne_ix/>
    • Cahokia, formerly Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, currently Oklahoma
    • Kaskaskia, formerly Wisconsin, currently Oklahoma
    • Mitchigamea, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
    • Peoria, Illinois, currently Oklahoma
      • Moingona, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
    • Tamaroa, formerly Illinois, currently Oklahoma
  • Iroquois Confederacy<ref name=nmai/> (Haudenosaunee), currently Ontario, Quebec, and New York<ref name=ne_ix/>
    • Cayuga, currently New York,<ref name=ne_ix/> Ontario, and Oklahoma
    • Mohawk, New York,<ref name=ne_ix/> Ontario, and Quebec
    • Oneida, New York,<ref name=ne_ix/> Ontario, and Wisconsin
    • Onondaga, New York,<ref name=ne_ix/> Ontario
    • Seneca, New York,<ref name=ne_ix/> Ontario, and Oklahoma
      • Mingo, formerly Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia
    • Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, currently New York and Ontario
  • Kickapoo, formerly Michigan,<ref name=ne_ix/> Illinois, and Missouri; currently Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Mexico
  • Laurentian (St. Lawrence Iroquoians), formerly New York, Ontario, and Quebec, ca. 1300–1580 CE
  • Lenni Lenape (Delaware), formerly Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey; currently Ontario, Wisconsin and Oklahoma
  • Mahican (Stockbridge Mahican)<ref name=nmai/> formerly Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont<ref name=ne_ix/><ref name="ne198"/>
  • Manahoac, Virginia<ref name=s290>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 290</ref>
  • Mascouten, formerly Michigan<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Massachusett, formerly Massachusetts<ref name=nmai/><ref name=n161>Sturtevant and Trigger 161</ref>
  • Meherrin, Virginia,<ref name=s293>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 293</ref> North Carolina
  • Menominee, Wisconsin<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Meskwaki (Fox), formerly Michigan,<ref name=ne_ix/> currently Iowa
  • Miami, formerly Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan,<ref name=ne_ix/> currently Oklahoma
    • Piankeshaw, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma
    • Wea, formerly Indiana, currently Oklahoma
  • Mohegan,<ref name=nmai/> Connecticut
  • Monacan, Virginia<ref name=sf81/>
  • Montaukett (Montauk),<ref name=nmai/> New York
  • Monyton (Monetons, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan), West Virginia and Virginia
  • Nansemond, Virginia
  • Nanticoke, Delaware and Maryland<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Narragansett, Rhode Island<ref name=nmai/>
  • Niantic, coastal Connecticut<ref name=nmai/><ref name=n161/>
  • Nipmuc (Nipmuck), Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island<ref name=n161/>
  • Noquet, formerly Michigan
  • Nottaway, Virginia<ref name=s293/>
  • Occaneechi (Occaneechee), Virginia,<ref name=s293/><ref name=s291>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 291</ref><ref name=vest/>
  • Patuxent, Maryland<ref name=n241/>
  • Paugussett, Connecticut<ref name=nmai/>
  • Pennacook tribe, formerly Massachusetts, New Hampshire<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Quinnipiac, Connecticut,<ref name=nmai/> eastern New York, northern New Jersey
  • Rappahannock, Virginia
  • Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia,<ref name=s293/> later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario<ref name=vest/>
  • Sauk (Sac), formerly Michigan,<ref name=ne_ix/> currently Iowa, Oklahoma
  • Schaghticoke, western Connecticut<ref name=nmai/>
  • Shawnee, formerly Ohio,<ref name=ne_ix/> Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, currently Oklahoma
  • Shinnecock,<ref name=nmai/> Long Island, New York<ref name=n161/>
  • Stegarake, formerly Virginia<ref name=s290/>
  • Stuckanox (Stukanox), Virginia<ref name=s293/>
  • Conestoga (Susquehannock), Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Tauxenent (Doeg), Virginia<ref name=ne255>Sturtevant and Trigger 255</ref>
  • Tunxis (Massaco), Connecticut<ref name=nmai/>
  • Tuscarora, formerly North Carolina, Virginia, currently New York
  • Tutelo (Nahyssan), Virginia,<ref name=s293/><ref name=s291/> later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario<ref name=vest>Template:Cite journal</ref>
  • Unquachog (Poospatuck), Long Island, New York<ref name=n161/>
  • Wabanaki Confederacy, Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec<ref name=nmai/>
    • Abenaki (Tarrantine), Quebec, Maine, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, and Vermont
    • Mi'kmaq (Micmac), New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,<ref name=ne_ix/> and Maine
    • Passamaquoddy, New Brunswick, and Maine<ref name=ne_ix/>
    • Penobscot, Maine
    • Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet), Maine, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec<ref name=ne_ix/>
  • Wampanoag, Massachusetts<ref name=nmai/>
  • Wangunk (Mattabeset), formerly Connecticut<ref name=nmai/>
  • Wawyachtonoc, formerly Connecticut, New York<ref name="ne198"/>
  • Weapemeoc, formerly northern North Carolina
  • Wenro, formerly New York<ref name=ne_ix/><ref name=nmai/>
  • Wicocomico, formerly Maryland, Virginia
  • Wyandot (Huron), Ontario south of Georgian Bay, later Kansas and Michigan, and currently Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec

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Southeastern Woodlands

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  • Acolapissa (Colapissa), Louisiana and Mississippi<ref name=s69>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 69</ref>
  • Ais, eastern coastal Florida<ref name=s205>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 205</ref>
  • Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida<ref name=s214>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 214</ref>
  • Amacano, Florida west coast<ref>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 673</ref>
  • Apalachee, northwestern Florida<ref name=ix/>
  • Atakapa (Attacapa), Louisiana west coast and Texas southwestern coast<ref name=ix/>
  • Avoyel ("little Natchez"), Louisiana<ref name=sf81>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 81–82</ref><ref name=s69/>
  • Bayogoula, southeastern Louisiana<ref name=sf81/><ref name=s69/>
  • Biloxi, formerly Mississippi,<ref name=s69/><ref name=ix/> currently Louisiana
  • Caddo Confederacy, formerly Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas,<ref name=ix/><ref name=s617>Sturtevant, 617</ref> currently Oklahoma
    • Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas<ref name=s69/>
    • Cahinnio, southern Arkansas<ref name=s617/>
    • Doustioni, north central Louisiana<ref name=s617/>
    • Eyeish (Hais), eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Hainai, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Hasinai, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Kadohadacho, northeastern Texas, southwestern Arkansas, northwestern Louisiana<ref name=s617/>
    • Nabedache, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nabiti, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nacogdoche, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nacono, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nadaco, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nanatsoho, northeastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nasoni, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Natchitoches, Lower: central Louisiana, Upper: northeastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Neche, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Nechaui, eastern Texas<ref name=s617/>
    • Ouachita, northern Louisiana<ref name=s617/>
    • Tula, western Arkansas<ref name=s617/>
    • Yatasi, northwestern Louisiana<ref name=s617/>
  • Calusa, southwestern Florida<ref name=s214/><ref name=ix/>
  • Cape Fear Indians, North Carolina southern coast<ref name=s69/>
  • Capinan (Capina, Moctobi), Mississippi
  • Catawba (Esaw, Usheree, Ushery, Yssa),<ref name=s315>Folgelson, ed. (2004), p. 315</ref> North Carolina, currently South Carolina<ref name=ix/>
  • Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo), Florida panhandle, later southern Alabama and Mississippi, then Louisiana<ref name=s69/>
  • Chakchiuma, Alabama and Mississippi,<ref name=ix/> merged into Chickasaw, currently Oklahoma
  • Chawasha (Washa), Louisiana<ref name=s69/>
  • Cheraw (Chara, Charàh), North Carolina
  • Cherokee, western North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, later Georgia, northwestern South Carolina, northern Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, Mexico, and currently North Carolina and Oklahoma<ref name="ohs">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina
  • Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi,<ref name=ix/> currently Oklahoma<ref name=ohs/>
  • Chicora, coastal South Carolina<ref name=sf81/>
  • Chine, Florida
  • Chisca (Cisca), southwestern Virginia<ref name=sf81/> later in Florida<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • Chitimacha, currently Louisiana<ref name=ix/>
  • Choctaw, formerly Alabama; currently Mississippi,<ref name=ix/> Louisiana, and Oklahoma<ref name=ohs/>
  • Chowanoc (Chowanoke), North Carolina
  • Congaree (Canggaree), South Carolina<ref name=s69/><ref name="Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188</ref>
  • Coree, North Carolina<ref name=sf81/>
  • Croatan, North Carolina
  • Cusabo, coastal South Carolina<ref name=ix/>
  • Eno, North Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Grigra (Gris), Mississippi<ref name="Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–9">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–99</ref>
  • Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida<ref name=s214/>
  • Guacozo, Florida
  • Guale (Cusabo, Iguaja, Ybaja), coastal Georgia<ref name=s69/><ref name=ix/>
  • Guazoco, southwestern Florida coast<ref name=s214/>
  • Houma, Louisiana and Mississippi<ref name=ix/>
  • Jaega (Jobe), eastern coastal Florida<ref name=s205/>
  • Jaupin (Weapemoc), North Carolina
  • Jororo, Florida interior<ref name=s214/>
  • Keyauwee, North Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Koasati (Coushatta), formerly eastern Tennessee,<ref name=ix/> currently Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas
  • Koroa, Mississippi<ref name=s69/>
  • Luca, southwestern Florida coast<ref name=s214/>
  • Lumbee, currently North Carolina
  • Machapunga, North Carolina
  • Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe), Florida Keys<ref name=s214/>
  • Mayaca, Florida<ref name=s214/>
  • Mayaimi (Mayami), interior Florida<ref name=s205/>
  • Mayajuaca, Florida
  • Mikasuki (Miccosukee), currently Florida
  • Mobila (Mobile, Movila), northwestern Florida and southern Alabama<ref name=ix/>
  • Mocoso, western Florida<ref name=s205/><ref name=s214/>
  • Mougoulacha, Mississippi<ref name=sf81/>
  • Muscogee (Creek), Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida; currently Oklahoma and Alabama
    • Abihka, Alabama,<ref name=s374>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 374</ref> currently Oklahoma
    • Alabama, formerly Alabama,<ref name=s374/> southwestern Tennessee, and northwestern Mississippi,<ref name=s69/><ref name=ix>Sturtevant and Fogelson, ix</ref> currently Oklahoma and Texas
      • Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama,<ref name=s69/> later Texas<ref name=sf81/>
    • Apalachicola Province, (Lower Towns of the Muscogee (Creek) Confederacy), Alabama and Georgia<ref name=Hann2006>Template:Cite book</ref>
      • Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina<ref name=Hann2006/>
      • Hitchiti, Alabama and Georgia<ref name=Hann2006/>
      • Oconee, Alabama and Georgia<ref name=Hann2006/>
      • Sabacola (Sawakola, Sabacôla, Savacola, Sawokli), Alabama and Georgia<ref name=Hann2006/>
    • Chiaha, Creek Confederacy, Alabama<ref name=s374/>
    • Eufaula tribe, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
    • Kialegee Tribal Town, Alabama, currently Oklahoma
    • Osochee (Osochi, Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha), Creek Confederacy, Alabama<ref name=s69/><ref name=s374/>
    • Talapoosa, Creek Confederacy, Alabama<ref name=s374/>
    • Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Alabama, Georgia, currently Oklahoma
    • Tukabatchee, Muscogee Creek Confederacy, Alabama<ref name=s374/>
  • Naniaba, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama<ref name=ix/>
  • Natchez, Louisiana and Mississippi<ref name=ix/> currently Oklahoma
  • Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians), North Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Norwood culture, Apalachee region, Florida, c. 12,000–4500 BCE
  • Mosopelea (Ofo), Arkansas and Mississippi,<ref name=ix/> eastern Tennessee,<ref name=s69/> currently Louisiana
  • Okchai (Ogchay), central Alabama<ref name=s69/>
  • Okelousa, Louisiana<ref name=s69/>
  • Opelousas, Louisiana<ref name=s69/>
  • Pacara, Florida
  • Pamlico, North Carolina
  • Pascagoula, Mississippi coast<ref name=sf81/>
  • Pee Dee (Pedee), South Carolina<ref name=s69/><ref name=s302>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 302</ref> and North Carolina
  • Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama<ref name=ix/>
  • Potoskeet, North Carolina
  • Quinipissa, southeastern Louisiana and Mississippi<ref name=s374/>
  • Roanoke, North Carolina
  • Saluda (Saludee, Saruti), South Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees), South Carolina (no relation to Santee Sioux), South Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Santa Luces, Florida
  • Saponi, North Carolina, Virginia,<ref name=s293/> later Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario<ref name=vest/>
  • Saura, North Carolina
  • Saxapahaw (Sissipahaw, Sissipahua, Shacioes), North Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Secotan, North Carolina
  • Seminole, currently Florida and Oklahoma<ref name=ohs/>
  • Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya), South Carolina coast<ref name=s69/>
  • Shakori, North Carolina
  • Shoccoree (Haw), North Carolina,<ref name=s69/> possibly Virginia
  • Sissipahaw, North Carolina
  • Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa), North Carolina and South Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Surruque, east-central Florida<ref>Hann 1993</ref>
  • Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina
  • Taensa, Mississippi<ref name="Sturtevant and Fogelson, 598–9"/>
  • Taposa, Mississippi
  • Tawasa, Alabama<ref>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 78, 668</ref>
  • Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida<ref name=s69/><ref name=s214/>
  • Timucua, Florida and Georgia<ref name=s69/><ref name=s214/><ref name=ix/>
    • Acuera, central Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13">Hann 1996, 5–13</ref>
    • Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Arapaha, north-central Florida and south-central Georgia?<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Cascangue, coastal southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Icafui (Icafi), coastal southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Mocama (Tacatacuru), coastal northeast Florida and coastal southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Northern Utina north-central Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Ocale, central Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Oconi, interior southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Potano, north-central Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Saturiwa, northeast Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Tacatacuru, coastal southeast Georgia<ref>Milanich 1999, p. 49.</ref>
    • Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Utina (or Eastern Utina), northeast-central Florida<ref>Milanich 1996, p. 46.</ref>
    • Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Yui (Ibi), coastal southeast Georgia<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
    • Yustaga, north-central Florida<ref name="Hann 1996, 5–13"/>
  • Taposa, Mississippi
  • Tiou (Tioux), Mississippi<ref name="Sturtevant and Fogelson, 188"/>
  • Tocaste, Florida<ref name=s214/>
  • Tocobaga, Florida<ref name=s69/><ref name=s214/>
  • Tohomé, northwestern Florida and southern Alabama<ref name=ix/>
  • Tomahitan, eastern Tennessee
  • Topachula, Florida
  • Tunica, Arkansas and Mississippi,<ref name=ix/> currently Louisiana
  • Utiza, Florida<ref name=s205/>
  • Uzita, Tampa Bay, Florida<ref>Hann 2003:11</ref>
  • Vicela, Florida<ref name=s205/>
  • Viscaynos, Florida
  • Waccamaw, North Carolina, South Carolina
  • Wateree (Guatari, Watterees), North Carolina<ref name=s69/>
  • Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead), North Carolina and South Carolina<ref name=s69/><ref name=s302/>
  • Westo, Virginia and South Carolina,<ref name=sf81/> extinct
  • Winyah, South Carolina coast<ref name=s69/>
  • Woccon, North Carolina<ref name=s69/><ref name=s302/>
  • Yamasee, Florida, Georgia<ref name=sf81/>
  • Yazoo, southeastern tip of Arkansas, eastern Louisiana, Mississippi<ref name=s69/><ref>Sturtevant and Fogelson, 190</ref>
  • Yuchi (Euchee), central Tennessee,<ref name=s69/><ref name=ix/> later northwest Georgia, currently Oklahoma

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Great Basin

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  • Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah
    • Chemehuevi, southeastern California
    • Kaibab, northwestern Arizona<ref name=p230>Pritzker, 230</ref>
    • Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah<ref name=p230/>
    • Moapa, southern Nevada<ref name=p230/>
    • Panaca<ref name=p230/>
    • Panguitch, Utah<ref name=p230/>
    • Paranigets, southern Nevada<ref name=p230/>
    • Shivwits, southwestern Utah<ref name=p230/>
  • Timbisha, aka Panamint or Koso, southeastern California
  • Ute, Colorado, Utah, northern New Mexico<ref name=dix/>
    • Capote, southeastern Colorado and New Mexico<ref name=d339>D'Azevedo, 339</ref>
    • Moanunts, Salina, Utah<ref name=d340/>
    • Muache, south and central Colorado<ref name=d339/>
    • Pahvant, western Utah<ref name=d340>D'Azevedo, 340</ref>
    • Sanpits, central Utah<ref name=d340/>
    • Timpanogots, north central Utah<ref name=d340/>
    • Uintah, Utah<ref name=d339/>
    • Uncompahgre or Taviwach, central and northern Colorado<ref name=d339/>
    • Weeminuche, western Colorado, eastern Utah, northwestern New Mexico<ref name=d339/>
    • White River Utes (Parusanuch and Yampa), Colorado and eastern Utah<ref name=d339/>
  • Washo, Nevada and California<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

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California

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Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as Plateau tribes.<ref>Pritzker 112</ref> Template:Div col

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Southwest

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This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now Arizona, Southern Colorado, New Mexico, Western Texas, Southern Utah, Chihuahua, and Sonora

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Mexico and Mesoamerica

The regions of Oasisamerica, Aridoamerica, and Mesoamerica span multiple countries and overlap.

Aridoamerica

File:Aridoamerica (orthographic projection).svg
Aridoamerica region of North America

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Mesoamerica

File:Mesoamerica english.PNG
Map of Mesoamerica

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Circum-Caribbean

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File:Áreas Culturales de América.PNG
Cultural regions of South and Central America at the time of contact (in Spanish)

Partially organized per Handbook of South American Indians.<ref name=Steward>Steward, Julian H. (1948) Editor. Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 4 The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143.</ref>

Caribbean

Anthropologist Julian Steward defined the Antilles cultural area, which includes all of the Antilles and Bahamas, except for Trinidad and Tobago.<ref name=Steward/>

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Central America

The Central American culture area includes part of El Salvador, most of Honduras, all of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, and some peoples on or near the Pacific coasts of Colombia and Ecuador.<ref name=Steward/>

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Colombia and Venezuela

The Colombia and Venezuela culture area includes most of Colombia and Venezuela. Southern Colombia is in the Andean culture area, as are some peoples of central and northeastern Colombia, who are surrounded by peoples of the Colombia and Venezuela culture. Eastern Venezuela is in the Guianas culture area, and southeastern Colombia and southwestern Venezuela are in the Amazonia culture area.<ref name=Steward/>

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Guianas

File:Guyanas.svg
The Guianas in northern South America
File:Neotropic-Northern-South-America.svg
The position of the Guianas in the Neotropical realm in northern South America

This region includes northern parts Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and parts of the Amazonas, Amapá, Pará, and Roraima States in Brazil. Template:Div col

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Eastern Brazil

This region includes parts of the Ceará, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pará, and Santa Catarina states of Brazil Template:Div col

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Andes

File:Tawantinsuyu (orthographic projection).svg
The Tawantinsuyu, or fullest extent of the Inca Empire, which includes much of the Andean cultural region

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Pacific lowlands

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Amazon

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Northwestern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas in Brazil; the Amazonas and Putumayo Departments in Colombia; Cotopaxi, Los Rios, Morona-Santiago, Napo, and Pastaza Provinces and the Oriente Region in Ecuador; and the Loreto Region in Peru. Template:Div col

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Eastern Amazon

This region includes Amazonas, Maranhão, and parts of Pará States in Brazil. Template:Div col

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Southern Amazon

This region includes southern Brazil (Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, parts of Pará, and Rondônia) and Eastern Bolivia (Beni Department). Template:Div col

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Southwestern Amazon

This region includes the Cuzco, Huánuco Junín, Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali Regions of eastern Peru, parts of Acre, Amazonas, and Rondônia, Brazil, and parts of the La Paz and Beni Departments of Bolivia. Template:Div col

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Gran Chaco

File:GranChacoApproximate.jpg
Approximate region of the Gran Chaco

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Southern Cone

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Patagonian languages at the time of European/African contact

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Fjords and channels of Patagonia

Languages

Template:Main article Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian languages) are spoken by Indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas. These Indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages. Many proposals to group these into higher-level families have been made. According to UNESCO, most of the Indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered and many of them are already extinct.<ref name="online">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. Template:ISBN. (Online version: [1].</ref>

Writing

Before European contact:

After European contact, some distinct writing systems have been used for Indigenous languages:

Genetic classification

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The haplogroup most commonly associated with Indigenous Americans is Haplogroup Q1a3a (Y-DNA).<ref name=demographic>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Y-DNA, like (mtDNA), differs from other nuclear chromosomes in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during meiosis. This has the effect that the historical pattern of mutations can more easily be studied.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The pattern indicates Indigenous peoples of the Americas experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes; first with the initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with European colonization of the Americas.<ref name=Genebase>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=SpencerWells2>Template:Cite book</ref> The former is the determinant factor for the number of gene lineages and founding haplotypes present in today's Indigenous American populations.<ref name=Genebase/>

Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the founding population.<ref name=First>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} page 2 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name=first2>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.<ref name=subclades>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Na-Dené, Inuit and Alaska Native populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA mutations.<ref name=NaDene>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Zhivotovsky>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=inuit>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later populations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Empires

Arising before European contact:

Comancheria (1770-1850) has also been described by some scholars as a Native American empire which arose after European contact.

Civilizations

These complex societies developed cities before European contact.

Technological and social periods

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The Andes, Mesoamerica, and eastern North America are considered centers that independently developed agriculture, a process known globally as the Neolithic Revolution.

The technological and social development of pre-Columbian cultures are conventionally classified into five archaeological stages:

In North America, the later stages are grouped instead into the Woodland period and Mississippian culture.

Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America included for some cultures equivalents to Eurasian Copper Age and Bronze Age technology:

The Iron Age in Eurasia is defined by the production of iron tools via smelting; iron smelting was never developed natively in the Americas. Unsmelted iron was used Andeana and Mesoamerican cultures for mirrors, decorative and ceremonial items, starting fires, and small hammers. Iron magnets were apparently used by the Olmec and Chavin to align monuments. Smelted iron from shipwrecked East Asian vessels was used in the Pacific Northwest before European contact.

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See also

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Notes

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References

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  • D'Azevedo, Warren L., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11: Great Basin. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. Template:ISBN.
  • Hann, John H. "The Mayaca and Jororo and Missions to Them", in McEwan, Bonnie G. ed. The Spanish Missions of "La Florida". Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. 1993. Template:ISBN.
  • Hann, John H. A History of the Timucua Indians and Missions. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida, 1996. Template:ISBN.
  • Hann, John H. (2003). Indians of Central and South Florida: 1513–1763. University Press of Florida. Template:ISBN.
  • Heizer, Robert F., volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Template:ISBN.
  • Template:Cite book
  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Template:ISBN.
  • Steward, Julian H., editor. Handbook of South American Indians, Volume 4: The Circum-Caribbean Tribes. Smithsonian Institution, 1948.
  • Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Bruce G. Trigger, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Northeast. Volume 15. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Template:ASIN.
  • Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor. Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. Template:ISBN.

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Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas Template:Cultural areas of indigenous North Americans Template:Pre-Columbian Template:Pre-Columbian North America

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