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The Council of State (Template:Langx<ref name=tearma>Template:Cite web</ref>) is a body established by the Constitution of Ireland to advise the President of Ireland in the exercise of many of their discretionary, reserve powers.<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Articles 31–2</ref> It also has authority to provide for the temporary exercise of the duties of the president if these cannot be exercised by either the president or the Presidential Commission<ref name="art14-4">Constitution of Ireland, Article 14.4</ref> (an eventuality that is very unlikely to occur, since it would require the simultaneous absence of the President and two members of the three-member Commission).<ref name="art14-3">Constitution of Ireland, Article 14.3</ref>
Members
The Council of State consists of a number of government officials, who sit Template:Lang, as well as certain former office holders and up to seven individuals of the president's own choosing. The Template:Lang members comprise the attorney general as well as individuals from each of three branches of government: legislature, executive and judiciary.<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.2</ref>
Unlike most of the president's other duties, which must be conducted in accordance with the advice of the cabinet, the seven presidential appointees to the Council of State are chosen at the president's absolute discretion.<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.3</ref> These appointees retain their positions until the president's successor takes office.<ref name="Bunreacht31p5">Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.5</ref>
| Class
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Office
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Current members
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| Ex officio: executive
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Template:Lang
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Micheál Martin
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| Template:Lang
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Simon Harris
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| Ex officio: legislature
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Template:Lang
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Verona Murphy
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| Template:Lang
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Mark Daly
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| Ex officio: judiciary
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Chief Justice
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Donal O'Donnell
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| President of the Court of Appeal<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Caroline Costello
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| President of the High Court
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David Barniville
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| Ex officio
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Attorney General
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Rossa Fanning
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| Former officeholders
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President
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Mary Robinson, Mary McAleese, Michael D. Higgins
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| Taoiseach
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Bertie Ahern, Brian Cowen, Enda Kenny, Leo Varadkar, Simon Harris
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| Chief Justice
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Ronan Keane, Susan Denham, Frank Clarke
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| President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State
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None<ref group="fn">The office of President of the Executive Council was superseded in 1937 by that of Taoiseach; the last surviving holder, Éamon de Valera, died in 1975. The 1996 Constitution Review Group proposed removing, as obsolete, mention of the office in relation to the Council of State.<ref name="crg1996">Template:Cite book</ref></ref>
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| Template:Nowrap
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(List of former nominees)
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None
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Template:Reflist
The Constitution explicitly states that members appointed by the President may resign,<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.6</ref> or be dismissed by the President.<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.7</ref> Former office holders are members if "able and willing to act as a member",<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.2(ii)</ref> which implies an ability to resign; but there is no provision for dismissing them. When the McCracken Tribunal found in 1997 that former Taoiseach Charles Haughey had misled the Tribunal, there were calls for him to formally resign from the Council of State.<ref name="McCarthy1999"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He did not do so, although he sent his regrets to subsequent meetings of the council until his death.<ref name="McCarthy1999"/><ref name="rte2004">Template:Cite news</ref>
Members of the Council of State may be excused from jury duty.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Constitution specifies a declaration of office, "in the presence of Almighty God", which a new member must take before attending an official meeting.<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 31.4</ref> Éamon Gilmore, a declared agnostic, sought legal advice before attending the 2013 Council meeting as Tánaiste.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The 1996 Constitutional Review Group recommended making the religious part optional.<ref name="crg1996" /> In 2013, six of the seven Presidential appointees to the Council of State jointly made a similar submission to the Constitutional Convention which was discussing removing the offence of blasphemy from the constitution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Role
Before exercising any reserve power but one, the President is required to seek the advice of the Council of State, although not required to follow its advice. The one exception, where the President has "absolute discretion",<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.2.2°</ref> is in deciding to refuse a dissolution to a Taoiseach who has lost the confidence of the Dáil. The remaining discretionary powers, which do require prior consultation with the Council of State, are as follows (for a detailed description of the president's reserve powers see: President of Ireland#Discretionary powers):
- Convening a meeting of either or both Houses of the Oireachtas<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.2.3°</ref>
- Addressing the Oireachtas<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.7.1°</ref>
- Addressing the Nation<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.7.2°</ref>
- Establishing a committee of privileges to resolve a dispute between the Houses over a putative money bill<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 22.2.6°</ref>
- Abridging the time for considering a bill in the Seanad<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 24.1</ref>
- Referring a bill to the Supreme Court to test its Constitutionality<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 26.1.1°</ref>
- Referring a bill to the people for an "ordinary referendum"<ref>Constitution of Ireland, Article 27.4.1°</ref>
The draft of the Constitution gave more powers to the Council of State. Article 13 allows additional powers to be given to the President acting on the advice of the Government; originally, it was the advice of the Council of State that was to be required.<ref name="Duffy1991">Template:Cite news</ref> Article 14 provides for a Presidential Commission as the collective vice-presidency of the state when the President is absent; originally the Council of State was to fill this function.<ref name="Duffy1991" /> Nevertheless, under Article 14.4 of the constitution the Council of State, acting by a majority of its members, has the authority to "make such provision as to them may seem meet" for the exercise of the duties of the president in any contingency the constitution does not foresee.<ref name="art14-4"/> This provision has never been invoked.
The Third Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1958, which was defeated at a referendum, gave a role to the Council of State in the work of an envisaged constituency boundary commission.
Close to the time of its inception, the Council of State was likened to a privy council,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="KeoghMcCarthy2007">Template:Cite book</ref> although Jim Duffy calls this "more apparent than real" as it has no legislative or judicial functions.<ref name="Duffy1991"/> Gemma Hussey, who was a member of the Council of State in 1989–90, described it as "largely a symbolic body".<ref name="Hussey1995">Template:Cite book</ref> Actress Siobhán McKenna, appointed to the council by Patrick Hillery, suggested in the 1980s that the Council approach Ronald Reagan regarding the Troubles in Northern Ireland; Hillery's secretary remarked there was "no point in trying to explain" to McKenna that the council had no role in such matters.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Meetings
Working meetings called by the President for consultation under the terms of the Constitution are rare, though less so since the election of Mary Robinson in 1990. Four meetings have related to an address the Oireachtas, which requires the approval of the Government as well as the consultation of the Council of State. All other meetings have been to advise the President about whether to refer a bill to the Supreme Court.<ref name="meetings">Template:Cite web</ref>
Meetings are held in Áras an Uachtaráin.<ref name="McCarthy1999">Template:Cite news</ref> Members arrive 15 minutes before the meeting starts, and are served light refreshments in the Council of State Room.<ref name="McCarthy1999"/> At the first meeting of the Council in Mary McAleese's first term, there was a photocall in the State Reception Rooms.<ref name="McCarthy1999"/> Members are seated in order of precedence in the Presidents' Room around a 1927 dining table purchased by President de Valera in 1961.<ref name="McCarthy1999"/> The Secretary-General to the President serves as clerk to the council.<ref>Presidential Establishment Act, 1938 §6((5)) Template:Webarchive; as amended by Civil Service Regulation (Amendment) Act 2005 §27 Template:Webarchive</ref> The Council does not offer collective advice; the President asks each member in turn to comment, and further discussion may involve several members.<ref name="Duffy1991" /> No vote or show of hands is taken.<ref name="McGee20231014"/>
The council's deliberations are held in camera,<ref name="McCarthy1999"/> as for cabinet meetings, though there is no explicit requirement for confidentiality. The Irish Times obtained details of a 1984 meeting from an unnamed attendee,<ref name="it19841206">Template:Cite news</ref> while James Dooge discussed a 1976 meeting years later with journalist Stephen Collins.<ref name="it1476351"/> A 2019 legal request under the EU directive on public access to environmental information for records of 1999 and 2002 council meetings was rejected by the Supreme Court in 2022, on the grounds that the President's constitutional immunity from court or Oireachtas scrutiny extended to the Council in its role as advisor to the President.<ref>Template:Multiref</ref>
Apart from the Council of State's official meetings, its members are invited to important state functions, such as state funerals, the National Day of Commemoration, and the inauguration of the next President. The first President, Douglas Hyde, dined monthly with the members of his Council of State.<ref name="DunleavyDunleavy1991">Template:Cite book</ref> The seven new presidential nominees of Mary McAleese's second term were introduced at a luncheon in the Áras the month after their appointment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Campaigning in the 1990 presidential election, Mary Robinson promised to have meetings of the Council regularly rather than on "an emergency basis".<ref name="mmt1990">Template:Cite news</ref>
Addresses to the Oireachtas
Template:See also
Referring of bills
In some cases, the President has decided to sign the bill (thereby enacting it) without referring it to the Supreme Court; in other cases, the President has referred the bill (or sections of it<ref name="McGee20231014"/>) and the court has upheld its constitutionality, and in other cases the Court has found some or all of the referred portions to be unconstitutional. It is not revealed whether some or all members of the Council of State counselled for or against the President's course of action.
Jim Duffy in 1991 criticised the lack of supporting resources for members of the council; at meetings, they were provided only with a copy of the Constitution.<ref name="Duffy1991" /> By contrast, prior to the 2013 meeting to discuss the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill, a dossier of background information was sent to each member, including legal briefs and news reports.<ref name="it1477800">Template:Cite news</ref>
Although the serving Chief Justice is a member of the council, by convention they do not get involved in substantive discussions on the bill, as they will be involved in the deliberations if the bill does get referred.<ref name="it1476351"/><ref name="it1477800"/> Therefore, retired Chief Justices and the President of the High Court play a greater role in the discussion.<ref name="it1476351"/><ref name="it1477800"/> The 2013 meeting was the first at which two serving members of the Supreme Court were present: the term of the Chief Justice was limited to seven years in 1997, and ex-Chief Justice John Murray remained an ordinary member of the Court.<ref name="it1476351"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
An act which has passed an Article 26 review cannot subsequently have its constitutionality impugned. Jurists have argued this is dangerous, since an Article 26 review can only consider raise hypothetical issues for consideration, and if an unconsidered issue arises later in a real-world case, a judicial review declaration of unconstitutionality is no longer available as a remedy. President Higgins alluded to this argument when he signed the Planning and Development Act 2024 without consulting the Council of State: he noted doubts about the bill's constitutionality, but said they were "probably best tested in a facts specific way rather than in the abstract".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
| Date of meeting<ref name="meetings"/>
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Bill (section)
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President
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Outcome
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Notes
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| Template:Dts
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Offences against the State (Amendment) Bill, 1940
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>8 January 1940 – Offences against the State (Amendment) Bill, 1940 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Bill 1940 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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The government had unofficially supported the referral, as the 1940 act replaced a section of the Offences against the State Act 1939 which had been found unconstitutional, leading to the release of interned IRA members who soon made a major arms raid.<ref name="Hogan2012">Template:Cite book</ref> W. T. Cosgrave was the only absent member of the council.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Dublin North-West branch of the Labour Party passed a resolution urging William Norton to withdraw from the Council "which exists for the purpose of endorsing Fianna Fáil restrictions on liberty".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hyde instructed attendees not to discuss "political considerations" or "legal arguments", which limited the value of the meeting.<ref name="CahillaneGallen2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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School Attendance Bill, 1942
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Template:Sortname
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Template:Nowrap<ref>25 February 1943 – School Attendance Bill, 1942 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the School Attendance Bill 1942 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Hyde's 1940 instruction was not repeated, after De Valera advised Michael McDunphy, Secretary-General to the President, that it was unhelpful.<ref name="CahillaneGallen2017"/>
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| Template:Dts
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Health Bill, 1947
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>13 August 1947 – Health Bill, 1947 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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Absentees were George Gavan Duffy, Douglas Hyde, Timothy Sullivan, W. T. Cosgrave, and Richard Mulcahy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1961
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>14 June 1961 – Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1961 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill 1961 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Income Tax Bill, 1966
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>6 March 1967 – Income Tax Bill, 1966 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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All members attended.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 7 March, before the President announced a decision, the Income Tax (Amendment) Bill, 1967 was introduced and passed by the Oireachtas.<ref name="dailv227c113">Dáil debates Vol.227 col.113 Template:Webarchive</ref> This pre-emptively cancelled the contentious sections of the original Bill.<ref name="dailv227c113"/><ref name="acts67pub7">Income Tax (Amendment) Act, 1967 Template:Webarchive Irish Statute Book</ref> Next day, the President signed both bills into law.<ref name="acts67pub7"/><ref>Income Tax Act, 1967 Template:Webarchive Irish Statute Book</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Bill, 1975
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>10 March 1976 – Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Bill, 1975 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Criminal Law (Jurisdiction) Bill 1975 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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James Dooge, Cathaoirleach of the Seanad, was absent.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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| Template:Dts (a)
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Emergency Powers Bill, 1976
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>23 September 1976 – Emergency Powers Bill, 1976 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Emergency Powers Bill 1976 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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The meeting, which discussed two bills, lasted 4 hours.<ref name="it19760924">Template:Cite news</ref> Maurice E. Dockrell was the only absentee.<ref name="it19760924"/> President Ó Dálaigh and Attorney General Declan Costello debated points of law in great detail.<ref name="Duffy1991"/> Minister Paddy Donegan described the President's decision to refer the bill as a "thundering disgrace", precipitating Ó Dálaigh's resignation. James Dooge later suggested that Ó Dálaigh was more concerned with asserting his right to refer the bill than casting doubt on its Constitutionality.<ref name="it1476351">Template:Cite news</ref> As the bill was formally stated to be emergency legislation, most Constitutional safeguards did not apply to it.<ref name="it1476351"/>
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| Template:Dts (b)
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Criminal Law Bill, 1976
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Template:Nowrap
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Signed without referral<ref>23 September 1976 – Criminal Law Bill, 1976 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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Same meeting as preceding
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| Template:Dts
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Housing (Private Rented Dwellings Bill), 1981
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>22 December 1981 – Housing (Private Rented Dwellings Bill), 1981 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Housing (Private Rented Dwellings) Bill 1981 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1983
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>20 December 1983 – Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1983 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill 1983 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Absentees were Siobhán McKenna, Seán MacEntee, and James Dillon.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The bill would have given British citizens the right to vote in all elections in the Republic of Ireland. The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution in 1984 removed the obstacle with regard to Dáil elections but not Presidential elections or referendums (ordinary or constitutional).<ref>Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1984 Template:Webarchive Irish Statute Book</ref> The Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1985 extended the franchise for Dáil elections.<ref>Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1985 Template:Webarchive Irish Statute Book</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Criminal Justice Bill, 1983
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>5 December 1984 – Criminal Justice Bill, 1983 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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Siobhán McKenna and Máirín Bean Uí Dhálaigh were absent.<ref name="it19841206"/>
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| Template:Dts
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Adoption (No. 2) Bill, 1987
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>22 June 1988 – Adoption (No. 2) Bill, 1987 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Adoption (No.2) Bill 1987 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Absentees were Tom O'Higgins and Jack Lynch.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Fisheries (Amendment) Bill, 1990
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>30 October 1991 – Fisheries (Amendment) Bill, 1990 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Matrimonial Home Bill, 1993
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>1 December 1993 – Matrimonial Home Bill, 1993 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and Matrimonial Home Bill 1993 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Criminal Justice (Public Order) Bill, 1993
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>1 March 1994 – Criminal Justice Public Order Bill, 1993 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Regulation of Information (Services Outside the State For Termination of Pregnancies) Bill, 1995
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and upheld<ref>16 March 1995 – Regulation of Information services outside the State for Termination of Pregnancies Bill, 1995. Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Regulation of Information (Services outside the State for the Termination of Pregnancies) Bill 1995 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Template:Main
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| Template:Dts
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Employment Equality Bill, 1996
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>1 April 1997 – Employment Equality Bill, 1996 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Employment Equality Bill 1996 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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15 of 22 members attended, including the Taoiseach.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> After the bill was struck down, the Employment Equality Act 1998 was passed instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Equal Status Bill, 1997
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>6 May 1997 – Equal Status Bill, 1997 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Equal Status Bill 1997 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Charles Haughey was absent.<ref name="it19970726">Template:Cite news</ref>
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| Template:Dts (a)
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Planning and Development Bill 1999
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Template:Sortname
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Referred Part V; upheld<ref name="pres1999"/><ref>In re Article 26 and the Planning and Development Bill 1999 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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| Template:Dts (b)
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Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Bill 1999
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Template:Sortname
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Referred §§ 5 and 10; upheld<ref name="pres1999">30 June 2000 – (a) Planning and Development Bill 1999 and (b) Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Bill 1999 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Bill 1999 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Same meeting as preceding
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| Template:Dts
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Section 24 of the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) Bill, 2001
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>8 April 2002 – Section 24 of the Housing (Miscellaneous Provisions) (No. 2) Bill, 2001 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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| Template:Dts
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Health (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2004
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Template:Sortname
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Referred and struck down<ref>21 December 2004 – Health (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill 2004 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref><ref>In re Article 26 and the Health (Amendment) (No 2) Bill 2004 Template:Webarchive Supreme Court</ref>
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Charles Haughey was the only absentee.<ref name="rte2004"/>
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| Template:Dts
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Criminal Justice Bill 2007
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>9 May 2007 – Criminal Justice Bill 2007 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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Defamation Bill 2006
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref name="pres2009">22 July 2009 – (a) Defamation Bill 2006 and (b) Criminal Justice (Amendment) Bill 2009 Template:Webarchive Office of the President</ref>
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19 of 22 members of the council were present; the meeting lasted over 3 hours.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> See also blasphemy law in Ireland.
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| Template:Dts (b)
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Criminal Justice (Amendment) Bill 2009
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref name="pres2009"/>
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Same meeting as preceding
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| Template:Dts
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Credit Institutions (Stabilisation) Bill 2010
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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See 2008–2011 Irish banking crisis
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| Template:Dts
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Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref name="ind29459937">Template:Cite news</ref>
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See Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013.<ref name="it1474031">Template:Cite news</ref> Of 24 members, 21 attended; Mary Robinson, John Bruton and Albert Reynolds were absent, though Robinson and Bruton made written submissions.<ref name="it1478493">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ind29458018">Template:Cite news</ref> The meeting ran from 3.15pm to 6.45pm.<ref name="it1478493"/>
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| Template:Dts
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International Protection Bill 2015
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Liam Cosgrave, Mary Robinson and Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh did not attend.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The press release stated the meeting would consider whether:<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref>
- sections 56 and 57 of the bill violated any part of the Constitution
- any part of the bill violated Article 42A of the Constitution
- section 78 of the bill violated Article 29.6 of the Constitution
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| Template:Dts
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Judicial Appointments Commission Bill 2022
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Template:Sortname
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Referred §§ 9, 10, 39, 40(2), 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51, 57 and 58; upheld.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="rte20231013">Template:Cite news</ref>
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There was concern that the bill restricts the Government's discretion in appointing judges.<ref name="rte20231013"/><ref name="McGee20231014"/> Higgins said two submissions had been received, one from Michael McDowell.<ref name="McGee20231014"/> Present were 19 members; absent were Mary McAleese (in Rome<ref name="McGee20231014"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>), Bertie Ahern (in the US<ref name="McGee20231014"/>), John Bruton, Enda Kenny, and Ronan Keane.<ref name="McGee20231014">Template:Cite news</ref> Discussion focused on §§ 47 and 51.<ref name="McGee20231014"/> Judgment was delivered on 8 December 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Defence (Amendment) Bill 2024
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Template:Sortname
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Signed without referral<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Defence Forces representative groups had expressed concern that sections 11 and 24 of the bill would unduly constrain their activities. The meeting lasted from about 3pm to 5.30pm. Seán Ó Fearghaíl, Brian Cowen and Mícheál Martin were absent.<ref>Template:Multiref</ref>
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See also
References
Template:Reflist
External links
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