National Day of Commemoration
Template:Short description Template:Use Hiberno-English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox holiday In Ireland, the National Day of Commemoration (Template:Langx) commemorates all Irish people who died in past wars or United Nations peacekeeping missions.<ref name="cain"> Template:Cite web </ref> It occurs on the Sunday nearest 11 July (see Irish Calendar), the anniversary of the date in 1921 that a truce was signed ending the Irish War of Independence.<ref name="cain"/><ref group="fn">Due to fall on 12 July, the 1998 ceremony was moved to 5 July to avoid coinciding with the opening stage of the 1998 Tour de France.<ref>Dáil debates Vol.488 No.5 p.100 11 March 1998</ref></ref> The principal ceremony is held at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham, Dublin, Ireland.<ref name="cain"/>
Background
The commemoration of Irish soldiers and wars has been fragmented within Ireland for historical and political reasons.Template:Citation needed
Ceremonies to honour Irish soldiers who fought in the First World War have been held in Ireland in November on Remembrance Sunday and Remembrance Day since the war's end. These are mainly organised by the Royal British Legion and observed by UnionistsTemplate:Citation needed and ex-servicemen and relatives. The focal points were St Patrick's Cathedral and the Irish National War Memorial Gardens, both in Dublin. Though many Irish nationalists served in Irish regiments of the British Army prior to independence, this was not generally held in high esteem by later generations.Template:Citation needed Independent Ireland remained neutral in World War II, and although thousands of its citizens served in the allied armies, the state did not at first mark this.<ref group="fn">In the 1990s the Office of Public Works renovated the Memorial Gardens and the state has supported subsequent Battle of the Somme commemorations held there by the British Legion.<ref>Dáil debates 5 July 2006 p.4, 22 May 2008 p.102, 10 May 2011 p.3</ref></ref>
Commemoration of the Irish War of Independence was muted by the bitterness of the Irish Civil War that followed from it. The preceding 1916 Easter Rising against British rule in Ireland was the focus, with Easter Day considered the "National Day of Commemoration".<ref name="dail72"> Template:Cite book </ref> There was a major paradeTemplate:Where each Easter until 1971, when the Troubles in Northern Ireland made the commemoration of the earlier Irish Republican rebels more problematic in symbolism.<ref group="fn">The Easter parade was revived in 2006, after the Northern Ireland peace process.<ref name="nyt20060417" /></ref><ref name="nyt20060417">Template:Cite news</ref> Smaller official commemorations persisted at Arbour Hill Prison.<ref name="dail-armydays"> Template:Cite book </ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Within the Defence Forces, a Commemoration Day for deceased former members is held on All Souls' Day, 2 November.<ref name="dail-armydays"/><ref>Template:Cite web </ref> 11 July, the anniversary of the 1921 truce, had already been a special Army holiday before being the base date for the National Day of Commemoration.<ref name="dail-armydays"/>
Establishment
In 1974, the coalition government proposed Saint Patrick's Day as a day for commemorating all Irish people who had given their lives in wars, marked with a message from the President, prayer and a moment of silence. The Fianna Fáil opposition objected.<ref name="dail83">Template:Cite book; Template:Cite web</ref> In the early 1980s, in response to the Northern Ireland Troubles, the Glencree Centre for Peace and Reconciliation in County Wicklow was organising "Walks of Remembrance" around sites in Dublin significant to all historical combatants.<ref name="cain"/> In 1983, the Irish Defence Forces were represented in the British Legion's Remembrance Sunday service in Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, under the flag of the United Nations. This was controversial and the Fianna Fáil opposition suggested a separate day of commemoration would be more inclusive.<ref name="dail83"/>
An informal Oireachtas all-party committee was established in late 1984 to examine the question of a single National Day of Commemoration.<ref name="dail84"> Template:Cite book </ref> It held four meetings and reported to the government in October 1985.<ref name="dail85"> Template:Cite book </ref> The view of this committee was that there should be a religious service and a military ceremony. This has been the tradition since, although Noel Treacy complained that the military presence was "on a small scale compared with that visualised by the all party committee".<ref name="dail86"> Template:Cite book </ref>
The first National Day of Commemoration was held on 13 July 1986 in the Garden of Remembrance.<ref name="cain"/><ref name="dail86"/> Old IRA veterans objected to the venue, which commemorates those who died in "the cause of Irish freedom", being used to honour British Army veterans.<ref name="cain"/> The absence was noted of Leader of the Opposition, Charles Haughey, and Lord Mayor of Dublin, Bertie Ahern, both represented by subordinates. This was ascribed to discontent within Fianna Fáil about the event.<ref> Template:Cite news </ref>
Haughey became Taoiseach after the February 1987 election. He announced the commemoration ceremony would be replaced by separate church services by the various denominations, with no military or government presence.<ref name="it1987"> Template:Cite news </ref> The opposition parties objected, and both sides negotiated a compromise,<ref name="it1987"/> whereby the ceremony, and the commemorative plaque which had been unveiled in 1986 by President Patrick Hillery, were moved to the Royal Hospital. This, originally a British Army hospital,<ref name="cain"/> is now the Irish Museum of Modern Art. However Irish Republicans and some IRA veterans of the Irish War of Independence objected to the presence of the British Legion at the ceremony.<ref name="cain"/> Subsequent ceremonies have not proved controversial.<ref name="cain"/>
Ceremonies
One of the main recommendations made by the All-Party Oireachtas Committee was that the National Day of Commemoration should be organised in a way which would reflect its national importance, which would encourage people of different traditions to participate and which would attract the interest and support of the public. The current service and ceremonies closely follow these recommendations.
The military and religious ceremonies are held in the presence of the President, the Taoiseach and other members of the Government of Ireland, members of the Oireachtas, the Council of State, the Diplomatic Corps, the Judiciary, relatives of 1916 leaders, next-of-kin of those who died on service with the UN, Northern Ireland representatives and a wide cross-section of the community, including ex-servicemen and ex-servicewomen.
Representatives of the three divisions of the Defence Forces parade and render military honours. Since its inception, music has been provided by the combined bands of the several Army Commands and Dr. Bernadette Greevy until her death in September 2008.
The ceremonies begin with an interfaith service, comprising prayers, hymns and readings by senior representatives of the main Christian denominations and of the Jewish and (since 1994<ref> Template:Cite news </ref>) Islamic faiths.
The military ceremonies include an honour guard of the Cadet School, the laying of a wreath by the President on behalf of the people of Ireland, Reveille, the raising of the national flag and the playing of the National Anthem.
The National Day of Commemoration is, along with Easter Sunday, Easter Monday, and Saint Patrick's Day, one of the days on which the Department of the Taoiseach's protocol section has advised all government buildings to fly the national flag.<ref>Dáil debates 26 July 2004 7 July 2006</ref>
The main 2012 ceremony moved from the Royal Hospital Kilmainham to the Collins Barracks campus of the National Museum of Ireland, as the Kilmainham site closed for renovation.<ref name="merrionstreet2012">Template:Cite web</ref> Regional ceremonies are planned for Sligo Town Hall; Kilkenny Castle; NUI Galway; Fitzgerald's Park, Cork; Limerick City Hall; and Bishops Palace Museum, Waterford.<ref name="merrionstreet2012"/>
The ceremony returned to the Royal Hospital in 2013.