David Starr Jordan

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Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox officeholder David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was the founding president of Stanford University, serving from 1891 to 1913. He was an ichthyologist during his research career. Prior to serving as president of Stanford University, he served as president of Indiana University from 1885 to 1891.

Jordan was also a strong supporter of eugenics, and his published views expressed a fear of "race-degeneration", asserting that cattle and human beings are "governed by the same laws of selection". He was an antimilitarist since he believed that war killed off the best members of the gene pool, and he initially opposed American involvement in World War I.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>David Starr Jordan The Blood of the Nation: A Study of the Decay of Races through the Survival of the Unfit. (copyright 1902, reprinted 1910) p 12 Template:Webarchive. The term "race" occurs more than 30 times in the short book. The term "eugenics" is not in there, but the basic concept is described.</ref><ref name= "Abrahamson1976">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Early life and education

Jordan was born in Gainesville, New York, and grew up on a farm in upstate New York. His parents made an unorthodox decision to educate him at a local girls' high school.<ref name = "Johnston">Template:Cite journal</ref> His middle name, Starr, does not appear in early census records, and was apparently self-selected; he had begun using it by the time that he was enrolled at Cornell. He said that it was in honour of his mother's devotion to the minister Thomas Starr King but also due to his admiration for the night sky which he expressed at a young age.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

He was inspired by Louis Agassiz to pursue his studies in ichthyology. In the mid-19th century Agassiz was incomparably influential and trained "nearly all" of the leading naturalists in the United States. Simultaneously, according to historian Donald Yacovone, "His revulsion for African Americans and his insistence on their inherent inferiority knew no limits. The influence of [Agassiz's] damaging ideas cannot be overestimated."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Jordan was part of the first freshman class of undergraduates at Cornell University, where he graduated in 1872<ref name="Cornell University 1922">Template:Cite book</ref> with a master's degree in botany.

In his autobiography, The Days of a Man, he wrote, "During the three years which followed [my entrance as a 'belated' freshman in March 1869], I completed all the requirements for a degree of Bachelor of Science, besides about two year of advanced work in Botany. Taking this last into consideration, the faculty conferred on me at graduation in June 1872, the advanced degree of Master of Science instead of the conventional Bachelor's Degree ... it was afterward voted not to grant any second degree within a year after the Bachelor had been received. I was placed, quite innocently, in the position of being the only graduate of Cornell to merge two degrees into one." His master's thesis was on the topic "The Wild Flowers of Wyoming County".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Jordan initially taught natural history courses at several small Midwestern colleges and secondary schools, including at Indianapolis High School.

In 1875, while in Indianapolis, Jordan obtained a Doctor of Medicine degree from Indiana Medical College.<ref name="cyclopaedia">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The Indiana Medical College in Indianapolis opened in 1869, but merged out of existence in 1878.<ref name="Medical College of Indiana">Template:Cite web</ref> Standards at the college were not particularly high.<ref name="Medical College of Indiana"/> Jordan himself, reflecting on the experience noted that "I was also able to spend some time in the Medical College, from which, in the spring of 1875, I received the (scarcely earned) degree of Doctor of Medicine, though it had not at all been my intention to enter that profession."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The following year, in 1876, Jordan taught comparative anatomy at the college.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Jordan also holds an honorary PhD,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> awarded to him by Butler University in 1877.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Career

In 1879, Jordan was accepted into the natural history faculty of Indiana University Bloomington, where he served as a professor of zoology. His teaching included his version of eugenics, which "sought to prevent the decay of the Anglo-Saxon/Nordic race by limiting racial mixing and by preventing the reproduction of those he deemed unfit."<ref name = Johnsson2016>Template:Cite web</ref>

Indiana University president

In January 1885, he began his tenure as president of Indiana University and became the nation's youngest university president at only 34 and the first Indiana University president who was not an ordained minister.<ref name="swarthmore.edu">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

He improved the university's finances and public image, doubled its enrollment, and instituted an elective system; like Cornell's, it was an early application of the modern liberal arts curriculum.<ref name = "Johnston" />

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Stanford University president

File:David Starr Jordan Founding President of Stanford University.jpg
Jordan as president of Stanford University in 1913

In March 1891, he was approached by Leland and Jane Stanford, who offered him the presidency of Leland Stanford Junior University, which was about to open in California. Andrew Dickson White, the co-founder and first president of Cornell University, who offered him the position, recommended Jordan to the Stanfords based on an educational philosophy fit with the Stanfords' vision of a nonsectarian co-educational school with a liberal arts curriculum. Jordan quickly accepted the offer,<ref name = "Johnston" /> arrived at Stanford in June 1891, and immediately set about recruiting faculty for the university's planned September opening. Pressed for time, he drew heavily on his own acquaintances; most of the 15 founding professors came either from Cornell or Indiana University. That first year at Stanford, Jordan was instrumental in establishing the university's Hopkins Marine Station. He served Stanford as president until 1913 and then chancellor until his retirement in 1916. The university decided not to renew his three-year-term as chancellor in 1916. As the years went on, Jordan became increasingly alienated from the university.<ref name="swarthmore.edu"/>

While he was chancellor, he was elected president of the National Education Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Jordan was a member in the Bohemian Club and the University Club in San Francisco.<ref>Dulfer & Hoag (1925). Our Society Blue Book Template:Webarchive. San Francisco: Dulfer & Hoag, pp. 177–178.</ref> Jordan served as a director of the Sierra Club from 1892 to 1903.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1905.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

David Starr Jordan House

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David Starr Jordan House in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California

In 1905, he was one of the first professors to build a summer home at the northeast corner of Camino Real and 7th Avenue, on what became known as "Professors' Row" in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. He was good friends with Stanford University professor of entomology Vernon Lyman Kellogg, who also lived in Carmel.<ref name="Hudson"> Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Dramov">Template:Cite book</ref>

Eugenics

Template:Eugenics sidebar In 1899, Jordan delivered an essay at Stanford on behalf of racial segregation and racial purity.<ref>David Starr Jordan, The Human Harvest (Boston, 1907) p. 5 Template:Webarchive</ref> In the essay, Jordan claimed that "For a race of men or a herd of cattle are governed by the same laws of selection." Jordan expressed concern about "race degeneration" that would occur unless efforts were made to maintain "racial unity".

Eugenics-based argument against war

Jordan argued that peace was preferable to warfare because war removed the strongest men from the gene pool.<ref name = "Jordan1906">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Jordan1915">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Jordan1924">Template:Cite journal</ref> He said, "Future war is impossible because the nations cannot afford it."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> As one commentator put it, "Though he found meager evidence to support his preconceptions, he still confidently asserted that 'always and everywhere, war means the reversal of natural selection.Template:'"<ref name= "Abrahamson1976" />Template:Rp

Jordan was president of the World Peace Foundation from 1910 to 1914 and president of the World Peace Conference in 1915 and initially opposed American entry into World War I<ref name="swarthmore.edu"/> although he changed his position in 1917 after he became convinced that a German victory would threaten democracy.<ref name= "Abrahamson1976" />

"The Blood of the Nation"

Soon after it was first delivered, the essay was published by the American Unitarian Association (copyright 1902) under the main title of "The Blood of the Nation" and a subtitle of "A Study of the Decay of Races Through the Survival of the Unfit." Multiple editions of that version followed over the next few years.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

An expanded version of the essay was delivered in Philadelphia at the 200th anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's birth in 1906 and printed by the American Philosophical Society. The following year, an expanded version of the original essay with an embossed cover was published by Beacon Press in Boston under the new main title "The Human Harvest" and the same subtitle.<ref>Jordan (Boston, 1907)</ref> This new version was dedicated to Jordan's older brother Rufus, who had volunteered to fight in the American Civil War and, according to Jordan, was part of the "'Human Harvest' of 1862." Jordan's eugenic and anti-war views may have been in part shaped by the death of his brother in 1862 from a 'camp fever,' likely typhoid, immediately after enlisting to fight in the American civil war.<ref name="Jordan 1922 132">Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1910, the original and slimmer version of the essay was again published by the American Unitarian Association in a "less expensive form to insure the widest possible distribution."<ref>Jordan, Blood of the Nation (Boston, 1910) p. 2 Template:Webarchive.</ref>

In 1915, Jordan published an "extended treatise on the same subject" titled War and Breed again through the Beacon Press in Boston.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Here Jordan defines and begins to employ the relatively recent term "eugenics" and its opposite "dysgenics".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Human Betterment Foundation

After Jordan's death, the Human Betterment Foundation, a political eugenics-advocacy organization that advocated for compulsory sterilization legislation in the United States, published a newspaper advertisement claiming Jordan as one of its prominent members.<ref>"Human Sterilization Today" Template:Webarchive</ref> The Foundation published Sterilization for Human Betterment, advocating for legislation that would compel sterilization of the disabled and violent felons, allow for anyone in the public to voluntarily seek medical sterilization, and legalize the use of contraception.

Role in apparent murder of Jane Stanford

In 1905, Jordan launched an apparent coverup of the murder of Jane Stanford. While vacationing in Oahu, Stanford had suddenly died of strychnine poisoning according to the local coroner's jury. Jordan then sailed to Hawaii, hired a physician to investigate the case, and declared she had in fact died of heart failure, a condition whose symptoms bear no relationship to those that were actually observed.<ref name = "Romney_2003"/><ref name = "Morris_2004">Template:Cite journal</ref> His motive has been a subject of speculation. One possibility is that he was acting to protect the reputation of the university,<ref name = "Romney_2003"/><ref name="Cutler2003"/> since its finances were precarious, and a scandal might have damaged fundraising. He had written the president of Stanford's board of trustees, offered several explanations for Stanford's death, and suggested they select whichever was most suitable.<ref name = "Romney_2003"/> Since Stanford had a difficult relationship with him and reportedly planned to remove him from his position at the university, he might have had a motive to eliminate suspicions about an unsolved crime.<ref name = "Carnochan_2003"/> Jordan's version of Stanford's demise<ref>Jordan (1922). The Days of a Man. Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York: World Book Co., pages 156–157.</ref> was largely accepted until the appearance of several publications in 2003 arguing that she was murdered.<ref name = "Romney_2003">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Cutler2003">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name = "Carnochan_2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Wolfe03>Template:Cite web</ref>

Retirement

In retirement, Jordan remained active, writing on ichthyology, world relations, peace, and his autobiography.<ref name="swarthmore.edu"/>

Lifetime honors and awards

Skepticism

Although a proponent of eugenics, Jordan was skeptical of certain other pseudoscientific claims. He coined the term "sciosophy" to describe the "systematized ignorance" of the pseudoscientist.<ref name="Gardner 1957">Gardner, Martin. (1957). Preface. In Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science. Dover Publications. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Stableford, Brian M. (2006). Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 410. Template:ISBN</ref> His later work, The Higher Foolishness, inspired the philosopher Martin Gardner to write his treatise on scientific skepticism, Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science.<ref name="Gardner 1957"/> However, Gardner noted that "the book is infuriating because although Jordan mentions the titles of dozens of crank works, from which he quotes extensively, he seldom tells you the names of the authors."<ref name="Gardner 1957"/>

Personal life

File:Portrait of Susan Bowen Jordan.jpg
Jordan's wife, Susan Bowen Jordan, in 1879

Jordan married Susan Bowen (1845–1885), a biologist and a graduate of Mount Holyoke College, whom he met at Louis Agassiz's Penikese Island Summer School of Science, in her hometown of Peru, Massachusetts, on March 10, 1875. She died at age 39, after 10 years of marriage, following a brief illness. Bowen was six years Jordan's senior. They had three children: the educator Edith Monica (1877–1965), Harold Bowen (1882–1959), and Thora (1884–1886).<ref name="Jordan 1922 132"/>

Jordan later married Jessie Knight (1866–1952) in 1887. At the time of their marriage, two years after his first wife's death, Knight was 21 years old and Jordan was 36. They met while he was serving as president of Indiana University. He and his second wife had three children: Knight Starr (1888–1947), Barbara (1891–1900), and Eric Knight (1903–1926).<ref name="cyclopaedia"/><ref name="Johnston"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Two of his daughters, Thora and Barbara, died in childhood.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His son Eric died in 1926 at age 22 in a traffic accident near Gilroy, California.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Eric had participated in a paleontological expedition to the Revillagigedo Islands and was considering an academic career.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Death

On September 19, 1931, Jordan died at his home on the Stanford University campus after suffering a series of strokes over two years.<ref name="ht-1931september19">Template:Cite news</ref>

Monuments and memorials

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Jordan Hall, now known as Building 420, at Stanford University in May 2020

Geographical landmarks

In July 2020, the president of the Sierra Club denounced Jordan and its other early leaders for being "vocal advocates for white supremacy and its pseudo-scientific arm, eugenics." The president also announced, "We will also spend the next year studying our history and determining which of our monuments need to be renamed or pulled down entirely." It is not yet clear how their reassessment would affect the status of Mount Jordan, which the club had helped to name in 1926, or that of other geographic features that bear Jordan's name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Namesake Tree

The David Starr Jordan "Namesake Tree" at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Campus Arboretum, an Indian rubber tree, known as Ficus elastica, was given to Jordan at the outset of a trip to Japan, and planted by him on December 11, 1922,<ref>Template:Cite report</ref> now listed as an Exceptional Tree of Hawai‘i.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fishery research vessel

In 1966, the fisheries research ship David Starr Jordan was commissioned for service with the United States Fish and Wildlife ServiceTemplate:'s Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The ship later served in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fleet as NOAAS David Starr Jordan (R 444)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> before it was decommissioned in 2010<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and sold to a private company, who renamed it the R/V Ocean Starr.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Schools named or formerly named for David Starr Jordan

During the early 20th century several schools were named after him or in his honor. However, after 2018, most of them were renamed, as his eugenics activities became well known.

Campus buildings

Since Jordan was closely associated with both Indiana University and Stanford University, both schools named buildings and other campus features after him. However, as his reputation became more controversial in the 2020s, they acted to remove Jordan's name from their respective campuses.

Stanford University

Stanford honored its former president in 1917 by renaming its zoology building, built in 1899, to Jordan Hall.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other campus features were named Jordan Quad, Jordan Modulars, and Jordan Way. In October 2020 the Stanford Board of Trustees voted unanimously, on the recommendation of an advisory committee, to remove Jordan's name from all four facilities. The former Jordan Hall was to be referred to as Building 420 until a permanent name could be selected sometime the following year. Stanford President Marc Tessier-Lavigne was charged to rename Jordan Quad and Jordan Modulars; however, Tessier-Lavigne was not able to accomplish this task before he left Stanford in 2023. The advisory committee also recommended that the renaming of Jordan Way, a street on the medical campus, "may take place during the course of ongoing construction and planning."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="stanford report">Template:Cite report</ref>

Indiana University

When Indiana University built a new building for its biology department in 1956, the building was named in honor of Jordan, its former president and biology faculty member.<ref name="palladium-item-1956jun04">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="kimb">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In October 2020 the Indiana University Board of Trustees voted overwhelmingly to remove Jordan's name from the biology building as well as a parking garage and a "river" (actually a small creek) that runs through the center of the campus. Jordan's name was stripped from these places immediately after the trustee meeting had concluded, and they were given temporary, generic names to be used until permanent names could be selected the following year. Jordan Hall, the Jordan River and the Jordan Avenue Parking Garage became respectively the Biology Building, the Campus River, and the East Parking Garage.<ref name="tht-2020oct02">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="wf-2020oct02">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="IU 2020 report">Template:Cite report</ref> In August 2021, staff members of the Biology Department sent a petition to the new IU President Pamela Whitten urging the university leadership to rename the Biology Building in honor of James P. Holland, an African-American IU alumnus, award-winning former faculty member and endocrinologist who died in 1998.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Indiana President President Michael McRobbie requested the University Naming Committee to work with the city of Bloomington to find a name as a replacement for Jordan Avenue, a thoroughfare that is owned in part by IU and in part by the city.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Template:As of, there were calls in the Bloomington City Council for Jordan Avenue to be renamed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In April 2021, the Mayor of Bloomington created a seven-member task force to investigate possible replacement names for Jordan Avenue.<ref name="ids-2021apr22">Template:Cite news</ref> In September 2021, the City of Bloomington Plan Commission announced that it approved the renaming of Jordan Avenue to Eagleson Avenue while IU is in the process of renaming its section of the street to Fuller Lane pending approval by the IU Renaming Committee and IU's board of trustees. The city planned to complete their street renaming by February 2022. Both new street names honor prominent African-American families who moved to Bloomington after being born into slavery.<ref name="ids-2021sep15">Template:Cite news</ref> In December 2021, IU's board of trustees reconsidered their decision to rename the university's section of the street as Fuller Lane by adopting Eagleson Avenue as the new name for the university-owned section of Jordan Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As late as October 2024, the Indiana University South Bend campus had a scholarship named in honor of Jordan that enables its students to study outside of the United States for a short period.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cornell's David Starr Jordan Prize (1986–2020)

Starting in 1986, the David Starr Jordan Prize was funded as a joint endowment by Cornell University, Indiana University, and Stanford University. Every three years it was awarded to a young scientist (under 40 years) who made contributions in one of Jordan's interests of evolution, ecology, population or organismal biology.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The prize was last awarded in 2015 to Daniel Bolnick, a professor of integrative biology at the University of Texas at Austin.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

As Jordan's reputation became more controversial over his support of eugenics, and particularly after the removal of Jordan's name from buildings on the campuses of Stanford and Indiana universities in 2020, there were calls to rename the prize. The prize was officially discontinued in 2020 and the endowment funds were returned to their respective universities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Papers

Jordan's papers are housed at Stanford University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Selected works

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Books

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Selected articles

Miscellany

Eponymy

Numerous genera and species bear the name Jordan.

Genera: Jordania Template:Small, Davidijordania Template:Small, and Jordanella Template:Small

Species: Template:Div col

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Taxa described by him

References

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Further reading

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