Demographics of China

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The People's Republic of China is the second most-populous country in the world with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, only surpassed by India.

China's population has a relatively small youth component, partially a result of the strict enforcement of China's one-child policy that was in effect from 1979 until 2015, which limited urban families to one child and rural families to two. Template:As of, Chinese state media reported the country's total fertility rate to be 1.09, one of the lowest in the world alongside South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref>

China was the world's most populous country from at least 1950<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> until being surpassed by India in 2023.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By one estimate, in 2024 China's population stood at about 1.408 billion, down from the 1.412 billion recorded in the 2020 census.<ref name=":22">Template:Cite news</ref> According to the 2020 census, 91.11% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.89% were minorities. China's population growth rate is -0.10%.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

China faces the challenge of an aging population due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite news</ref> This demographic shift has implications for social services and the labor force.<ref name=":1" />

Population

Historical population

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File:China population growth.svg
Historical population in China from 400 BC<ref name=Banister/>
File:Historical population of India and China.svg
Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100 (Outdated, early 2022 projections)

During 1960–2015, the population grew to nearly 1.4 billion. Under Mao Zedong, China nearly doubled in population from 540 million in 1949 to 969 million in 1979. This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979.<ref name="Banister">Template:Cite book</ref> The 2022 data shows a declining population for the first time since 1961.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

China's population reached 1 billion in 1982, making it the first country to reach this milestone.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Censuses in China

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter. The 1982 census (which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738) is generally accepted as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$100.0 million between 1980 and 1989 for a variety of projects, one of which being the 1982 census.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

China was the world's most populous nation until being surpassed by India in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

By the seventh census in 2020, the total population had reached to 1,419,933,142, with the mainland having 1,411,778,724, Hong Kong having 7,474,200, and Macau having 683,218. However, this number is disputed by obstetrics researcher Yi Fuxian, who argues that data related to population growth is inflated by local governments to obtain financial subsidies from the central government.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Population density and distribution

File:China Population Density, 2000 (6171905307).jpg
Population density in the year 2000
File:Topographic map of East Central China.jpg
General topographic map of the most populous part of China, as per 2024 (Click to enlarge)

China is the second most populous country in the world and its national population density (137/km2) is very similar to those of countries like Denmark (excluding Greenland) or the Czech Republic. However, the overall population density of China contains major regional variations. In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line; although this eastern area comprises only 43% of China's total land area, its population density, at roughly 280/km2, is comparable to that of Japan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Broadly speaking, the population concentrates east of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the northern steppe. The most densely populated areas included the Yangtze River Valley (of which the delta region was the most populous), Sichuan Basin, North China Plain, Pearl River Delta, and the industrial area around the city of Shenyang in the northeast.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Population is most sparse in the mountainous, desert, and grassland regions of the northwest and southwest. In Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, portions are completely uninhabited, and only a few sections have populations denser than ten people per km2. The Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet autonomous regions and Qinghai and Gansu comprise 55% of the country's land area but in 1985 contained only 5.7% of its population.

Area (km2) Population Density
China 9,650,000 (100%) 1,411,778,724 (100%) 134.7/km2
5 provinces 5,246,400 (54.45%) 84,493,388 (5.98%) 15.16/km2
Inner Mongolia 1,183,000 (12.28% ) 24,049,155 (1.70%) 20.33/km2
Xinjiang 1,660,000 (17.23%) 25,852,345 (1.83%) 12.62/km2
Tibet 1,228,400 (12.75%) 3,648,100 (0.26%) 2.31/km2
Qinghai 721,000 (7.48%) 5,923,957 (0.42%) 7.65/km2
Gansu 454,000 (4.71%) 25,019,831 (1.77%) 57.65/km2
Other provinces 4,403,605 (45.55%) 1,327,285,336 (94.02%) 277.27/km2
Source: National Bureau of Statistics
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Province or
autonomous region 		Census 1953 Census 1964 Census 1982 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census 2010 Census 2020
number % number % number % number % number % number % number %
Beijing Municipality 3,768,149 1.48 8,568,495 1.23 9,230,687 3.92 11,819,407 0.95 13,820,000 1.09 19,612,368 1.46 21,893,095 1.55
Hebei 35,984,644 6.18 49,687,781 6.58 53,005,876 5.26 61,082,439 5.39 67,440,000 5.33 79,854,202 5.36 74,610,235 5.28
Tianjin Municipality 2,693,831 0.46 7,764,141 0.77 8,785,402 0.77 10,010,000 0.79 12,938,224 0.97 13,866,009 0.98
Shanxi 14,314,485 2.46 18,015,067 2.59 25,291,389 2.51 28,759,014 2.54 32,970,000 2.60 35,712,111 2.67 34,915,616 2.47
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 6,100,104 1.05 12,348,638 1.78 19,274,279 1.91 21,456,798 1.89 23,760,000 1.88 24,706,321 1.84 24,049,155 1.70
Rehe (now defunct) 5,160,822 0.89
Liaoning 18,545,147 3.18 26,946,200 3.88 35,721,693 3.54 39,459,697 3.48 42,380,000 3.35 43,746,323 3.27 42,591,407 3.02
Jilin 11,290,073 1.94 15,668,663 2.26 22,560,053 2.24 24,658,721 2.18 27,280,000 2.16 27,462,297 2.05 24,073,453 1.71
Heilongjiang 11,897,309 2.04 20,118,271 2.90 32,665,546 3.24 35,214,873 3.11 39,890,000 2.91 38,312,224 2.86 31,850,088 2.26
Shanghai Municipality 6,204,417 1.06 10,816,458 1.56 11,859,748 1.18 13,341,896 1.18 16,740,000 1.32 23,019,148 1.72 24,870,895 1.76
Jiangsu 41,252,192 7.08 44,504,608 6.41 60,521,114 6.00 67,056,519 5.91 74,380,000 5.88 77,659,903 5.87 84,748,016 6.00
Zhejiang 22,865,747 3.92 28,318,573 4.08 38,884,603 3.86 41,445,930 3.66 46,770,000 3.69 54,426,891 4.06 64,567,588 4.57
Anhui 30,343,637 5.21 31,241,657 4.50 49,665,724 4.93 56,180,813 4.96 59,860,000 4.73 59,500,510 4.44 61,027,171 4.32
Fujian 13,142,721 2.26 16,757,223 2.41 25,931,106 2.57 30,097,274 2.65 34,710,000 2.74 36,894,216 2.75 41,540,086 2.94
Jiangxi 16,772,865 2.88 21,068,019 3.03 33,184,827 3.29 37,710,281 3.33 41,400,000 3.27 44,567,475 3.33 45,188,635 3.20
Shandong 48,876,548 8.39 55,519,038 7.99 74,419,054 7.38 84,392,827 7.44 90,790,000 7.17 95,793,065 7.15 101,527,453 7.19
Henan 44,214,594 7.59 50,325,511 7.25 74,422,739 7.38 85,509,535 7.54 92,560,000 7.31 94,023,567 7.02 99,365,519 7.04
Hubei 27,789,693 4.77 33,709,344 4.85 47,804,150 4.74 53,969,210 4.76 60,280,000 4.76 57,237,740 4.27 57,752,557 4.09
Hunan 33,226,954 5.70 37,182,286 5.35 54,008,851 5.36 60,659,754 5.35 64,440,000 5.09 65,683,722 4.90 66,444,864 4.71
Guangdong 34,770,059 5.97 42,800,849 6.16 59,299,220 5.88 62,829,236 5.54 86,420,000 6.83 104,303,132 7.79 126,012,510 8.93
Hainan 7,870,000 0.62 8,671,518 0.65 10,081,232 0.71
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 19,560,822 3.36 20,845,017 3.00 36,420,960 3.61 42,245,765 3.73 44,890,000 3.55 46,026,629 3.55 50,126,804 3.55
Sichuan 62,303,999 10.69 67,956,490 9.78 99,713,310 9.89 107,218,173 9.46 83,290,000 6.58 80,418,200 6.00 83,674,866 5.93
Chongqing MunicipalityTemplate:NoteTag 30,900,000 2.44 28,846,170 2.15 32,054,159 2.27
Guizhou 15,037,310 2.58 17,140,521 2.47 28,552,997 2.83 32,391,066 2.86 35,250,000 2.78 34,746,468 2.59 38,562,148 2.73
Yunnan 17,472,737 3.00 20,509,525 2.95 32,553,817 3.23 36,972,610 3.26 42,880,000 3.39 45,966,239 3.43 47,209,277 3.34
Tibet Autonomous Region 1,273,969 0.22 1,251,225 0.18 1,892,393 0.19 2,196,010 0.19 2,620,000 0.21 3,002,166 0.22 3,648,100 0.26
Xikang (now defunct) 3,381,064 0.58
Shaanxi 15,881,281 2.73 20,766,915 2.99 28,904,423 2.87 32,882,403 2.90 36,050,000 2.85 37,327,378 2.79 39,528,999 2.80
Gansu 12,093,600 2.06 12,630,569 1.82 19,569,261 1.94 22,371,141 1.97 25,620,000 2.02 25,575,254 1.91 25,019,831 1.77
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 1,506,200 0.26 2,107,500 0.30 3,895,578 0.39 4,655,451 0.41 5,620,000 0.44 6,301,350 0.47 7,202,654 0.51
Qinghai 1,676,534 0.29 2,145,604 0.31 3,895,706 0.39 4,456,946 0.39 5,180,000 0.41 5,626,722 0.42 5,923,957 0.42
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 4,873,608 0.84 7,270,067 1.05 13,081,681 1.30 15,155,778 1.34 19,250,000 1.52 21,813,334 1.63 25,852,345 1.83
Military personnel 4,238,210 3,199,100 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,000,000
Population with permanent residence difficult to define 4,649,985
Total China 582,603,417 694,581,759 1,008,175,288 1,133,682,501 1,265,830,000 1,339,724,852 1,411,778,724

Structure of the population

Census population of China by age and sex:

File:China population pyramid from 1950 to 2022.gif
Population pyramid of China from 1950 to 2022
File:China population pyramid from 2023 to 2100.gif
Age structure projections for China up to 2100

Population by Sex and Age Group (as of November 01, 2010). For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those for Hong Kong and Macau. Data exclude 2.3 million servicemen, 4.65 million persons with permanent resident status difficult to define, and 0.12 per cent undercount based on the post enumeration survey:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 682,329,104 650,481,765 1,332,810,869 Template:Percentage bar
0–4 41,062,566 34,470,044 75,532,610 Template:Percentage bar
5–9 38,464,665 32,416,884 70,881,549 Template:Percentage bar
10–14 40,267,277 34,641,185 74,908,462 Template:Percentage bar
15–19 51,904,830 47,984,284 99,889,114 Template:Percentage bar
20–24 64,008,573 63,403,945 127,412,518 Template:Percentage bar
25–29 50,837,038 50,176,814 101,013,852 Template:Percentage bar
30–34 49,521,822 47,616,381 97,138,203 Template:Percentage bar
35–39 60,391,104 57,634,855 118,025,959 Template:Percentage bar
40–44 63,608,678 61,145,286 124,753,964 Template:Percentage bar
45–49 53,776,418 51,818,135 105,594,553 Template:Percentage bar
50–54 40,363,234 38,389,937 78,753,171 Template:Percentage bar
55–59 41,082,938 40,229,536 81,312,474 Template:Percentage bar
60–64 29,834,426 28,832,856 58,667,282 Template:Percentage bar
65–69 20,748,471 20,364,811 41,113,282 Template:Percentage bar
70–74 16,403,453 16,568,944 32,972,397 Template:Percentage bar
75–79 11,278,859 12,573,274 23,852,133 Template:Percentage bar
80–84 5,917,502 7,455,696 13,373,198 Template:Percentage bar
85–89 2,199,810 3,432,118 5,631,928 Template:Percentage bar
90–94 530,872 1,047,435 1,578,307 Template:Percentage bar
95–99 117,716 252,263 369,979 Template:Percentage bar
100+ 8,852 27,082 35,934 Template:Percentage bar
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 119,794,508 101,528,113 221,322,621 Template:Percentage bar
15–64 505,329,061 487,232,029 992,561,090 Template:Percentage bar
65+ 57,205,535 61,721,623 118,927,158 Template:Percentage bar

Template:Chart Template:Chart

Urbanization

File:New Chinese city (11359603824).jpg
Urban construction work in Guangshui, 2013

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Urbanization increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2024, 67% of the total population lived in urban areas, a rate that rose from 26% in 1990.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Population policies

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File:Birth rate in China.svg
Birth rate in China

Initially, China's post-1949 leaders were ideologically disposed to view a large population as an asset. But soon afterwards, the leaders changed course. For one year, starting in August 1956, vigorous support was given to the Ministry of Public Health's mass birth control efforts. These efforts, however, had little impact on fertility. After the interval of the Great Leap Forward, Chinese leaders again saw rapid population growth as an obstacle to development, and their interest in birth control revived. In the early 1960s, schemes somewhat more muted than during the first campaign, emphasized the virtues of late marriage. Birth control offices were set up in the central government and some provincial-level governments in 1964. The second campaign was particularly successful in the cities, where the birth rate was cut in half during the 1963–66 period.Template:Cn

The one-child policy enjoyed much greater success in urban than in rural areas. Even without state intervention, there were compelling reasons for urban couples to limit the family to a single child. Raising a child required a significant portion of family income, and in the cities a child did not become an economic asset until he or she entered the work force at age sixteen. Couples with only one child were given preferential treatment in housing allocation. In addition, because city dwellers who were employed in state enterprises received pensions after retirement, the sex of their first child was less important to them than it was to those in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Observers suggested that an accurate assessment of the one-child program would not be possible until all women who came of childbearing age in the early 1980s passed their fertile years. As of 1987 the one-child program had achieved mixed results. In general, it was very successful in almost all urban areas but less successful in rural areas.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Rapid fertility reduction associated with the one-child policy has potentially negative results. For instance, in the future the elderly might not be able to rely on their children to care for them as they have in the past, leaving the state to assume the expense, which could be considerable. Based on United Nations and Chinese government statistics, it was estimated in 1987 that by 2000 the population 60 years and older (the retirement age is 60 in urban areas) would number 127 million, or 10.1% of the total population; the projection for 2025 was 234 million elderly, or 16.4%. According to projections based on the 1982 census, if the one-child policy were maintained to the year 2000, 25% of China's population would be age 65 or older by 2040. In 2050, the number of people over 60 is expected to increase to 430 million.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Even though China has already opened two-child policy since 2016, data shows that the second-child policy cannot stop the problem of an aging population. China needs to find an appropriate birth policy to optimize the demographic dividend, which refers to the proportion of labor-age population.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> On the other hand, higher house prices plays an important role on the influence of marriage and fertility. The increasing house prices leads to lower marriage rates and cause other serious social problems in China.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2024, United Nations researchers forecast China's population to fall to 639 million by 2100.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> The same year, researchers from Victoria University and the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences forecast that China's population will fall to approximately 525 million by 2100 at current rates.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":4" /> This revision, reducing the population estimate to 525 million from a previous forecast of 597 million by 2100, indicates a sharper decline than previously anticipated.<ref name=":2" />

Pro-natalist policies

In the 2020s, pro-natalist policies have been put in place to encourage people to have more children.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Specific policies have included lengthening of paid maternity leave, cash payments to mothers in some regions who have their second and third children,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":53">Template:Cite news</ref> government-provided children's clothing and toys, increased child allowances, reduced taxes, government-subsidized fertility and pregnancy treatment, and new childcare facilities.<ref name=":2025MesaLago">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Local government family-planning committees, previously used to enforce the one-child policy, are deployed for pro-natalist policies such as calling women to check on their menstrual cycle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":53" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In July 2025, China announced an annual childcare subsidy of 3,600 yuan (about $500) until age three; this subsidy is estimated to impact about 20 million families.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Vital statistics

File:China population changes.webp
China population changes 1949 - 2022

Total fertility rate from 1930 to 1949

These are estimates as there are no registry data for that period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.<ref name="ourworldindata.org">Template:Citation</ref>

Years 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
Total fertility rate in China 5.5 5.47 5.45 5.43 5.4 5.38 5.35 5.32 5.3 5.28 5.25
Years 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949<ref name="ourworldindata.org"/>
Total fertility rate in China 5.15 5.06 4.96 4.86 4.77 5 5.2 4.91 5.54

Births and deaths as of 1949

Notable events in demography of China:

Midyear population Live births1 Deaths1 Natural change1 Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration rate (per 1000) Total fertility rate
1949 537,371,000 19,345,000 10,747,000 8,598,000 36.0 20.0 16.0
1950 546,815,000 20,232,000 9,843,000 10,389,000 37.0 18.0 19.0 -1.4 5.29
1951 557,480,000 21,073,000 9,923,000 11,150,000 37.8 17.8 20.0 -0.5
1952 568,910,000 21,050,000 9,671,000 11,379,000 37.0 17.0 20.0 0.5
1953 581,390,000 21,511,000 8,139,000 13,372,000 37.0 14.0 23.0 -1.1
1954 595,310,000 22,604,000 7,846,000 14,758,000 37.97 13.18 24.79 -0.8
1955 608,655,000 19,842,000 7,474,000 12,368,000 32.60 12.28 20.32 2.1 5.98
1956 621,465,000 19,825,000 7,085,000 12,740,000 31.90 11.40 20.50 0.5
1957 637,405,000 21,691,000 6,884,000 14,807,000 34.03 10.80 23.23 2.4
1958 653,235,000 19,088,000 7,826,000 11,262,000 29.22 11.98 17.24 7.6
1959 666,005,000 16,504,000 9,717,000 6,787,000 24.78 14.59 10.19 9.4
1960 667,070,000 13,915,000 16,964,000 −3,049,000 20.86 25.43 −4.57 6.2 3.99
1961 660,330,000 11,899,000 9,403,000 2,496,000 18.02 14.24 3.78 -13.9 3.37
1962 665,770,000 24,640,000 6,671,000 17,969,000 37.01 10.02 26.99 -18.8
1963 682,335,000 29,593,000 6,851,000 22,742,000 43.37 10.04 33.33 -8.4 6.88
1964 698,355,000 27,334,000 8,031,000 19,303,000 39.14 11.50 27.64 -4.2
1965 715,185,000 27,091,000 6,794,000 20,297,000 37.88 9.50 28.38 -4.3 6.02
1966 735,400,000 25,776,000 6,494,000 19,282,000 35.05 8.83 26.22 2.0
1967 754,550,000 25,625,000 6,361,000 19,264,000 33.96 8.43 25.53 0.5
1968 774,510,000 27,565,000 6,359,000 21,206,000 35.59 8.21 27.38 -0.9
1969 796,025,000 27,152,000 6,392,000 20,760,000 34.11 8.03 26.08 1.7
1970 818,315,000 27,356,000 6,219,000 21,137,000 33.43 7.60 25.83 2.2 5.75
1971 841,105,000 25,780,000 6,157,000 19,623,000 30.65 7.32 23.33 4.5
1972 862,030,000 25,663,000 6,560,000 19,103,000 29.77 7.61 22.16 2.7
1973 881,940,000 24,633,000 6,209,000 18,424,000 27.93 7.04 20.89 2.2
1974 900,350,000 22,347,000 6,609,000 15,738,000 24.82 7.34 17.48 3.4
1975 916,395,000 21,086,000 6,708,000 14,378,000 23.01 7.32 15.69 2.1 3.58
1976 930,685,000 18,530,000 6,747,000 11,783,000 19.91 7.25 12.66 2.9
1977 943,455,000 17,860,000 6,482,000 11,378,000 18.93 6.87 12.06 1.7
1978 956,165,000 17,450,000 5,976,000 11,474,000 18.25 6.25 12.00 1.5
1979 969,005,000 17,268,000 6,018,000 11,250,000 18.21 6.21 11.87 1.6
1980 981,235,000 17,868,000 6,221,000 11,647,000 18.21 6.34 11.87 0.8 2.32
1981 993,885,000 20,782,000 6,321,000 14,461,000 20.91 6.36 14.55 -1.7
1982 1,008,630,000 21,260,000 6,653,000 14,607,000 22.28 6.60 15.68 -0.8
1983 1,023,310,000 18,996,000 7,223,000 11,773,000 20.19 6.90 13.29 1.3
1984 1,036,825,000 18,022,000 6,890,000 11,132,000 19.90 6.82 13.08 0.1
1985 1,051,040,000 21,994,000 7,087,000 14,907,000 21.04 6.78 14.26 -0.5 2.65
1986 1,066,790,000 23,928,000 7,318,000 16,610,000 22.43 6.86 15.57 -0.6
1987 1,084,035,000 25,291,000 7,285,000 18,006,000 23.33 6.72 16.61 -0.4
1988 1,101,630,000 24,643,000 7,315,000 17,328,000 22.37 6.64 15.73 0.5
1989 1,118,650,000 24,140,000 7,316,000 16,824,000 21.58 6.54 15.04 0.4
1990 1,135,185,000 23,910,000 7,570,000 16,340,000 21.06 6.67 14.39 0.4 2.43
1991 1,150,780,000 22,650,000 7,710,000 14,940,000 19.68 6.70 12.98 0.8
1992 1,164,970,000 21,250,000 7,740,000 13,510,000 18.24 6.64 11.60 0.7
1993 1,178,440,000 21,320,000 7,820,000 13,500,000 18.09 6.64 11.45 0.1
1994 1,191,835,000 21,100,000 7,740,000 13,360,000 17.70 6.49 11.21 0.2
1995 1,204,855,000 20,630,000 7,920,000 12,710,000 17.12 6.57 10.55 0.4 1.68
1996 1,217,550,000 20,670,000 7,990,000 12,680,000 16.98 6.56 10.42 0.1
1997 1,230,075,000 20,380,000 8,010,000 12,370,000 16.57 6.51 10.06 0.2
1998 1,241,935,000 19,420,000 8,070,000 11,350,000 15.64 6.50 9.14 0.5
1999 1,252,735,000 18,340,000 8,090,000 10,250,000 14.64 6.46 8.18 0.5
2000 1,262,645,000 17,710,000 8,140,000 9,570,000 14.03 6.45 7.58 0.3 1.45
2001 1,271,850,000 17,020,000 8,180,000 8,840,000 13.38 6.43 6.95 0.3
2002 1,280,400,000 16,470,000 8,210,000 8,260,000 12.86 6.41 6.45 0.3
2003 1,288,400,000 15,990,000 8,250,000 7,740,000 12.41 6.40 6.01 0.2
2004 1,296,075,000 15,930,000 8,320,000 7,610,000 12.29 6.42 5.87 0.1
2005 1,303,720,000 16,170,000 8,490,000 7,680,000 12.40 6.51 5.89 0 1.51
2006 1,311,020,000 15,850,000 8,930,000 6,920,000 12.09 6.81 5.28 0.3 1.50
2007 1,317,885,000 15,940,000 9,130,000 6,810,000 12.10 6.93 5.17 0.1 1.53
2008 1,324,655,000 16,080,000 9,350,000 6,730,000 12.14 7.06 5.08 0.1 1.55
2009 1,331,260,000 15,910,000 9,430,000 6,480,000 11.95 7.08 4.87 0.1 1.54
2010 1,337,705,000 15,920,000 9,510,000 6,410,000 11.90 7.11 4.79 0.1 1.54
2011 1,345,035,000 17,970,000 9,600,000 8,370,000 13.27 7.14 6.13 -0.7
2012 1,354,190,000 19,730,000 9,660,000 10,070,000 14.57 7.13 7.43 -0.6
2013 1,363,240,000 17,760,000 9,720,000 8,040,000 13.03 7.13 5.9 0.8
2014 1,371,860,000 18,970,000 9,770,000 9,200,000 13.83 7.12 6.71 -0.4
2015 1,379,860,000 16,550,000 9,750,000 6,800,000 11.99 7.07 4.93 0.9 1.57
2016 1,387,790,000 17,860,000 9,770,000 8,090,000 12.95 7.09 5.86 -0.1 1.70
2017 1,396,215,000 17,230,000 9,860,000 7,370,000 12.64 7.06 5.58 0.5 1.67
2018 1,402,760,000 15,230,000 9,930,000 5,300,000 10.86 7.08 3.78 0.9 1.55
2019 1,407,745,000 14,650,000 9,980,000 4,670,000 10.41 7.09 3.32 0.2 1.50
2020 1,411,100,000 12,020,000 9,970,000 2,050,000 8.52 7.07 1.45 0.9 1.28
2021 1,412,360,000 10,620,000 10,140,000 480,000 7.52 7.18 0.34 0.6 1.16
2022<ref name=":0" /> 1,411,750,000 9,560,000 10,410,000 −850,000 6.77 7.37 −0.60 0.2 1.09
citation CitationClass=web

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1,409,670,000 9,020,000 11,100,000 −2,080,000 6.39 7.87 −1.48 0.0 1.07
2024<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> 1,408,280,000 9,540,000 10,930,000 −1,390,000 6.77 7.76 −0.99 0.0 1.15
2025

Template:Chart

Total fertility rate by region

According to the 2000 census, the TFR was 1.22 (0.86 for cities, 1.08 for towns and 1.43 for villages/outposts). Beijing had the lowest TFR at 0.67, while Guizhou had the highest at 2.19. The Xiangyang district of Jiamusi city (Heilongjiang) has a TFR of 0.41, which is the lowest TFR recorded anywhere in the world in recorded history. Other extremely low TFR counties are: 0.43 in the Heping district of Tianjin city (Tianjin), and 0.46 in the Mawei district of Fuzhou city (Fujian). At the other end TFR was 3.96 in Geji County (Tibet), 4.07 in Jiali County (Tibet), and 5.47 in Baqing County (Tibet).<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>

The 2010 census reported a TFR of 1.18 (0.88 in cities, 1.15 in townships, and 1.44 in rural areas).<ref name="iussp.org">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The five regions with the lowest fertility rates were Beijing (0.71), Shanghai (0.74), Liaoning (0.74), Heilongjiang (0.75), and Jilin (0.76). The five regions with the highest fertility rates were Guangxi (1.79), Guizhou (1.75), Xinjiang (1.53), Hainan (1.51), and Anhui (1.48).<ref name="iussp.org" />

The 2020 census reported a TFR of 1.301, with 1.118 in cities, 1.395 in townships, and 1.543 in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The shift of fertility rate recorded in 2020 census compared to that in the previous 2 censuses may not be an actual recovery, but rather due to the low quality and massive underreporting of lower-age groups in the 2000 and 2010 censuses, while the population control policy in China back then may also give families an incentive to hide their children, which is largely relieved as the policy changed in 2010s. This can be demonstrated by the much lower number of population aged 0~4 and 5~9 in the 2000 and 2010 censuses<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when compared to the corresponding age groups in 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Total fertility rate by ethnic group (2010 census): Han (1.14), Zhuang (1.59), Hui (1.48), Manchu (1.18), Uyghur (2.04), Miao (1.82), Yi (1.82), Tujia (1.74), Tibetan (1.60), Mongols (1.26).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Life expectancy

Template:See also

File:Life expectancy map of China 2019 with names.png
Map of Chinese regions by life expectancy in 2019<ref name="CCDC_Weekly">Template:Cite journal — table 1, page 42</ref>
File:Life expectancy by WBG -China -diff.png
Life expectancy in China since 1960 by gender

Source: UN World Population Prospects<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 43.8 1985–1990 68.9
1955–1960 44.5 1990–1995 69.7
1960–1965 44.6 1995–2000 70.9
1965–1970 55.5 2000–2005 73.1
1970–1975 61.7 2005–2010 74.7
1975–1980 65.5 2010–2015 75.7
1980–1985 67.8 citation CitationClass=web

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78.6

Fertility and mortality

File:Chang'an avenue in Beijing.jpg
Traffic in Beijing

Template:See alsoTemplate:More citations needed Beginning in the early 1950s, mortality steadily declined; it continued to decline through 1978 and remained relatively constant through 1987. One major fluctuation was reported in a computer reconstruction of China's population trends from 1953 to 1987 produced by the United States Bureau of the Census. The computer model showed that the crude death rate increased dramatically during the famine years associated with the Great Leap Forward (1958–60).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

China exhibits a serious gender imbalance. Census data obtained in 2000 revealed that 119 boys were born for every 100 girls, and among China's "floating population" the ratio was as high as 128:100. These situations led the government in July 2004 to ban selective abortions of female fetuses. It is estimatedTemplate:By whom that this imbalance will rise until 2025–2030 to reach 20% then slowly decrease.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 2020s, cash incentives have been offered to increase birth rates.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":5">Template:Cite news</ref> Local government family-planning committees, previously used to enforce the one-child policy, are deployed for pro-natalist policies such as calling women to check on their menstrual cycle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Censorship of data

Although the National Bureau of Statistics of China reported 9.02 million births in 2023,<ref name=":22"/> the state-owned Mother and Infant Daily newspaper reported there were 7.88 million births for the same year.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The report was promptly censored following publication.<ref name=":3" />

Labor force

In 2012, for the first time, according to the National Bureau of Statistics in January 2013, the number of people theoretically able to enter the Chinese labor force (individuals aged 15 to 59), shrank slightly to 937.27 million, a decrease of 3.45 million from 2011. This trend, resulting from a demographic transition, is anticipated to continue until at least 2030.<ref name=CNBC011913>Template:Cite news</ref> The World Factbook estimated the 2019 active labor force was 774.71 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Height and weight

As of 2020, the average Chinese man was Template:Convert tall in 2019, the figures showed, and women's average height was Template:Convert. The same study showed an average Chinese man weighed Template:Convert, up Template:Convert over 10 years, while women were Template:Convert heavier on average at Template:Convert. They were up Template:Convert respectively from 5 years earlier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Gender balance

Future challenges for China will be the gender disparity. According to the 2020 census, males account for 51.24% of China's 1.41 billion people, while females made up 48.76% of the total. The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118.06 boys to every 100 girls (54.14%) in 2010, higher than the 116.86 (53.89%) of 2000, but 0.53 points lower than the ratio of 118.59 (54.25%) in 2005.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Ethnic groups

Template:Main list

The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of which are Han, who constitute 91.51% of the total population in 2010. Ethnic minorities constitute 8.49% or 113.8 million of China's population in 2010. During the past decades ethnic minorities have experienced higher growth rates than the majority Han population, because they are not under the one-child policy. Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010. Large ethnic minorities (data according to the 2000 census) include the Zhuang (16 million, 1.28%), Manchu (10 million, 0.84%), Uyghur (9 million, 0.78%), Hui (9 million, 0.71%), Miao (8 million, 0.71%), Yi (7 million, 0.61%), Tujia (5.75 million, 0.63%), Mongols (5 million, 0.46%), Tibetan (5 million, 0.43%), Buyei (3 million, 0.23%), and Korean (2 million, 0.15%). Over 126,000 Westerners from Canada, the US and Europe are living in mainland China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Population of China according to ethnic group in censuses 1953–2020<ref name=autogenerated2 />
Ethnic group Language family 1953 % 1964 % 1982 % 1990 % 2000 % citation CitationClass=web

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Han Sino-Tibetan 547,283,057 93.94 651,296,368 94.22 936,703,824 93.30 1,039,187,548 91.92 1,137,386,112 91.53 1,220,844,520 91.60 1,286,310,000 91.11
Minority groups 35,320,360 6.06 39,883,909 5.78 67,233,254 6.67 90,570,743 8.01 105,225,173 8.47 111,966,349 8.40 125,470,000 8.89
Zhuang Tai–Kadai 6,611,455 1.13 8,386,140 1.21 13,441,900 1.32 15,555,820 1.38 16,178,811 1.28 16,926,381 1.27 19,568,546 1.39
Uyghurs Turkic 3,640,125 0.62 3,996,311 0.58 5,917,030 0.59 7,207,024 0.64 8,399,393 0.66 10,069,346 0.76 11,774,538 0.84
Hui Sino-Tibetan 3,559,350 0.61 4,473,147 0.64 7,207,780 0.71 8,612,001 0.76 9,816,802 0.78 10,586,087 0.79 11,377,914 0.81
Miao Hmong–Mien 2,511,339 0.43 2,782,088 0.40 5,017,260 0.50 7,383,622 0.65 8,940,116 0.71 9,426,007 0.71 11,067,929 0.79
Manchu Tungusic 2,418,931 0.42 2,695,675 0.39 4,299,950 0.43 9,846,776 0.87 10,682,263 0.84 10,387,958 0.78 10,423,303 0.74
Yi Sino-Tibetan 3,254,269 0.56 3,380,960 0.49 5,492,330 0.54 6,578,524 0.58 7,762,286 0.61 8,714,393 0.65 9,830,327 0.70
Tujia Sino-Tibetan 284,900 0.03 5,725,049 0.51 8,028,133 0.63 8,353,912 0.63 9,587,732 0.68
Tibetans Sino-Tibetan 2,775,622 0.48 2,501,174 0.36 3,821,950 0.38 4,593,072 0.41 5,416,021 0.43 6,282,187 0.47 7,060,731 0.50
Mongols Mongolic 1,462,956 0.25 1,965,766 0.28 3,402,200 0.34 4,802,407 0.42 5,813,947 0.46 5,981,840 0.45 6,290,204 0.45
Buyei Tai–Kadai 1,247,883 0.21 1,348,055 0.19 2,103,150 0.21 2,548,294 0.22 2,971,460 0.23 2,870,034 0.22 3,576,752 0.25
Dong Tai–Kadai 712802 836123 1,446,190 0.14 2,508,624 0.22 2,960,293 0.24 2,879,974 0.22 3,495,993 0.25
Yao Hmong–Mien 665933 857265 1,414,870 0.14 2,137,033 0.19 2,637,421 0.21 2,796,003 0.21 3,309,341 0.23
Bai Sino-Tibetan 567119 706623 1,147,360 0.11 1,598,052 0.14 1,858,063 0.15 1,933,510 0.15 2,091,543 0.15
Hani Sino-Tibetan 481220 628727 1,063,300 0.11 1,254,800 0.11 1,439,673 0.12 1,660,932 0.12 1,733,166 0.12
Korean Koreanic 1,120,405 0.19 1,339,569 0.19 1,783,150 0.18 1,923,361 0.17 1,923,842 0.15 1,830,929 0.14 1,702,479 0.12
Li Tai–Kadai 360950 438813 882,030 0.09 1,112,498 0.10 1,247,814 0.10 1,463,064 0.11 1,602,104 0.11
Kazakh Turkic 509375 491637 878,570 0.09 1,110,758 0.10 1,250,458 0.10 1,462,588 0.11 1,562,518 0.11
Dai Tai–Kadai 478966 535389 864,340 0.09 1,025,402 0.09 1,158,989 0.09 1,261,311 0.09 1,329,985 0.09
She Hmong–Mien 234167 379,080 0.04 634,700 0.06 709,592 0.06 708,651 0.05
Lisu Sino-Tibetan 317465 270628 466,760 0.05 574,589 0.05 634,912 0.05 702,839 0.05
Gelao Tai–Kadai 26852 59,810 0.01 438,192 0.04 579,357 0.05 550,746 0.04
Dongxiang Mongolic 155761 147443 279523 – 373,669 0.03 513,805 0.04 621,500 0.05
Gaoshan Austronesian 329 366 1,750 0.00 2,877 0.00 4,461 0.00 4,009 0.00
Lahu Sino-Tibetan 139060 191241 320,350 0.03 411,545 0.04 453,705 0.04 485,966 0.04
Sui Tai–Kadai 133566 156099 300,690 0.03 347,116 0.03 406,902 0.03 411,847 0.03
Va Mon–Khmer 286158 200272 271,050 0.03 351,980 0.03 396,610 0.03 429,709 0.03
Nakhi Sino-Tibetan 143453 156796 248,650 0.02 277,750 0.02 308,839 0.02 326,295 0.02
Qiang Sino-Tibetan 35660 49105 109,760 0.01 198,303 0.02 306,072 0.02 309,576 0.02
Tu Mongolic 53277 77349 148,760 0.01 192,568 0.02 241,198 0.02 289,565 0.02
Mulao Tai–Kadai 52819 91,790 0.01 160,648 0.01 207,352 0.02 216,257 0.02
Xibe Tungusic 19022 33438 77,560 0.01 172,932 0.02 188,824 0.02 190,481 0.01
Kyrgyz Turkic 70944 70151 108,790 0.01 143,537 0.01 160,823 0.01 186,708 0.01
Daur Mongolic 63394 94126 – 121,463 0.01 132,143 0.01 131,992 0.01
Jingpo Sino-Tibetan 101852 57762 100,180 0.01 119,276 0.01 132,143 0.01 147,828 0.01
Maonan Tai–Kadai 22382 37,450 0.00 72,370 0.01 107,106 0.01 101,192 0.01
Salar Turkic 30658 69135 68,030 0.01 82,398 0.01 104,503 0.01 130,607 0.01
Blang Mon–Khmer 39411 58473 – 87,546 0.01 91,882 0.01 119,639 0.01
Tajik Indo-European 14462 16236 27,430 0.00 33,223 0.00 41,028 0.00 51,069 0.00
Achang Sino-Tibetan 12032 31,490 0.00 27,718 0.00 33,936 0.00 39,555 0.00
Pumi Sino-Tibetan 14298 18,860 0.00 29,721 0.00 33,600 0.00 42,861 0.00
Ewenki Tungusic 4957 9681 19,440 0.00 26,379 0.00 30,505 0.00 30,875 0.00
Nu Sino-Tibetan 15047 25,980 0.00 27,190 0.00 28,759 0.00 37,523 0.00
Gin (Vietnamese) Mon–Khmer 12,140 0.00 18,749 0.00 22,517 0.00 28,199 0.00
Jino Sino-Tibetan 11,260 0.00 18,022 0.00 20,899 0.00 23,143 0.00
De'ang Mon–Khmer – – 15,461 0.00 17,935 0.00 20,556 0.00
Bonan Mongolic 4957 5125 6,620 0.00 11,683 0.00 16,505 0.00 20,074 0.00
Russian Indo-European 22656 1326 2,830 0.00 13,500 0.00 15,609 0.00 15,393 0.00
Yugur Turkic 3861 5717 7,670 0.00 12,293 0.00 13,719 0.00 14,378 0.00
Uzbek Turkic 13626 7717 13,810 0.00 14,763 0.00 13,370 0.00 10,569 0.00
Monba Sino-Tibetan 3809 1,040 0.00 7,498 0.00 8,923 0.00 10,561 0.00
Oroqen Tungusic 2262 2709 2,280 0.00 7,004 0.00 8,196 0.00 8,659 0.00
Derung Sino-Tibetan 4,250 0.00 5,825 0.00 7,426 0.00 6,930 0.00
Chinese Tatars Turkic 6929 2294 7,510 0.00 5,064 0.00 4,890 0.00 3,556 0.00
Hezhen Tungusic 718 670 0.00 4,254 0.00 4,640 0.00 5,354 0.00
Lhoba Sino-Tibetan 1,030 0.00 2,322 0.00 2,965 0.00 3,682 0.00
Unrecognized 3,370,880 0.33 3,498 0.00 734,379 0.06 640,101 0.05
Unknown 4,720 0.00 752,347 0.07 – – – –
Naturalized – – – – 941 0.00 1,448 0.00
Total China 582,603,417 694,581,759 1,008,175,288 1,133,682,501 1,242,612,226 1,332,810,869 1,411,778,724

Neither Hong Kong nor Macau recognizes the official ethnic classifications maintained by the central government. In Macau, the largest substantial ethnic groups of non-Chinese descent are the Macanese, of mixed Chinese and Portuguese descent (Eurasians), as well as migrants from the Philippines and Thailand. Overseas Filipinos (overwhelmingly female) working as domestic workers comprise the largest non-Han Chinese ethnic group in Hong Kong.Template:Citation needed

People from other immigration jurisdictions

The 2020 Census counted 371,380 residents from Hong Kong, 55,732 residents from Macau, 157,886 residents from Taiwan, and 845,697 residents from other locations, totaling 1,430,695 residents.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Dead link</ref>

Nationality Residents
Myanmar 351,248
Vietnam 79,212
South Korea 59,242
United States 55,226
Japan 36,838
Canada 21,309
Australia 13,777
Russia 12,513
United Kingdom 11,236
Nigeria 10,654
Other countries 234,600
TOTAL 845,697

Religions

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Further

Religions in each province, major city and autonomous region of China, according to the latest available dataTemplate:NoteTag
Province Chinese
Folk Religion<ref name=Wang2015>Data from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2010 for Chinese ancestorists, and from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009 for Christians. Reported in Template:Cite news</ref> 		Buddhism<ref name=Gai-Gao>Data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2012. Reported in Template:Cite journal</ref> Christianity<ref name=Gai-Gao/> Islam<ref name=2010-Islam>Data from Template:Cite journal Reported in Template:Cite journal p. 29.</ref>
Fujian Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Zhejiang Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Qinghai Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
Guangdong Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Yunnan Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Guizhou Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Jiangsu Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Jiangxi Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Shandong Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Chongqing Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Hunan Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Shanxi Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Henan Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Jilin Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Anhui Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Gansu Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Heilongjiang Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Shaanxi Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Liaoning Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Sichuan Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Hubei Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Hebei Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Hainan Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
Beijing Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref>Template:Cite book p. 167.</ref> Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
Shanghai Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Tianjin Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Tibet Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}} p. 20, quoting: "Most ethnic Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a sizeable minority practices Bon, an indigenous religion, and very small minorities practice Islam, Catholicism, or Protestantism. Some scholars estimate that there are as many as 400,000 Bon followers across the Tibetan Plateau. Scholars also estimate that there are up to 5,000 ethnic Tibetan Muslims and 700 ethnic Tibetan Catholics in the TAR".</ref>

Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar
Xinjiang Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
Guangxi Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar
Ningxia Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
Inner Mongolia Template:Percentage bar Template:Percentage bar<ref>Template:Cite journal Note that the article, in an evident mistranslation from Chinese, reports 30 million Tibetan Buddhists in Inner Mongolia instead of 3 million.</ref> Template:Percentage bar<ref name=Wang2015/> Template:Percentage bar
China Template:Percentage bar<ref name=CSLS2010>2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Percentage bar<ref name=CFPS2014>For China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey results see release #1 Template:Webarchive (archived) and release #2 Template:Webarchive(). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison CFPS 2012 data in Template:Cite journal p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their average (fifth column of the first table).</ref><ref name=CZ20172>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:Percentage bar<ref name=CFPS2014/><ref name=CZ20172/> Template:Percentage bar<ref name=CFPS2012/>Template:Rp

Template:Multiple image

Template:Religion in China surveys

Migration

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization.<ref name="Labour migration">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of Washington suggests that "In the 30 years since 1979, China's urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009. Of the 440 million increase, about 340 million was attributable to net migration and urban reclassification. Even if only half of that increase was migration, the volume of rural-urban migration in such a short period is likely the largest in human history."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system.<ref name="Liang 2004 467–488">Template:Cite journal</ref> In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In 2011 a total of 252.78 million migrant workers (an increase of 4.4% compared to 2010) existed in China. Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010).<ref name=statistics>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the urban population up to nearly 1 billion people.<ref name= "WSJ" >Template:Cite news</ref> This population of migrants would represent "almost 40 percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level.<ref name="WSJ" /><ref>Template:Citation</ref> While it is often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of every five persons is a migrant."<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> China's government influences the pattern of urbanization through the Hukou permanent residence registration system, land-sale policies, infrastructure investment and the incentives offered to local government officials. The other factors influencing migration of people from rural provincial areas to large cities are employment, education, business opportunities and higher standard of living.<ref>Griffiths, Michael. B. (2010) 'Lamb Buddha's Migrant Workers: Self-assertion on China's Urban Fringe'. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs (China Aktuell), 39, 2, 3–37.</ref>

The mass emigration known as the Chinese diaspora,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which occurred from the 19th century to 1949, was mainly caused by wars and starvation in mainland China, invasion from various foreign countries, as well as the problems resulting from political corruption. Most immigrants were illiterate peasants and manual labourers, called "coolies" by analogy to the same pattern of immigration from India, who emigrated to work in countries such as the Americas, Australia, South Africa and Southeast Asia.Template:Citation needed

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