Dennis Ross

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Early life and education

Ross was born in San Francisco, California, and grew up in Belvedere, California.<ref>Dennis Ross flies home to Bay Area to honor mom, jweekly.com, Retrieved 2016-12-19.</ref> His Jewish mother and Catholic stepfather raised him in a non-religious atmosphere.<ref name="gov">Washington Post "WhoRunsGov" profile on Dennis Ross Template:Webarchive, Accessed March 1, 2009.</ref>

Ross graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1970 and did graduate work there, writing a doctoral dissertation on decision-making in the Soviet Union.<ref name="WINEP">However, Ross reportedly did not obtain a PhD from the University of California.{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He became religiously Jewish after the Six-Day War.<ref name="gov"/> In 2002, he co-founded the Kol Shalom synagogue in Rockville, Maryland.<ref name="gov" />

Career

1970s–1993

During U.S. President Jimmy Carter's administration, Ross worked under Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz in the Pentagon. There he co-authored a study recommending greater U.S. intervention in the Persian Gulf region "because of our need for Persian Gulf oil and because events in the Persian Gulf affect the Arab–Israeli conflict."<ref>James Mann, Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet, Viking, 2004, 79–81.</ref> During the Reagan administration, Ross served as director of Near East and South Asian affairs in the U.S. National Security Council and Deputy Director of the Pentagon's Office of Net Assessment (1982–84).<ref name="WINEP"/>

Ross returned briefly to academia in the 1980s, serving as executive director of the University of California at Berkeley-Stanford University program on Soviet international behavior from 1984 to 1986.<ref name="WINEP" />

In the administration of President George H. W. Bush, Ross was director of the United States State Department's Policy Planning Staff, working on U.S. policy toward the former Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany and its integration into NATO, arms control, and the 1991 Gulf War.<ref name="WINEP"/> He also worked with U.S. Secretary of State James Baker on convincing Arab and Israeli leaders to attend the 1991 Middle East peace conference in Madrid, Spain.<ref name="gov"/>

Middle East envoy

File:Ehud Barak and Dennis Ross.jpg
Ross (right) with Ehud Barak in 1999.

Although Ross had worked for outgoing Republican President Bush (even assisting in his re-election effort), incoming Democratic Secretary of State Warren Christopher asked Ross to stay on for a short time to help with early Middle Eastern policy in the new administration.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the summer of 1993 U.S. President Bill Clinton named Ross Middle East envoy. He helped the Israelis and Palestinians reach the 1995 Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and brokered the Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron in 1997. He facilitated the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, and also worked on talks between Israel and Syria.<ref name="WINEP" />

Ross headed a team of several people in the Office of the Special Middle East Coordinator, including his deputy Aaron David Miller, Robert Malley, Jon Schwarz, Gamal Helal, and Daniel Kurtzer (until 1994). Ross, consulting his team, drew up the Clinton Parameters as a bridging solution to save the Israeli–Palestinian negotiations in December 2000.<ref name="Ross2005">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ross was criticized by people on both sides of the conflict. Former Palestinian Foreign Minister Nabil Shaath described him as being more "pro-Israeli than the Israelis."<ref>Quoted in Swisher, The Truth About Camp David, p. 32.</ref> Occasional references to his Jewish ancestry were brought up within the Arab world (although Ross maintains this was not a problem with other heads of state during negotiations), while some conservative Israelis branded him "self-hating"—each questioning his ability to be unbiased,<ref>"Tired are the peacemakers: tales from the Arab-Israeli negotiating table" Template:Webarchive, Washington Monthly, September 2004.</ref><ref>Avi Shlaim, "The Lost Steps", The Nation, August 30, 2004.</ref> though Palestinians involved in the negotiation process would insist that his perceived lack of objectivity had little to do with his religion.<ref>Swisher, The Truth About Camp David, pp. 148–49.</ref> Describing Ross, Roger Cohen wrote that "Balance is something this meticulous diplomat [Ross] prizes.” But a recurrent issue with Ross, who embraced the Jewish faith after being raised in a non-religious home by a Jewish mother and Catholic stepfather, has been asked whether he is too close to the American Jewish community and Israel to be an honest broker with Iran or Arabs. Aaron David Miller, after years of working with Ross, concluded in a book that he 'had an inherent tendency to see the world of Arab–Israeli politics first from Israel's vantage point rather than that of the Palestinians.' Another former senior State Department official, who requested anonymity ... told me, "Ross's bad habit is pre-consultation with the Israelis."<ref>Roger Cohen, "The making of an Iran Policy," The New York Times Magazine, July 30, 2009.</ref>

Post-Clinton-era activities

After leaving his position as envoy, Ross returned to The Washington Institute for Near East Policy think tank as counselor and Ziegler Distinguished Fellow. He became chair of the Jerusalem-based think tank, the Jewish People Policy Planning Institute, funded and founded in 2002 by the Jewish Agency for Israel,<ref>Ross: Risk of war, Ynet, June 7, 2002.</ref> the operative branch of the World Zionist Organization (WZO).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

During these years he taught classes at Marquette University, Brandeis University, Harvard University's Kennedy School, and Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service, where he served as a Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy.<ref name="gov" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also wrote frequently for publications such as The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Jerusalem Post, The New Republic, USA Today, and The Wall Street Journal and worked as a foreign affairs analyst for the Fox News channel.<ref>Dennis Ross on Fox News Sunday Template:Webarchive, Fox News, April 21, 2002.</ref>

Ross was a noted supporter of the 2003 Iraq war, and signed two Project for a New American Century (PNAC) letters in support of the war in March 2003.<ref>Project for a New American Century {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} and {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}.</ref> However, he opposed some of the Bush administration's policies for post-war reconstruction.<ref name="Obama's Conservative Mideast Pick">Obama's Conservative Mideast Pick, Massimo Calabresi, Time, 16 July 2008.</ref> He also opposed Bush's policy of avoiding direct talks with Iran.<ref name=gov />

Obama Administration positions

According to The Wall Street Journal, Ross, along with James Steinberg and Daniel Kurtzer, was among the principal authors of then-presidential candidate Barack Obama's address on the Middle East to AIPAC in June 2008.<ref>Obama's AIPAC speech. Text as prepared for delivery Template:Webarchive</ref> It was viewed as the Democratic nominee's most expansive on international affairs.<ref>"Obama's Mideast Experts Emphasize Talks", Jay Solomon, The Wall Street Journal, June 16, 2008; A7</ref>

Ross was appointed Special Advisor for the Persian Gulf and Southwest Asia to U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on February 23, 2009.<ref>U.S. State Department Press release.</ref> On June 25, 2009 the White House announced that Ross was leaving the State Department to join the National Security Council staff as a Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for the Central Region, with overall responsibility for the region. The Central Region includes the Middle East, the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and South Asia.<ref>Glenn Kessler, White House Makes it Official on Ross, The Washington Post, June 25, 2009.</ref>

Haaretz reported that Ross's work as a Middle East aide in the Obama administration was burdened by tension with special envoy George Mitchell, to the point that Ross and Mitchell sometimes refused to speak to each other. This report indicated that the tension was caused, at least in part, by Ross's occasional efforts to conduct negotiations with Israeli government officials without notifying Mitchell. For example, in both September and November 2010, Ross was said to have tried to persuade Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to freeze settlement construction during negotiations with the Palestinian National Authority, in exchange for unspecified private assurances and a major military arms transfer from the United States.<ref name=stepsdown>"Obama's Mideast Envoy Steps Down Amid Stalled Peace Talks" Haaretz, 10 November 2011]</ref>

Palestinian officials reportedly viewed Ross as beholden to the Israeli government, and not as an even-handed facilitator of negotiations. For a period, Ross refrained from meeting Palestinian Authority officials, while continuing to hold talks with Israeli officials during his visits to the region.<ref name=stepsdown />

On November 10, 2011, Ross stepped down from his post in the Obama administration.<ref name="quit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He rejoined The Washington Institute as William Davidson Distinguished Fellow, Counselor, Irwin Levy Family Program on the U.S.-Israel Strategic Relationship. He currently serves on the advisory board for the non-profit America Abroad Media.<ref>Dennis Ross Template:Webarchive, America Abroad Media</ref>

Controversies

Template:See also

In their 2006 paper The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, John Mearsheimer, political science professor at the University of Chicago, and Stephen Walt, academic dean of the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, named Ross as a member of the "Israeli lobby" in the United States.<ref name=Clyne2>Clyne, Meghan. "Kalb Upbraids Harvard Dean Over Israel", New York Sun, March 21, 2006. Accessed August 17, 2007.</ref> Ross in turn criticized the academics behind the paper.<ref name=Clyne2 /> In 2008, Time reported that a former colleague of Ross, former ambassador Daniel Kurtzer, published a think-tank monograph containing anonymous complaints from Arab and American negotiators saying Ross was seen as biased towards Israel and not "an honest broker".<ref name="Obama's Conservative Mideast Pick"/>

Ross's memoir of his experiences, The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace, tells his side of the story and outlines key lessons to be drawn.<ref>Frankel, Glen. "Book Review: So Close and Yet So Far," The Washington Post, August 22, 2004, BW06.</ref><ref>"Exhausted Are the Peacemakers," The New York Times Book Review, 2004.</ref> His 2007 book, Statecraft: And How to Restore America's Standing in the World, criticizes the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush for its failure to use the tools of statecraft to advance U.S. national interests. He advocates instead for a neoliberal foreign policy which relies on a much broader and more effective use of statecraft.<ref>Hirsch, Jordan. "Review of Statecraft Template:Webarchive," Columbia Current.</ref> While he has worked under both Republican and Democratic administrations, Ross himself is a Democrat.<ref>The Missing Peace, Dennis Ross interviewed by Nonna Gorilovskaya, Mother Jones October 20, 2004.</ref>

Ross states in The Missing Peace that he and other American negotiators pushed Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak to accept Palestinian sovereignty over Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem during the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David.<ref name=miss>Dennis Ross. August 2004. The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. Template:ISBN.</ref> Ross wrote part of Barack Obama's speech to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee during the 2008 Presidential campaign, and the speech stated that "Jerusalem is Israel's capital" and that it should not be divided again. The Jerusalem Post reported in November 2008 that, according to Ross, these were "facts." However, Ross stated that the "third point," which is the position of the United States since the Camp David Accords, is that the final status of the city will be resolved by negotiations.<ref name=post>Dennis Ross tells 'Post' why Obama. The Jerusalem Post. Published Nov 1, 2008.</ref>

In February 2018, he penned an opinion piece in The Washington Post strongly supportive of the Saudi crown prince Muhammad bin Salman, calling him "a Saudi revolutionary" and opining that he saw "him as more like Mustafa Kemal Atatürk—a leader who revolutionized Turkey by taking away the power of the religious base and secularizing the country."<ref>America should get behind Saudi Arabia's revolutionary crown prince, Dennis Ross, February 12, 2018, The Washington Post</ref>

Aaron David Miller and Ambassador Daniel Kurtzer, two of the most senior officials (and Ross' long time collaborators during the peace process) would later attribute the failures of the peace process to Ross.<ref>Miller, The Much Too Promised Land</ref><ref>Kurtzer and Lasensky, Negotiating Arab-Israeli Peace</ref>

Affiliations

Ross co-founded the advocacy group United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) with Ambassador Richard Holbrooke, former CIA director R. James Woolsey Jr., and former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations for Management and Reform Mark Wallace.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He is currently on the advisory board of UANI as well as on the Counter Extremism Project, a non-profit non-governmental organization that combats extremist groups.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ross is currently a fellow at The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, a pro-Israel think tank,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and co-chairs the Jewish People Policy Institute think tank's board of directors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Works

Awards

  • 2015: National Jewish Book Award in the History category for Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Further reading

  • Clayton E. Swisher (2004), The Truth About Camp David: The Untold Story About the Collapse of the Middle East Peace Process. New York: Nation Books.

See also

References

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