DiPT

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| _other_data=3-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]indole

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Diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT), also known as N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, is a psychedelic drug of the tryptamine family related to dimethyltryptamine (DMT).<ref name="Corey_2012">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shulgin_1997">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shulgin_1980">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Alexander_1988">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is unusual among psychedelics in that at usual doses it primarily or exclusively produces strong auditory changes, including decreased pitch, harmonic distortion, and sound unfamiliarity, but produces no other hallucinogenic effects such as visuals, other perceptual effects, or euphoria.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Hamlet2010" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /><ref name="Jacob_1994" /><ref name="Shulgin_2003" /> However, the drug may produce more classically psychedelic effects at very high doses.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Halberstadt_2020" /> It is taken orally, but can also be smoked.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /><ref name="Jacob_1994" /><ref name="Shulgin_2003" />

The drug acts as a serotonin receptor agonist, including of the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /><ref name="Blough_2014">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Rickli_2016" /><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /><ref name="Ray_2010" /> It has weak activity at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /><ref name="Blough_2014" /> DiPT does not appear to bind to the serotonin 5-HT6 receptor or to several other serotonin receptors.<ref name="Ray_2010" /> It produces psychedelic-like effects in animals, which appear to be mediated primarily by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /><ref name="Baker_2018" /><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /> The mechanisms by which DiPT produces selective auditory changes are unknown.<ref name="Hamlet2010">Template:Cite thesis</ref><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Ballentine_2022">Template:Cite journal</ref> Derivatives of DiPT include 4-HO-DiPT (iprocin) and 5-MeO-DiPT (foxy methoxy), among others.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

DiPT was first described in the scientific literature by 1959.<ref name="Barlow_1959">Template:Cite journal</ref> The basic properties of DiPT in humans were described by Alexander Shulgin in 1976<ref name="Shulgin_1976" /> and its effects were described in detail by Shulgin in subsequent publications in the 1980s<ref name="Zamberlan_2018">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> and in his 1997 book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> DiPT was encountered as a novel designer drug in 2005.<ref name="EMCDDA2005" /> However, it appears to be little-used recreationally compared to other psychedelic drugs, perhaps due to its unusual effects.<ref name="Zamberlan_2018" /><ref name="Hamlet2010" />

Use and effects

In his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved) and other publications, Alexander Shulgin lists DiPT's dose range as 25 to 100Template:Nbspmg orally and its duration as 6 to 8Template:Nbsphours.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> In other publications however, he variably gives an effective dose range of 20 to 50Template:Nbspmg orally, a dose range of 40 to 100Template:Nbspmg orally, and a listed dose of 80Template:Nbspmg orally, as well as a shorter duration of 4Template:Nbsphours at lower doses and 5Template:Nbsphours at a higher dose.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /><ref name="Jacob_1994">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shulgin_2003">Template:Cite book</ref> Per Shulgin, the full spectrum of effects of DiPT occur at a dose of 50Template:Nbspmg, while a dose of 80Template:Nbspmg has the same activity as a 50Template:Nbspmg dose and only results in an intensification of these effects.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> A wider recreational dose range for DiPT of 15 to 150Template:Nbspmg or more orally has also been reported, with a typical dose estimate of about 50Template:Nbspmg.<ref name="Luethi_2018">Template:Cite journal</ref> According to Shulgin, testing of DiPT started at a dose of 0.5Template:Nbspmg and gradually titrated up in 9Template:Nbsphuman volunteers, with threshold effects occurring at a dose of 16Template:Nbspmg orally.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> There was also a report of 250Template:Nbspmg orally in TiHKAL, with apparently very strong effects.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> The onset of DiPT is 20 to 30Template:Nbspminutes or up to 1Template:Nbsphour, peak effects occur after 1.5 to 2Template:Nbsphours, and full effects last for 1 to 2Template:Nbsphours.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> In addition to oral administration, TiHKAL included a report of 8Template:Nbspmg DiPT smoked, with an onset of 4 to 8Template:Nbspminutes and a plus-two rating on the Shulgin Rating Scale.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

In major contrast to most other known serotonergic psychedelics, which are primarily visual in their effects, the effects of DiPT are unusual in that they are primarily or exclusively auditory.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /><ref name="Lari_2012">Template:Cite journal</ref> It is said to produce remarkable and extraordinary changes to sound perception, for instance of voices and music.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> DiPT reduces the perceived pitch (frequency) of sounds, causing an unusual tonal shift of all frequencies to a lower pitch.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Hamlet2010" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> It also causes distortion of pitch as well as of the timbre (tone quality) of sounds.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> As an example of its effects on pitch, DiPT makes peoples' voices sound much lower or deeper, like womens' voices being heard in bass tones or peoples' voices sound as if they have a bad cold.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> Voices are said to sound very similar to a single side-band radio signal being mistuned to the low side of the center frequency.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Despite these changes however, there were no effects on clarity of speech, and speech comprehension and interpretation were described as normal.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

DiPT makes music sound out of key and completely disharmonious, for instance piano playing sounding like a "bar-room disaster".<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> However, single tones were said to sound normal aside from pitch changes.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> DiPT does not cause a simple, linear, or proportional decrease in pitch, but decreases pitch by a fixed value.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> As a result, proportionality is lost, in turn resulting in complete harmonic distortion, jarring distortions of harmonic intervals, and music feeling qualitatively "wrong".<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> An analogy given for this was someone having their thumb on an LP record and making everything come out at a 50 to 75% speed.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> In terms of other sounds, telephone ringing sounds "partly underwater" with DiPT.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> The drug causes abrupt sounds to have "golden spikes" attached to them as "after-sounds".<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> DiPT was reported to cause all familiar sounds to become foreign, even the mere chewing of food.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Sounds are said to be perceived as amplified or more intense and there is said to be a decrease in high-frequency acuity.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986" /> The auditory and harmonic distortion with DiPT is described as intense or extreme, even at relatively low doses like 40Template:Nbspmg orally.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_2003" /> There is said to be variability between individuals in terms of the auditory effects of DiPT.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" />

Shulgin felt that DiPT could potentially be a useful tool in scientific research on the auditory system.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Hamlet2010" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986">Template:Cite journal</ref> He speculated that it might be able to help locate the pitch center of the brain, for instance if used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> A small study involving DiPT administered to two people with perfect pitch was conducted and findings shared with Shulgin.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> It assessed whether there was some relationship between a note's pitch and the perceived pitch of the note.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> No meaningful relationship was found, except reinforcement of the notion that the pitch decrease with DiPT is not linear and that there is true distortion instead of a simple pitch drop.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Interestingly, the plot of the error for each note against elapsed time provided an almost-quantitative measurement of DiPT's intensity and time-course of effects.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> In the same study, pre-treatment with low doses of MDMA resulted in exaggeration of auditory distortion with DiPT, including an enhanced sound intensity that verged on being painful.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Aside from research on the auditory system, there has also been interest in DiPT in the study of music and language processing.<ref name="Corey_2012" />

In terms of its psychedelic-type effects, DiPT is said to produce only auditory changes.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Hamlet2010" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> One report observed auditory changes but no effects whatsoever in a quiet environment.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> The subject remarked that if they were deaf, they would have assumed that DiPT was an inactive compound.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> The drug is specifically said to produce no visual changes at all<ref name="Shulgin_2003" /> or that visual effects with it are non-existent.<ref name="Alexander_1988" /> Relatedly, there was no visual distortion with DiPT at any time and there was no closed-eye imagery.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> The drug is said to lack the intense sensory disturbances or hallucinogenic effects characteristic of other psychedelics like dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and psilocybin.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> Relatedly, DiPT produces no changes in vision, taste, or smell.<ref name="Corey_2012" /><ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Additionally, it is said to produce little to no euphoria.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> Moreover, its experience was described as passive and neutral rather than as pleasant or unpleasant, or that it had a somewhat neutral–negative response.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> Because of its lack of classical psychedelic-like effects, some authors have gone so far as to conclude that DiPT "distorts auditory perception and does not produce psychedelic effects".<ref name="Halberstadt_2020" /> Aside from hallucinogenic-related effects, DiPT is said to produce lethargy and a desire to lie down and remain that way, which are particularly prominent during the peak.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> It is also reported to cause distance between oneself and one's surroundings and/or feelings, with these effects neither being disturbing nor stimulating.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> Owing to its selective auditory effects, the outcomes of DiPT experiences may be less dependent on set and setting than those of other psychedelics.<ref name="Corey_2012" />

The drug is said to be relatively free of autonomic side effects and toxicity indications.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> There are no changes in vital signs or motor coordination, although it was reported to cause handwriting impairment.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> It causes slight ear pressure as if the eustachian tubes are clogged.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> DiPT is also anecdotally claimed to produce tinnitus as a side effect.<ref name="Hill_2011">Template:Cite journal</ref> In addition, it causes mild diarrhea, mild nausea, muscular hyperreflexia, and slight pupil dilation.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> There were no changes in appetite and no sleep disruption.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" />

Although DiPT produces selective auditory effects at typical doses, it appears to produce effects more similar to those of classical serotonergic psychedelics like LSD at higher doses.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Halberstadt_2020" /> For example, in one report in TiHKAL that employed DiPT at a very high dose of 250Template:Nbspmg orally, the person described being spoken to and reassured by a "spirit", a feeling of foreboding, that "the light was there" but that DiPT was the "body of Satan", that they felt like they had been sent to an "anti-universe" where everything looked the same as normal but was a cold and empty imitation, and that they felt like a "fallen angel".<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> In addition to these effects, the person reported very strong auditory effects, such as mens' voices sounding like frogs and children sounding like they were speaking through synthesizers to imitate outer-space people in science-fiction movies.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> While DiPT may be able to produce more classically psychedelic effects at high doses, the precise effective dose range for these effects is not well-defined.<ref name="Halberstadt_2020" />

Other tryptamines reported to cause DiPT-esque sound distortion have included 2-methyl-DMT, 2-methyl-DET, and 5-MeO-DiPT.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Conversely, auditory changes or distortions with other psychedelics, including DMT, diethyltryptamine (DET), and ethylisopropyltryptamine (EiPT) among many others, are described as mild, rare, or absent.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> Similarly, auditory changes were not mentioned with methylisopropyltryptamine (MiPT) or 5-MeO-MiPT, except that these drugs produced enhanced auditory acuity and sound discrimination.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Although both DiPT and 5-MeO-DiPT can produce notable changes in auditory perception, DiPT's effects in general are said to differ from those of 5-MeO-DiPT's in most respects.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> Moreover, 5-MeO-DiPT was reported to cause "some" musical sound distortion, specifically in terms of musical character and interpretation, but there were no apparent changes to harmonic structure in contrast to DiPT.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> Shulgin speculated that 2-methyl-DiPT could be an interesting compound in terms of attempting to develop another psychedelic specifically affecting the auditory system, but he did not synthesize or test it.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

Interactions

Template:See also

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Template:Nowrap
Target Affinity (Ki, nM)
5-HT1A 121–2,270 (Ki)
4,570–>10,000 (Template:Abbrlink)
58% (Template:Abbrlink)
5-HT1B >10,000
5-HT1D 3,742
5-HT1E >10,000
5-HT1F Template:Abbr
5-HT2A 1,200–>10,000 (Ki)
34–>10,000 (Template:Abbr)
81–117% (Template:Abbr)
5-HT2B 399 (Ki)
1,000–2,380 (Template:Abbr)
103–107% (Template:Abbr)
5-HT2C 290–>10,000 (Ki)
167–1,999 (Template:Abbr)
81–143% (Template:Abbr)
5-HT3 >10,000
5-HT4 Template:Abbr
5-HT5A >10,000
5-HT6 >10,000
5-HT7 3,423
α1A, α1B >10,000
α1D Template:Abbr
α2A 3,600–>10,000
α2B 2,870
α2C 2,523
β1, β2 >10,000
β3 Template:Abbr
D1, D2 >25,000
D3 3,321–>25,000
D4, D5 >10,000
H1 920–3,583
H2 >10,000
H3 Template:Abbr
H4 >10,000
M1M5 >10,000
I1 356
σ1 1,798
σ2 2,702
Template:Abbrlink >15,000 (Ki) (mouse)
>15,000 (Ki) (rat)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr) (mouse)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr) (rat)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr) (human)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr) (mouse)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr) (rat)
Template:Abbrlink 180–1,258 (Ki)
215–900 (Template:Abbrlink)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr)
Template:Abbrlink 8,900–>10,000 (Ki)
9,900–>10,000 (Template:Abbr)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr)
Template:Abbrlink 4,100–>10,000 (Ki)
4,788–35,000 (Template:Abbr)
Template:Abbr (Template:Abbr)
Notes: The smaller the value, the more avidly the drug binds to the site. All proteins are human unless otherwise specified. Refs: <ref name="PDSPKiDatabase">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Ray_2010">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Gatch_2011" /><ref name="Blough_2014" /><ref name="Rickli_2016">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /><ref name="Simmler_2016">Template:Cite journal</ref>

DiPT binds to serotonin receptors including the serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C receptors among others.<ref name="Ray_2010" /><ref name="Rickli_2016" /> It is known to act as a full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors.<ref name="Ray_2010" /><ref name="Rickli_2016" /> The drug has weak activity at the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /><ref name="Blough_2014" /> It is also a weak serotonin reuptake inhibitor.<ref name="Rickli_2016" /> In contrast to many related drugs, DiPT does not interact with the rodent or human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).<ref name="Simmler_2016" />

DiPT fully substitutes for dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and DOM and partially substitutes for LSD in rodent drug discrimination tests.<ref name="Gatch_2011">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Halberstadt_2020" /> Conversely, it does not substitute for cocaine, methamphetamine, or MDMA.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /> When DiPT is used as the training drug, LSD, DOM, and MDMA fully substitute for DiPT while DMT only partially substitutes for DiPT and methamphetamine fails to substitute.<ref name="Carbonaro_2013">Template:Cite journal</ref> Its stimulus properties in drug discrimination tests are partially blocked by the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist volinanserin and by the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB-242084.<ref name="Baker_2018">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Carbonaro_2015">Template:Cite journal</ref> This is in contrast to the case of the related psychedelic DMT, wherein volinanserin fully blocks its stimulus properties and SB-242084 has minimal influence.<ref name="Baker_2018" /><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /> Nonetheless, it was concluded that the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor primarily mediates the interoceptive effects of DiPT in rodents.<ref name="Baker_2018" /><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /> Besides serotonin receptors, the metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor agonist LY-379268 had minimal effects on the stimulus properties of DiPT, whereas the mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor antagonist LY-341495 potentiated DiPT discrimination.<ref name="Baker_2018" /><ref name="Carbonaro_2015" />

Similarly to DMT and other psychedelics, DiPT produces the head-twitch response, a behavioral proxy of psychedelic-like effects, in rodents, and this effect is blocked by volinanserin.<ref name="Carbonaro_2015" /><ref name="Halberstadt_2020">Template:Cite journal</ref> In addition, DiPT produces hypolocomotion.<ref name="Gatch_2011" /> The drug also produces convulsions at high doses in rodents.<ref name="Gatch_2011" />

The unique auditory effects of DiPT in humans have not yet been properly evaluated or demonstrated in animals.<ref name="Hamlet2010" />

Chemistry

DiPT, also known as N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, is a derivative of tryptamine formed by substituting isopropyl groups for the two hydrogen atoms attached to the non-aromatic nitrogen atom in the tryptamine molecule.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

Synthesis

The chemical synthesis of DiPT has been described.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /><ref name="Shulgin_1980" />

Analogues

Analogues of DiPT include dimethyltryptamine (DMT), diethyltryptamine (DET), dipropyltryptamine (DPT), diallyltryptamine (DALT), 5-MeO-DiPT, 4-HO-DiPT (iprocin), 5-HO-DiPT, 4-AcO-DiPT (ipracetin), 5,6-MDO-DiPT, methylisopropyltryptamine (MiPT), ethylisopropyltryptamine (EiPT), and propylisopropyltryptamine (PiPT), among others.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

2-Methyl-DiPT

2-Methyl-DiPT, the 2-methyl derivative of DiPT, was mentioned by Alexander Shulgin in his book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved) as a potentially interesting analogue of DiPT that might likewise produce selective auditory effects.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> This was based on findings that other 2-methylated tryptamines like 2-methyl-DMT and 2-methyl-DET have also uniquely been found to produce DiPT-like auditory effects.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> However, 2-methyl-DiPT is not known to have been synthesized or tested.<ref name="Shulgin_1997" />

History

DiPT was first described in the scientific literature by R. B. Barlow and colleagues by 1959.<ref name="Barlow_1959" /> Alexander Shulgin disclosed the basic properties of DiPT in humans in 1976 based on unpublished findings of his cited to 1974.<ref name="Shulgin_1976">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Shulgin1970s">Template:Cite web</ref> Subsequently, Shulgin described DiPT, along with 5-MeO-DiPT, in much greater detail in a 1980 journal article.<ref name="Shulgin_1980" /> He also described it in further detail in other articles published in the 1980s,<ref name="Zamberlan_2018" /><ref name="Shulgin_1986" /><ref name="Alexander_1988" /> as well as in his 1997 book TiHKAL (Tryptamines I Have Known and Loved).<ref name="Shulgin_1997" /> DiPT was encountered as a novel designer drug in Europe in 2005.<ref name="EMCDDA2005">Template:Cite web</ref> However, DiPT appears to be relatively little used recreationally compared to other psychedelic drugs.<ref name="Zamberlan_2018" /> This may be related to its unusual effects, including lacking the typical recreational effects associated with psychedelic drugs.<ref name="Hamlet2010" />

Society and culture

United Kingdom

As is the case with many psychedelic tryptamines and phenethylamines, it is Class A in the UK, making it illegal to possess or use.

United States

DiPT is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,<ref name="PART 1308 — SCHEDULES OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES - 1308.11 Schedule I">Template:Cite web</ref> but it could be considered an analog of 5-MeO-DiPT, in which case purchase, sale, or possession for human consumption or illicit use that is not for scientific or industrial purposes could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act. Some of the people arrested in Operation Web Tryp were selling DiPT, however the drug is not explicitly forbidden or outlawed.

However the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) withdrew a proposal to ban five psychedelic substances including 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (4-OH-DiPT), N-Isopropyl-5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (5-MeO-MiPT) and N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine (DiPT). DEA withdrew the proposed listing as schedule 1 banned substance after a public hearing in 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Florida

"DiPT (N,N-Diisopropyltryptamine)" is a Schedule I controlled substance in the state of Florida making it illegal to buy, sell, or possess in Florida.<ref name="Florida Statutes - Chapter 893 - DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION AND CONTROL">Template:Cite web</ref>

Sweden

Sweden's public health agency suggested classifying DiPT as a hazardous substance, on May 15, 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

References

Template:Reflist

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