Diomede Islands

The Diomede Islands (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx), also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands (Template:Langx), consist of two rocky, mesa-like islands. One is the Russian island of Big Diomede (part of Chukotka), also known as Template:Lang, Inaliq, Nunarbuk or Ratmanov Island. The other is the U.S. island of Little Diomede (part of Alaska) or Template:Lang, also known as Krusenstern Island.Template:EfnTemplate:Cn

The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia. If marginal seas are considered, they are the northernmost islands in the Pacific Ocean. To the north is the Chukchi Sea, and to the south is the Bering Sea. Fairway Rock, Template:Convert to the southeast, is also Alaskan but generally not seen as part of the Diomede Islands.Template:Cn

Because they are separated by the International Date Line, Big Diomede is almost a day ahead of Little Diomede; due to locally defined time zones, Big Diomede is 21 hours ahead of Little Diomede (20 in summer).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Because of this, the islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Island (Little Diomede).<ref name="yesterday" />

Etymology

The islands are named for the Greek Saint Diomedes; Danish-born Russian navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Diomede Islands on 16 August (O.S., 27 August N.S.) 1728, the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the saint.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Location

The islands are separated by an international border, which also defines the International Date Line in that area, about Template:Convert from each island, at 168°58'37"W. The two islands are about Template:Convert apart at their closest points.<ref name="yesterday">Template:Cite web</ref> The small habitation on Little Diomede Island is centered on the west side of the island at the village of Diomede.Template:Cn

Big Diomede Island is the easternmost point of Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Diomede Islands in the Bering Sea

The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as likely intermediate stops for the hypothetical bridge or tunnel (Bering Strait crossing) spanning the Bering Strait.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

An ice bridge usually spans the distance between these two islands in winter. At these times, it is theoretically possible (although not legal, since travel between the two islands is forbidden<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) to walk between the United States and Russia.Template:Cn

History

Little Diomede in August 2008

The islands were once mountaintops in the central portion of the land mass known as the Bering land bridge.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

The first European to reach the Bering Strait was the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev in 1648. He reported two islands whose natives had bone lip ornaments, but it is not certain that these were the Diomedes. Danish navigator Vitus Bering discovered the Diomede Islands while leading a Russian expedition on 16 August (O.S., 26 August N.S.) 1728, the day when the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the martyr St. Diomede (hence, the name of the islands). In 1732, a Russian geodesist, Mikhail Gvozdev, determined the longitude and latitude of the two islands.<ref name=WDL1>Template:Cite web</ref>

The text of the 1867 treaty between the United States and Russia, which finalized the Alaska Purchase, uses the islands to designate the boundary between the two nations: the border separates "equidistantly Krusenstern Island, or Ignaluk, from Ratmanov Island, or Nunarbuk, and heads northward infinitely until it disappears completely in the Arctic Ocean".Template:Cn

During the Cold War, that gap constituted the border between the United States and the Soviet Union, and became known as the "Ice Curtain". In 1987, however, Lynne Cox swam from one island to the other and was congratulated by both Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan for her feat.<ref>Smith, Martin. January 31, 1988. "The transcendent power of the solo athlete." Orange County Register, p. J1.</ref>

In the summer of 1995, British television actor and documentary presenter Michael Palin started his counterclockwise circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim, encompassing 18 countries, on Little Diomede Island, as part of the BBC series Full Circle. He intended to set foot on it again at the end of his eight-month trek but could not because of rough seas.Template:Cn

Big Diomede Island was traditionally the easternmost landmass before the International Date Line and the first to ring in a new year if using local solar time. When using official time, however, a large area in eastern Russia and New Zealand also share the same time zone. New Zealand also has daylight saving time in effect during late December, but Russia does not (see time in New Zealand and time in Russia). This became moot in 1995, however, when the International Date Line was moved to the east of Kiribati, and that country's easternmost time zone (GMT+14) is now the world's earliest.Template:Cn

After establishing a military base there in 1948, the Soviet government relocated the indigenous population of Big Diomede Island to mainland Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The island is now inhabited only by military units.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Little Diomede had an Inupiat population of 170,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> which had declined to 115 at the 2010 census, entirely in the village site of Diomede, Alaska on the west side of the island, though the island as a whole comprises the city of Diomede. This village has a school, a post office, and a store. Some residents are famous for their ivory carving. When weather permits, commercial air contact is maintained with the island as part of the US Essential Air Service.Template:Cn

See also

• List of islands of Alaska
• List of islands of Russia

External links

• Images of the islands (Template:Webarchive)
• Little Diomede page, with images
• Proposed Trans-Global Highway and AmerAsian Peace Tunnel
• Michael Palin site about Diomedes