Little Diomede Island
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Little Diomede Island or Yesterday Island (Template:Langx, formerly known as Krusenstern Island,Template:Efn<ref name="The American Local History Network">Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Langx) is an inhabited island of Alaska. It is the smaller of the two Diomede Islands located in the Bering Strait between the Alaskan mainland and Siberia. The island has one town, also called Diomede.
Etymology
The Diomede Islands are named after Saint Diomedes. The Inupiaq name Template:Lang means "the other one" or "the one over there".<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref> The two islands are respectively nicknamed "Yesterday Island" (Little Diomede Island) and "Tomorrow Island" (Big Diomede Island) because the International Date Line runs between them, making the date on Little Diomede Island always one day behind the date on Big Diomede Island.
Geography
Little Diomede Island is located about Template:Convert west of mainland Alaska, in the middle of the Bering Strait. It is only Template:Convert from the International Date Line and about Template:Convert from the Russian island of Big Diomede. According to the United States Census Bureau, the island has a total area of Template:Convert, all of it land. On the western shore of the island is the village of Diomede, also known as Iŋaliq. The highest point on Little Diomede Island is Template:Convert (about halfway along the west coast, about Template:Convert south-east of the village, facing the southern tip of Big Diomede). The island has very scant vegetation.
Big Diomede is within the view of Little Diomede, meaning Russia can be seen from Alaska.
Geology
Little Diomede island is composed of Cretaceous age granite or quartz monzonite.<ref name=":0">Till, A. B., et al., Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and Accompanying Conodont Data, Pamphlet to accompany Scientific Investigations Map 3131, USGS</ref><ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> The location of the settlement is the only area which does not have near-vertical cliffs to the water. Behind the settlement, and around the entire island, rocky slopes rise at about 40° up to the relatively flattened top in Template:Convert. The island has scant vegetation.
Important Bird Area
The island, along with its surrounding waters, has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because of its significant seabird colonies, including those of black-legged kittiwakes, and of parakeet, least and crested auklets.<ref name=bli>Template:Cite web</ref>
Climate
Summer temperatures average Template:Convert. Winter temperatures average from Template:Convert. Annual precipitation averages Template:Convert, and annual snowfall averages Template:Convert. During summer months, cloudy skies and fog prevail. Winds blow consistently from the north, averaging Template:Convert, with gusts of Template:Convert. The Bering Strait is generally frozen between mid-December and mid-June.<ref name=LDP/>
Although slightly south of the Arctic Circle, the island has a dry-summer polar climate (Köppen ETs), because the driest high-sun month (April) has less than one-third as much precipitation as the wettest high-sun month (October). The winters are icy and cold – colder than those of Nome despite the island location due to greater proximity to extremely cold Siberian air masses. The extreme moderating effect of the thawed Bering Sea produces very cool summers, with the result that most plants are unable to grow. The hottest summer ever experienced temperatures up to only Template:Convert. Template:Weatherbox
History
Danish-Russian navigator Vitus Bering (after whom the Bering Strait is named) sighted the Diomede Islands on August 16 (O.S., August 27 N.S.), 1728, the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Diomedes of Tarsus.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite web</ref>
Little Diomede was sold to the United States by the Russian Empire, along with the rest of Alaska, in 1867. Inuit from Big and Little Diomede continued to cross between the two islands until the Soviet Union closed the border between in 1948.<ref name=":4">Template:Cite news</ref> This section of the border between the United States and the Soviet Union became known as the "Ice Curtain" during the Cold War.
The Inuit of Big Diomede were resettled in coastal villages of Chukotka. There has been limited subsequent contact between the communities. There were sporadic contacts during the 1970s with former inhabitants of Big Diomede who walked across the Bering Strait to trade and exchange information across the International Date Line.<ref name=":4" />
Lynne Cox swam from Little Diomede to Big Diomede (about Template:Convert) in August 1987, she was congratulated jointly by Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan.<ref name="history.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Visits by the inhabitants of Little Diomede to find relatives deported from Big Diomede resumed during Perestroika. There were subsequent exchanges during the 1990s. These have become increasingly rare as relations between the United States and Russia have worsened.<ref name=":4" />
Access
There is a heliport, the Diomede Heliport, with regular helicopter flights. In the past, locals carved a runway into the thick ice sheet so that bush planes could deliver vital products, such as medicine and grocery supplies. Annual variations of the ice sheet meant that the runway would change position every year, however access by plane has ceased due to climate change causing the thinning of the winter ice around Little Diomede.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=":4" />
In popular culture
Little Diomede was featured in the first episode of Full Circle with Michael Palin, a 1997 BBC documentary series in which the broadcaster Michael Palin traversed many of the countries of the Pacific Rim.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Diomede Islands are also featured in the novel Further Tales of the City, by Armistead Maupin, and the miniseries based on the book. In addition, Alexander Armstrong visited the island as part of his 2015 series Land of the Midnight Sun. Little Diomede was also featured in the 1952 film Arctic Flight, starring Wayne Morris and Lola Albright.