East Village, Manhattan

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Template:Short description Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox settlement

The East Village is a neighborhood on the East Side of Lower Manhattan in New York City, New York. It is roughly defined as the area east of the Bowery and Third Avenue, south of 14th Street, and north of Houston Street.<ref name="EV">Template:Cite news</ref> The East Village contains three subsections: Alphabet City, in reference to the single-letter-named avenues east of First Avenue; Little Ukraine, near Second Avenue and 6th and 7th Streets; and the Bowery, located around the street of the same name.

The present-day East Village was originally occupied by the Lenape Native people, and was then divided into plantations by Dutch settlers. During the early 19th century, the East Village contained many of the city's most opulent estates. By the middle of the century, it grew to include a large immigrant populationTemplate:Sndincluding what was once referred to as Manhattan's Little GermanyTemplate:Sndand was considered part of the nearby Lower East Side. By the late 1960s, many artists, musicians, students and hippies began to move into the area, and the East Village gained its own identity. Since at least the 2000s, gentrification has changed the character of the neighborhood.<ref name="Kugel">Template:Cite news</ref>

The East Village is part of Manhattan Community District 3, and its primary ZIP Codes are 10003 and 10009.<ref name="NYCPlanning"/> It is patrolled by the 9th Precinct of the New York City Police Department. Template:TOC limit Unlike the West Village, the East Village is not located within Greenwich Village.

History

Early development

File:Stuyvesant Street.JPG
Stuyvesant Street, one of the neighborhood's oldest streets, in front of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery. This street served as the boundary between boweries 1Template:Spacesand 2, owned by Peter Stuyvesant.

The area that is today known as the East Village was originally occupied by the Lenape Native people.Template:Sfn The Lenape relocated during different seasons, moving toward the shore to fish during the summers, and moving inland to hunt and grow crops during the fall and winter.Template:Sfn Manhattan was purchased in 1626 by the Dutch West India Company’s Peter Minuit, director-general of New Netherland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn

Most New Amsterdam colonists lived primarily below present-day Fulton Street, whereas north of it were a number of farms called bouwerij (anglicized to "boweries"; Template:Langx). Around these farms were a number of enclaves of free or "half-free" Africans, which served as a buffer between the Dutch and the Native Americans.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn One of the largest of these was located along the modern Bowery between Prince Street and Astor Place, as well as the "only separate enclave" of this type within Manhattan.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These Black farmers were some of the area’s earliest settlers.<ref name="encnyc"/>Template:Rp

There were several "boweries" within what is now the East Village. Bowery no.Template:Spaces2 passed through several inhabitants, before the eastern half of the land was subdivided and given to Harmen Smeeman in 1647. Peter Stuyvesant, the director-general of New Netherland, owned adjacent bowery no.Template:Spaces1 and bought bowery no.Template:Spaces2 in 1656 for his farm. Stuyvesant's manor, also called Bowery, was near what is now 10th Street between Second and Third Avenues. Though the manor burned down in the 1770s, his family held onto the land for over seven generations, until a descendant began selling off parcels in the early 19th century.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Bowery no. 3 was located near today's 2nd Street between Second Avenue and the modern street named Bowery. It was owned by Gerrit Hendricksen in 1646 and later given to Philip Minthorne by 1732. The Minthorne and Stuyvesant families both enslaved people on their farms.Template:Sfn According to an 1803 deed, people enslaved by Stuyvesant were to be buried in a cemetery plot at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery.<ref name="Valentine's Manual 1862">Template:Cite book Template:LCCN; Template:OCLC.

Re: Valentine's Manual.

</ref> The Stuyvesants' estate later expanded to include two Georgian-style manors: the "Bowery House" to the southTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn and "Petersfield" to the north.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Many of these farms had become wealthy country estates by the middle of the 18th century. The Stuyvesant, DeLancey, and Rutgers families would come to own most of the land on the Lower East Side, including the portions that would later become the East Village.Template:Sfn By the late 18th century Lower Manhattan estate owners started having their lands surveyed to facilitate the future growth of Lower Manhattan into a street grid system. The Stuyvesant plot, surveyed in the 1780s or 1790s, was planned to be developed with a new grid around Stuyvesant Street, a street that ran compass west–east. This contrasted with the grid system that was ultimately laid out under the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which is offset by 28.9 degrees clockwise. Stuyvesant Street formed the border between former boweries 1Template:Spacesand 2, and the grid surrounding it included four north–south and nine west–east streets.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Because each landowner had done their own survey, there were different street grids that did not align with each other. Various state laws, passed in the 1790s, gave the city of New York the ability to plan out, open, and close streets.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The final plan, published in 1811, resulted in the current street grid north of Houston StreetTemplate:Sndand most of the streets in the modern East VillageTemplate:Sndwere conformed to this plan, except for Stuyvesant Street.Template:Sfn The north–south avenues within the Lower East Side were finished in the 1810s, followed by the west–east streets in the 1820s.Template:Sfn

Upscale neighborhood

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The Commissioners' Plan and resulting street grid was the catalyst for the northward expansion of the city,Template:Sfn and for a short period, the portion of the Lower East Side that is now the East Village was one of the wealthiest residential neighborhoods in the city.<ref name="Saint">Template:Cite web</ref> Bond Street between the Bowery and Broadway, just west of the East Side within present-day NoHo, was considered the most upscale street address in the city by the 1830s,Template:Sfn with structures such as the Greek Revival-style Colonnade Row and Federal-style rowhouses.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The neighborhood's prestigious nature could be attributed to several factors, including a rise in commerce and population following the Erie Canal's opening in the 1820s.Template:Sfn

Following the grading of the streets, development of rowhouses came to the East Side and NoHo by the early 1830s.Template:Sfn One set of Federal-style rowhouses was built in the 1830s by Thomas E. Davis on 8th Street between Second and Third Avenues. That block was renamed "St. Mark's Place" and is one of the few remaining terrace names in the East Village.Template:Sfn In 1833 Davis and Arthur Bronson bought the entire block of 10th Street from Avenue A to Avenue B. The block was located adjacent to Tompkins Square Park, located between 7th and 10th Streets from Avenue A to Avenue B, designated the same year.Template:Sfn

Though the park was not in the original Commissioners' Plan of 1811, part of the land from 7th to 10th Streets east of First Avenue had been set aside for a marketplace that was ultimately never built.Template:Sfn Rowhouses up to three stories were built on the side streets by such developers as Elisha Peck and Anson Green Phelps; Ephraim H. Wentworth; and Christopher S. Hubbard and Henry H. Casey.Template:Sfn

Mansions were also built on the East Side. One notable address was the twelve-house development called "Albion Place", located on Fourth Street between the Bowery and Second Avenue, built for Peck and Phelps in 1832–1833.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Second Avenue also had its own concentration of mansions, though most residences on that avenue were row houses built by speculative land owners, including the Isaac T. Hopper House.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn One New York Evening Post article in 1846 said that Second Avenue was to become one of "the two great avenues for elegant residences" in Manhattan, the other being Fifth Avenue.Template:Sfn

Two marble cemeteries were also built on the East Side: the New York City Marble Cemetery, built in 1831 on 2nd Street between First and Second Avenues,<ref name="NYCL-0464">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp and the New York Marble Cemetery, built in 1830 within the backlots of the block to the west.<ref name="NYCL-0466">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp Following the rapid growth of the neighborhood, Manhattan's 17th ward was split from the 11th ward in 1837. The former covered the area from Avenue B to the Bowery, while the latter covered the area from Avenue B to the East River.Template:Sfn

Immigrant neighborhood

19th century

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File:Little Germany House.jpg
Former German-American Shooting Society Clubhouse at 12 St Mark's Place (1885), part of Little Germany

By the middle of the 19th century, many of the wealthy had continued to move further northward to the Upper West Side and the Upper East Side.<ref name="Dolkart 2012">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Some wealthy families remained, and one observer noted in the 1880s that these families "look[ed] down with disdain upon the parvenus of Fifth avenue".Template:Sfn In general, though, the wealthy population of the neighborhood started to decline as many moved northward. Immigrants from modern-day Ireland, Germany, and Austria moved into the rowhouses and manors.Template:Sfn

The population of Manhattan's 17th wardTemplate:Sndwhich includes the western part of the East Village and Lower East SideTemplate:Sndgrew from 18,000 in 1840 to over 43,000 by 1850 and to 73,000 persons in 1860, becoming the city's most highly populated ward at that time.Template:Sfn<ref name="Nadel 1990">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp As a result of the Panic of 1837, the city had experienced less construction in the previous years, and so there was a dearth of units available for immigrants, resulting in the subdivision of many houses in lower Manhattan.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

Another solution was brand-new "tenant houses", or tenements, within the East Side.<ref name="Dolkart 2012"/>Template:Rp Clusters of these buildings were constructed by the Astor family and Stephen Whitney.Template:Sfn The developers rarely involved themselves with the daily operations of the tenements, instead subcontracting landlords (many of them immigrants or their children) to run each building.Template:Sfn Numerous tenements were erected, typically with footprints of Template:Convert, before regulatory legislation was passed in the 1860s.Template:Sfn

To address concerns about unsafe and unsanitary conditions, a second set of laws was passed in 1879, requiring each room to have windows, resulting in the creation of air shafts between each building. Subsequent tenements built to the law's specifications were referred to as Old Law Tenements.Template:Sfn<ref name="Riis 1971"/> Reform movements, such as the one started by Jacob Riis's 1890 book How the Other Half Lives, continued to attempt to alleviate the problems of the area through settlement houses, such as the Henry Street Settlement, and other welfare and service agencies.<ref name=encnyc />Template:Rp

Because most of the new immigrants were German speakers, the East Village and the Lower East Side collectively became known as "Little Germany" (Template:Langx).<ref name="Nadel 1990"/>Template:RpTemplate:Sfn<ref name="Haberstroh"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The neighborhood had the third largest urban population of Germans outside of Vienna and Berlin. It was America's first foreign language neighborhood; hundreds of political, social, sports and recreational clubs were set up during this period.Template:Sfn Numerous churches were built in the neighborhood, of which many are still extant.Template:Sfn In addition, Little Germany also had its own library on Second Avenue,<ref name="Haberstroh"/> now the New York Public Library's Ottendorfer branch.<ref name="NYPL Ottendorfer"/> However, the community started to decline after the sinking of the General Slocum on June 15, 1904, in which more than a thousand German-Americans died.<ref name="Haberstroh">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Germans who moved out of the area were replaced by immigrants of many different nationalities.Template:Sfn This included groups of Italians and Eastern European Jews, as well as Greeks, Hungarians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Slovaks and Ukrainians, each of whom settled in relatively homogeneous enclaves.<ref name=encnyc/>Template:Rp In How the Other Half Lives Riis wrote: "A map of the city, colored to designate nationalities, would show more stripes than on the skin of a zebra, and more colors than any rainbow."<ref name="Riis 1971">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

One of the first groups to populate the former Little Germany were Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi Jews, who first settled south of Houston Street before moving northward.Template:Sfn The Roman Catholic Poles as well as the Protestant Hungarians would also have a significant impact in the East Side, erecting houses of worship next to each other along 7th Street at the turn of the 20th century. American-born New Yorkers would build other churches and community institutions, including the Olivet Memorial Church at 59 East 2nd Street (built 1891), the Middle Collegiate Church at 112 Second Avenue (built 1891–1892), and the Society of the Music School Settlement, now Third Street Music School Settlement, at 53–55 East 3rd Street (converted 1903–1904).Template:Sfn

By the 1890s tenements were being designed in the ornate Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival styles. Tenements built in the later part of the decade were built in the Renaissance Revival style.Template:Sfn At the time, the area was increasingly being identified as part of the Lower East Side.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

20th century

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File:Village East former Yiddish Arts Theatre.jpg
The Village East Cinema/Louis N. Jaffe Theater was originally a Jewish theater.

By the 1890s and 1900s any remaining manors on Second Avenue had been demolished and replaced with tenements or apartment buildings.Template:Sfn The New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 drastically changed the regulations to which tenement buildings had to conform.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The early 20th century marked the creation of apartment houses,<ref name="NYTs 1929 Jun 2">Template:Cite news</ref> office buildings,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and other commercial or institutional structures on Second Avenue.Template:Sfn After the widening of Second Avenue's roadbed in the early 1910s, many of the front stoops on that road were eliminated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The symbolic demise of the old fashionable district came in 1912 when the last resident moved out of the Thomas E. Davis mansion at Second Avenue and St. Mark's Place, which The New York Times had called the "last fashionable residence" on Second Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1916, the Slovenian community and Franciscans established the Slovenian Church of St. Cyril, which still operates.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Simultaneously with the decline of the last manors, the Yiddish Theatre District or "Yiddish Rialto" developed within the East Side. It contained many theaters and other forms of entertainment for the Jewish immigrants of the city.<ref>Template:Cite book

Second Avenue gained more prominence as a Yiddish theater destination in the 1910s with the opening of two theatres: the Second Avenue Theatre, which opened in 1911 at 35–37 Second Avenue,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the National Theater, which opened in 1912 at 111–117 East Houston Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This was followed by the opening of several other theaters, such as the Louis N. Jaffe Theater and the Public Theatre in 1926 and 1927 respectively. Numerous movie houses also opened in the East Side, including six on Second Avenue.Template:Sfn By World WarTemplate:SpacesI the district's theaters hosted as many as twenty to thirty shows a night.<ref name="jweekly1"/> After World WarTemplate:SpacesII Yiddish theater became less popular,<ref name="U-Rochester 2005 Sep 29">Template:Cite news</ref> and by the mid-1950s few theaters were still extant in the District.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The city built First Houses on the south side of East 3rd Street between First Avenue and Avenue A, and on the west side of Avenue A between East 2nd and East 3rd Streets in 1935–1936, the first such public housing project in the United States.<ref name="encnyc">Template:Cite enc-nyc2

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</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="NYCL-0876"/>Template:Rp The neighborhood originally ended at the East River, to the east of where Avenue D was later located. In the mid-20th-century, landfillTemplate:Sndincluding World WarTemplate:SpacesII debris and rubble shipped from LondonTemplate:Sndwas used to extend the shoreline to provide foundation for the Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive.<ref name="Strausbaugh 2007"/>

In the mid-20th century Ukrainians created a Ukrainian enclave in the neighborhood, centered around Second Avenue and 6th and 7th Streets.Template:Sfn<ref name="McKinley 1997"/> The Polish enclave in the East Village persisted as well. Numerous other immigrant groups had moved out, and their former churches were sold and became Orthodox cathedrals.Template:Sfn Latin American immigrants started to move to the East Side, settling in the eastern part of the neighborhood and creating an enclave that later came to be known as Loisaida.Template:Sfn<ref name="Foderaro 1987"/><ref name="von Hassell 1996"/>

File:St Nicholas Manhattan NYC 1914.png
St. Nicholas Kirche at East 2nd Street, just west of Avenue A. The church and almost all buildings on the street were demolished in 1960 and replaced with parking lots for the Village View Houses.<ref name="NYT-Kirche-1960"/>

The East Side's population started to decline at the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s and the implementation of the Immigration Act of 1924, and the expansion of the New York City Subway into the outer boroughs.Template:Sfn Many old tenements, deemed to be "blighted" and unnecessary, were destroyed in the middle of the 20th century.Template:Sfn A substantial portion of the neighborhood, including the Ukrainian enclave, was slated for demolition under the Cooper Square Urban Renewal Plan of 1956, which was to redevelop the area from Ninth to Delancey Streets from the Bowery/Third Avenue to Chrystie Street/Second Avenue with new privately owned cooperative housing.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The United Housing Foundation was selected as the sponsor for the project,<ref name="NYTs 1959 Jun 3">Template:Cite news</ref> and there was significant opposition to the plan, as it would have displaced thousands of people.<ref name="Zipp 2010">Template:Cite book Template:ISBN; Template:OCLC.</ref> Neither the original large-scale development nor a 1961 revised proposal were implemented and the city's government lost interest in performing such large-scale slum-clearance projects.Template:Sfn Another redevelopment project that was completed was the Village View Houses on First Avenue between East 2nd and 6th Streets, which opened in 1964Template:Sfn partially on the site of the old St. Nicholas Kirche.<ref name="NYT-Kirche-1960">Template:Cite news</ref>

Rebranding and cultural scene

Initial rebranding

Until the mid-20th century the area was simply the northern part of the Lower East Side, with a similar culture of immigrant, working-class life. In the 1950s and 1960s the migration of Beatniks into the neighborhood later attracted hippies, musicians, writers, and artists who had been priced out of the rapidly gentrifying Greenwich Village.<ref name="EV" />Template:Sfn<ref name="Miller 1990">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Among the first displaced Greenwich Villagers to move to the area were writers Allen Ginsberg, W. H. Auden, and Norman Mailer, who all moved to the area in 1951–1953.<ref name="Miller 1990" />Template:Rp

A cluster of cooperative art galleries on East 10th Street (later collectively referred to as the 10th Street galleries) were opened around the same time, starting with the Tanger and the Hansa which both opened in 1952.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Further change came in 1955 when the Third Avenue elevated railway above the Bowery and Third Avenue was removed.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This in turn made the neighborhood more attractive to potential residents; in 1960 The New York Times reported: "This area is gradually becoming recognized as an extension of Greenwich VillageTemplate:Spaces... thereby extending New York's Bohemia from river to river."Template:Sfn<ref name="The New York Times 1960">Template:Cite web</ref>

The 1960 Times article stated that rental agents were increasingly referring to the area as "Village East" or "East Village".<ref name="The New York Times 1960" /> The new name was used to dissociate the area from the image of slums evoked by the Lower East Side. According to The New York Times, a 1964 guide called Earl Wilson's New York wrote: "Artists, poets and promoters of coffeehouses from Greenwich Village are trying to remelt the neighborhood under the high-sounding name of 'East Village'."<ref name="EV" /> Newcomers and real estate brokers popularized the new name, and the term was adopted by the popular media by the mid-1960s.<ref name="Mele 2000">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp A weekly newspaper with the neighborhood's new name, The East Village Other, started publication in 1966. The New York Times declared that the neighborhood "had come to be known" as the East Village in the edition of June 5, 1967.<ref name="EV" />

Growth

File:66 Second Ave Anderson Theatre.jpg
The Phyllis Anderson Theater, one of several theaters that were originally Yiddish theaters

The East Village became a center of the counterculture in New York, and was the birthplace and historical home of many artistic movements, including punk rock<ref name="TimesPunk">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Nuyorican literary movement.<ref>Template:Cite news.</ref> Multiple former Yiddish theaters were converted for use by Off-Broadway shows: for instance, the Public Theater at 66 Second Avenue became the Phyllis Anderson Theater.Template:Sfn Numerous buildings on East 4th Street hosted Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway productions, including the Royal Playhouse, the Fourth Street Theatre, the Downtown Theatre, the La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, and the Truck & Warehouse Theater just on the block between Bowery and Second Avenue.Template:Sfn<ref name="The New York Times 1960" />

By the 1970s and 1980s the city in general was in decline and nearing bankruptcy, especially after the 1975 New York City fiscal crisis.Template:Sfn Residential buildings in the East Village suffered from high levels of neglect, as property owners did not properly maintain their buildings.<ref name="Mele 2000" />Template:Rp The city purchased many of these buildings, but was also unable to maintain them due to a lack of funds.Template:Sfn Following the publication of a revised Cooper Square renewal plan in 1986,Template:Sfn some properties were given to the Cooper Square Mutual Housing Association as part of a 1991 agreement.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In spite of the deterioration of the structures within the East Village, its music and arts scenes were doing well. By the 1970s gay dance halls and punk rock clubs had started to open in the neighborhood.Template:Sfn These included the Fillmore East Music Hall (later a gay private nightclub called The Saint), which was located in a movie theater at 105 Second Avenue.Template:Sfn<ref name="Miller 1990" />Template:Rp The Phyllis Anderson Theatre was converted into Second Avenue Theater, an annex of the CBGB music club, and hosted musicians and bands such as Bruce Springsteen, Patti Smith, and Talking Heads. The Pyramid Club, which opened in 1979 at 101 Avenue A, hosted musical acts such as Nirvana and Red Hot Chili Peppers, as well as drag performers such as RuPaul and Ann Magnuson.Template:Sfn In addition, there were more than a hundred art galleries in the East Village by the mid-1980s. These included Patti Astor and Bill Stelling's Fun Gallery at 11th Street, Now Gallery on 9th Street, as well as numerous galleries on 7th Street.Template:Sfn

Decline

By 1987 the visual arts scene was in decline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of these art galleries relocated to more profitable neighborhoods such as SoHo, or closed altogether.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Sfn The arts scene had become a victim of its own success, since the popularity of the art galleries had revived the East Village's real estate market.<ref name="New York Magazine p. 48">Template:Cite book</ref>

File:East Village, New York City, 1998.jpg
A wall in the East Village in 1998, featuring a mural of two men

One club that tried to resurrect the neighborhood's past artistic prominence was Mo Pitkins' House of Satisfaction, part-owned by comedian Jimmy Fallon before it closed in 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A Fordham University study, examining the decline of the East Village performance and art scene, stated that "the young, liberal culture that once found its place on the Manhattan side of the East River" has shifted in part to new neighborhoods like Williamsburg in Brooklyn.<ref name="Prochnow 2011 Fall">Template:Cite book Originally retrieved March 5, 2013.

Not the Hudson: A Comprehensive Study of the East River was written and designed by fifteen second-year undergrads from Fordham University's Honors Program during the Fall 2011 semester in a course on Trends in New York City at Fordham's Lincoln Center Honors Program under the guidance of Roger G. Panetta, PhD. The project yielded sixty essays.

</ref> There are still some performance spaces, such as Sidewalk Cafe on 6th Street and Avenue A, where downtown acts find space to exhibit their talent, as well as the poetry clubs Bowery Poetry Club and Nuyorican Poets Café.<ref name="Trigger-Magazine 2007 May 8">Template:Cite journal Originally retrieved April 14, 2008.</ref>

Gentrification, preservation, and present day

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the East Village became gentrified as a result of real-estate price increases following the success of the arts scene.Template:Sfn<ref name="New York Magazine p. 48" /> In the 1970s, rents were extremely low and the neighborhood was considered one of the least desirable places in Manhattan to live in.<ref name="The New York Times 1984" /> However, as early as 1983, the Times reported that because of the influx of artists, many longtime establishments and immigrants were being forced to leave the East Village due to rising rents.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the following year, young professionals constituted a large portion of the neighborhood's demographics.<ref name="The New York Times 1984">Template:Cite web</ref> Even so, crimes remained prevalent and there were often drug deals being held openly in Tompkins Square Park.<ref name="NYTs 1985 Oct 6">Template:Cite news</ref>

Tensions over gentrification resulted in the 1988 Tompkins Square Park riot, which occurred following opposition to a proposed curfew that had targeted the park's homeless. The aftermath of the riot slowed down the gentrification process somewhat as real estate prices declined.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the end of the 20th century, however, real estate prices had resumed their rapid rise. About half of the East Village's stores had opened within the decade since the riot, while vacancy rates in that period had dropped from 20% to 3%, indicating that many of the longtime merchants had been pushed out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

By the early 21st century some buildings in the area were torn down and replaced by newer buildings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rezoning

Due to the gentrification of the neighborhood, parties including the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP), Manhattan Community Board 3, the East Village Community Coalition, and City Councilmember Rosie Mendez, began calling for a change to the area's zoning in the first decade of the 21st century. The city first released a draft in July 2006, which concerned an area bounded by East 13th Street on the north, Third Avenue on the west, Delancey Street on the south, and Avenue D on the east.<ref>Map of approved zoning changes from New York City Department of City Planning Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The rezoning proposal was done in response to concerns about the character and scale of some of the new buildings in the neighborhood.<ref name="Haughney 2008">Template:Cite news</ref> Despite protests and accusations of promoting gentrification and increased property values over the area's history and need for affordable housing, the rezoning was approved in 2008.<ref name="Haughney 2008"/> Among other things, the zoning established height limits for new development throughout the affected area, modified allowable density of real estate, capped air rights transfers, eliminated the current zoning bonus for dorms and hotels, and created incentives for the creation and retention of affordable housing.<ref>Template:Cite web* Template:Cite web</ref>

Landmark efforts

File:Extra Place from 1st Street.jpg
"Extra Place", an obscure side street off of East 1st Street, just east of the Bowery

Local community groups such as the GVSHP are actively working to gain individual and district landmark designations for the East Village to preserve and protect the architectural and cultural identity of the neighborhood.<ref>"East Village" Template:Webarchive on the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation website</ref> In early 2011 the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) proposed two East Village historic districts: a small district along the block of 10th Street that lies north of Tompkins Square Park, and a larger district focused around lower Second Avenue.<ref>"East Village Preservation" Template:Webarchive on the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation website</ref> before later being expanded.<ref>"Editing the East Village" Template:Webarchive on the Villager website</ref> In January 2012 the East 10th Street Historic District was designated by the LPC,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NYCL-2492">Template:Harvnb</ref> and that October, the larger East Village/Lower East Side Historic District was also designated by the LPC.<ref name="NYCL-2491">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Several notable buildings are designated as individual landmarks, some due to the GVSHP's efforts. These include:

File:East 5th Street streetscape.jpg
East 5th Street between Second Avenue and Cooper Square is a typical side street in the heart of the East Village

Landmark efforts have included a number of losses as well. For instance, although the GVSHP and allied groups asked in 2012 that the Mary Help of Christians school, church and rectory be designated as landmarks, the site was demolished starting in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2011, an early 19th-century Federal house at 35 Cooper SquareTemplate:Sndone of the oldest on the Bowery and in the East VillageTemplate:Sndwas approved for demolition to make way for a college dorm.<ref>Template:Cite web

  • Template:Cite web</ref> over requests of community groups and elected officials.<ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref> Furthermore, the LPC acts on no particular schedule, leaving open indefinitely some "calendared" requests for designation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Sometimes it simply declines requests for consideration, as it did regarding an intact Italianate tenement at 143 East 13th Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In other cases the LPC has refused the expansion of existing historic districts, as in 2016 when it declined to add 264 East 7th Street (the former home of illustrator Felicia Bond) and four neighboring rowhouses to the East Village/Lower East Side Historic District.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2015 gas explosion

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On March 26, 2015, a gas explosion occurred on Second Avenue after a gas line was tapped.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The explosion and resulting fire destroyed three buildings at 119, 121 and 123 Second Avenue, between East 7th Street and St. Marks Place. Two people were killed, and at least twenty-two people were injured, four critically.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Three restaurants were also destroyed in the explosion.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Landlord Maria Hrynenko and an unlicensed plumber and another employee were sentenced to prison time for their part in causing the explosion in New York State Supreme Court. Ms. Hrynenko allowed an illegal gas line to be constructed on her property.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Geography

Neighboring the East Village are the Lower East Side to the south, NoHo to the west, Stuyvesant Park to the northwest, and Stuyvesant Town to the northeast. The East Village contains several smaller vibrant communities, each with its own character.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Subsections

Alphabet City

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Alphabet City is the eastern section of the East Village that is so named because it contains avenues with single-lettered names, e.g. Avenues A, B, C, and D. It is bordered by Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north. Notable places within Alphabet City include Tompkins Square Park and the Nuyorican Poets Café.<ref name="Foderaro 1987">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Some of the neighborhoods most iconic establishments such as Pyramid Club and Lucy's have since shuttered due to new ownership and subsequent evictions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Alphabet City also contains St. Marks Place, the continuation of Eighth Street between Third Avenue and Avenue A. The street contains a Japanese street culture; an aged punk culture and CBGB's new store; the former location of one of New York City's only Automats;<ref name="Sun">Automat is about to return to the East Village Template:Webarchive, Jared Newman, New York Sun, August 16, 2006; accessed August 25, 2008.</ref> and a portion of the "Mosaic Trail", a trail of eighty mosaic-encrusted lampposts that runs from Broadway down Eighth Street to Avenue A, to Fourth Street and then back to Eighth Street.<ref name="Power">Hope for Jim Power's public works Template:Webarchive, Abby Luby, The Villager, December 5, 2007; accessed September 19, 2009.</ref>

Alphabet City was once the archetype of a dangerous New York City neighborhood. Its turn-around was cause for The New York Times to observe in 2005 that Alphabet City went "from a drug-infested no man's land to the epicenter of downtown cool".<ref name="Alpha">Template:Cite web</ref> This part of the neighborhood has long been an ethnic enclave for Manhattan's German, Polish, Hispanic, and Jewish populations. Crime went up in the area in the late 20th century but then declined in the 21st, as the area became gentrified.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Alphabet City's alternate name Loisaida, which is also used as the alternate name for Avenue C, is a term derived from the Latino, and especially Nuyorican, pronunciation of "Lower East Side". The term was originally coined by poet/activist Bittman "Bimbo" Rivas in his 1974 poem "Loisaida".<ref name="von Hassell 1996">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Bowery

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File:Street Sleeper 8 by DS.JPG
Once synonymous with "Bowery Bums", the Bowery area has become a magnet for luxury condominiums as the East Village neighborhood's rapid gentrification continues.

The Bowery was once known for its many homeless shelters, drug rehabilitation centers and bars. The phrase "on the Bowery", which has since fallen into disuse, was a generic way to say one was down-and-out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the 21st century the Bowery had become a boulevard with new luxury condominiums. Redevelopment of the avenue from flophouses to luxury condominiums has met resistance from long-term residents, who agree the neighborhood has improved but its unique, gritty character is disappearing.<ref>Template:Cite web.</ref> The Bowery has also become an area with a diverse artistic community. It is the location of the Bowery Poetry Club, where artists Amiri Baraka and Taylor Mead have held regular readings and performances,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and until 2006 was home to the punk–rock nightclub CBGB.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Little Ukraine

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Taras Shevchenko Place, with St. George's Church on the north side and St. George Academy on the south side

Little Ukraine is an ethnic enclave in the East Village, which has served as a spiritual, political and cultural epicenter for several waves of Ukrainian Americans in New York City as far back as the late 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

At the beginning of the 20th century, Ukrainian immigrants began moving into areas previously dominated by fellow Eastern European and Galician Jews, as well as the Lower East Side's German enclave. After World WarTemplate:SpacesII, the Ukrainian population of the neighborhood reached 60,000,<ref name="McKinley 1997">Template:Cite web</ref> but as with the city's Little Italy, today the neighborhood consists of only a few Ukrainian stores and restaurants. Today, the East Village between Houston and 14th Street, and Third Avenue and Avenue A<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> still houses nearly a third of New York City's Ukrainian population.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Several churches, including St. George's Catholic Church; Ukrainian restaurants and butcher shops; The Ukrainian Museum; the Shevchenko Scientific Society; and the Ukrainian Cultural Center are evidence of the impact of this culture on the area.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The gallery American Painting, located on E. 6th Street during 2004–2009, presented a painting exhibition by artists Andrei Kushnir and Michele Martin Taylor titled "East Village Afternoon" depicting many of these sites.<ref>"Andrei Kushnir and Michele Martin Taylor 'East Village Afternoon'" http://www.nyartbeat.com/event/2008/9FC3 Template:Webarchive, retrieved March 1, 2021</ref>

Since the early 20th century, St. George Ukrainian Catholic Church has served as the anchor of Little Ukraine, offering daily liturgies and penances, and operating the adjoining St. George Academy, a coeducational parochial school. Starting in 1976 the church has sponsored an annual Ukrainian Heritage Festival, regularly described as one of the few remaining authentic New York City street fairs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In April 1978 the New York City Council renamed Taras Shevchenko Place, a small connecting street between East 7th and 6th Streets, after Taras Shevchenko, Ukraine's national bard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Political representation

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1st Avenue, looking north at 10th Street in 2010

Politically, the East Village is in New York's 7th and 12th congressional districts.<ref>Congressional District 7 Template:Webarchive, New York State Legislative Task Force on Demographic Research and Reapportionment. Accessed May 5, 2017.

Demographics

Based on data from the 2020 United States Census, the population of the East Village was 71,436, a change of −353 (−0.5%) from the 71,789 counted in 2010. Covering an area of Template:Convert, the neighborhood had a population density of Template:Convert.<ref name="PFF">Template:Cite web</ref> The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 48.9% (34,907) White, 7.6% (5,409) African American, 15.0% (10,734) Asian, and 1.0% (719) from other races, and 3.9% (2,771) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 23.7% (16,896) of the population.<ref name=PFF /><ref name="PLP3A">Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Template:Webarchive, Population Division – New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref>

The entirety of Community District 3, which comprises the East Village and the Lower East Side, had 171,103 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 82.2 years.Template:Sfn This is higher than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Rp Most inhabitants are adults: a plurality (35%) are between the ages of 25 and 44, while 25% are between 45 and 64, and 16% are 65 or older. The ratio of youth and college-aged residents was lower, at 13% and 11%, respectively.Template:Sfn

As of 2017, the median household income in Community DistrictTemplate:Spaces3 was US$39,584 (Template:Inflation),<ref name="CB3PUMA">Template:Cite web</ref> although the median income in the East Village individually was $74,265 (Template:Inflation).<ref name="stats"/> In 2018, an estimated 18% of East Village and Lower East Side residents lived in poverty, compared to 14% in all of Manhattan and 20% in all of New York City. One in twelve residents (8%) were unemployed, compared to 7% in Manhattan and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 48% in the East Village and the Lower East Side, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 45% and 51%, respectively. Based on this calculation, Template:As of, the East Village and the Lower East Side were considered to be gentrifying.Template:Sfn

Culture

Hare Krishnas

On October 9, 1966, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, founder of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, held the first recorded outdoor chanting session of the Hare Krishna mantra outside the Indian subcontinent at Tompkins Square Park.<ref name="Hare">Hare Krishna Tree Template:Webarchive, New York City Parks Department; accessed August 26, 2008.</ref> This is considered the founding of the Hare Krishna religion in the United States, and the large tree close to the center of the Park is demarcated as a special religious site for Krishna adherents.<ref name=Hare/>

Cultural institutions

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Preservation institution:

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Health and fitness:

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Theaters and performance spaces:

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File:Nuyorican Poets Cafe in Loisaida section of New York City.jpg
The Nuyorican Poets Café has been located off Avenue C and East 3rd Street since its founding in 1973.
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The Bowery Poetry Club

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Neighborhood festivals

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Sherry Vine and Joey Arias during the 2009 HOWL! Festival

Parks and gardens

Large parks

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Tompkins Square Park is the recreational and geographic heart of the East Village. It has historically been a part of counterculture, protest and riots.

Tompkins Square Park is a Template:Convert public park in the Alphabet City section of the East Village. It is bounded on the north by 10th Street, on the east by Avenue B, on the south by 7th Street, and on the west by Avenue A.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tompkins Square Park contains a baseball field, basketball courts, and two playgrounds.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It also contains the city's first dog run, which is a social scene unto itself.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park has been the site of numerous events and riots:

  • On January 13, 1874, a riot broke out after the New York City Police Department clashed with a demonstration involving thousands of unemployed civilians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
  • On July 25, 1877, during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, twenty thousand people gathered in the park to hear communist orators speak. New York City police and National Guardsmen eventually charged the crowd with billy clubs, later claiming that the rally was not being held in a peaceful manner. In the wake of this "riot" the city, in conjunction with the War Department, established an official city armory program led by the 7th Regiment.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
  • On August 6–7, 1988, a riot broke out between police and groups of "drug pushers, homeless people and young people known as 'skinheads'" who had largely taken over the park. The neighborhood was divided about what, if anything, should be done about it.<ref name="Newsday1">Koch Suspends Park Curfew Following bloody clash in Tompkins Square, Manuel Perez-Rivas, Newsday, August 8, 1988, NEWS; Pg. 5.</ref> Manhattan Community BoardTemplate:Spaces3 adopted a curfew for the previously 24-hour park in an attempt to bring it under control.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A rally against the curfew resulted in several clashes between protesters and police.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

East River Park is Template:Convert and runs between the FDR Drive and the East River from Montgomery Street to East 12th Street. It was designed in the 1930s by parks commissioner Robert Moses, who wanted to ensure there was parkland along the Lower East Side shorefront.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The park includes football, baseball, and soccer fields; tennis, basketball, and handball courts; a running track; and bike paths, including the East River Greenway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Community gardens

There are reportedly more than 640 community gardens in New York CityTemplate:Sndgardens run by local collectives within the neighborhood who are responsible for the gardens' upkeepTemplate:Sndand an estimated ten percent of those are located on the Lower East Side and the East Village alone.<ref name="NY1">East Village Community Garden Gets New Lease On Life Template:Webarchive, Rebecca Spitz, NY1, June 30, 2008; accessed August 25, 2008.</ref> Development of these community gardens, often on municipally owned land, started in the early 1970s. Although many of these lots were later sold to private developers, others were taken over by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, which preserves the gardens under its ownership.<ref name="Strausbaugh 2007"/>

Open Road Park, a former cemetery and bus depot, is a garden and a playground adjacent to East Side Community High School between 11th and 12th Streets east of First Avenue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Avenue B and 6th Street Community Garden was known for a now-removed outdoor sculpture, the Tower of Toys, designed by artist and long-time garden groundskeeper Eddie Boros.<ref name="Vill">A Force of Nature Leave Template:Webarchive, Lincoln Anderson, The Village, May 2–8, 2007; Accessed August 26, 2008.</ref> It was a Template:Convert makeshift structure made of wooden planks, from which were suspended an amalgamation of fanciful objects.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The tower was a neighborhood icon, having appeared in the opening credits for the television show NYPD Blue and also appears in the musical Rent.<ref name=Vill/> It was also controversial: some viewed it as a masterpiece, while others as an eyesore.<ref name=Vill/><ref name="Goth">Template:Cite web</ref> The tower was dismantled in May 2008 because, according to parks commissioner Adrian Benepe, it was rotting and thus a safety hazard. Its removal was seen by some as a symbol of the neighborhood's fading past.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Toyota Children's Learning Garden at 603 East 11th Street is technically a learning garden rather than a community garden. Designed by landscape architect Michael Van Valkenburgh, the garden opened in May 2008 as part of the New York Restoration Project and is designed to teach children about plants.<ref name="ToyotaTimes">Template:Cite web.</ref>

La Plaza Cultural de Armando Perez is a community garden, open-air theater, and green space at 9th Street and Avenue C. Founded in 1976, the garden continues to operate Template:As of,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> despite having been proposed for redevelopment multiple times.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Marble cemeteries

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A production of John Reed's All the World's a Grave in the New York Marble Cemetery, which does not contain headstones

On the block bounded by Bowery, Second Avenue, and 2nd and 3rd Streets, is the oldest public cemetery in New York City not affiliated with any religion, the New York Marble Cemetery.<ref name="NYCL-0466"/>Template:Rp<ref name="MarCem">New York Marble Cemetery Template:Webarchive official site.</ref> Established in 1830,<ref name="NYCL-0466"/>Template:Rp it is open the fourth Sunday of every month.<ref name="Marble">Template:Cite web</ref>

The similarly named New York City Marble Cemetery, located on 2nd Street between First Avenue and Second Avenue, is the second oldest nonsectarian cemetery in New York City. The cemetery opened in 1831.<ref name="NYCL-0464"/>Template:Rp Notable people interred there include U.S. President James Monroe; Stephen Allen, mayor (1821–1824); James Lenox, whose personal library became part of the New York Public Library; Isaac Varian, mayor (1839–1841); Marinus Willet, Revolutionary War hero; and Preserved Fish, a well-known merchant.<ref name="MarCemCit">New York City Marble Cemetery Template:Webarchive official site.</ref>

Police and crime

East Village is patrolled by the 9th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 321 East 5th Street.<ref name="NYPD 9th Precinct">Template:Cite web</ref> The 9th Precinct ranked 58th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:As of, with a non-fatal assault rate of 42 per 100,000 people, Community District 3's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 449 per 100,000 people is higher than that of the city as a whole.Template:Sfn

The 9th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 79.5% between 1990 and 2019. The precinct reported 3Template:Spacesmurders, 15 rapes, 119 robberies, 171 felony assaults, 122 burglaries, 760 grand larcenies, and 37 grand larcenies auto in 2019.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fire safety

File:Firehouse 108 East 13th St.jpg
Ladder Co. 3/Battalion 6

East Village is served by four New York City Fire Department (FDNY) fire stations:<ref>Template:Cite FDNY locations</ref>

Health

Template:As of, preterm births and births to teenage mothers are less common in the East Village and the Lower East Side than in other places citywide. In the East Village and the Lower East Side, there were 82 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.1 teenage births per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).Template:Sfn The East Village and the Lower East Side have a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018 this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 11%, slightly less than the citywide rate of 12%.Template:Sfn

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in the East Village and the Lower East Side is Template:Convert, more than the city average.Template:Sfn Twenty percent of East Village and Lower East Side residents are smokers, which is more than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.Template:Sfn In the East Village and the Lower East Side, 10% of residents are obese, 11% are diabetic, and 22% have high blood pressureTemplate:Sndcompared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.Template:Sfn In addition, 16% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.Template:Sfn

Eighty-eight percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is about the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 70% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", less than the city's average of 78%.Template:Sfn For every supermarket in the East Village and the Lower East Side, there are eighteen bodegas.Template:Sfn

The nearest major hospitals are the Bellevue Hospital Center and NYU Langone Medical Center in Kips Bay, and NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital in the Civic Center area.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In addition, Beth Israel Medical Center in Stuyvesant Town operated until 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Post offices and ZIP Codes

File:Cooper Station Post Office.jpg
USPS Cooper Station post office

East Village is located within two primary ZIP Codes. The area east of First Avenue including Alphabet City is part of 10009, while the area west of First Avenue is part of 10003.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in the East Village:

Education

East Village and the Lower East Side generally have a higher rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city Template:As of. A plurality of residents age 25 and older (48%) have a college education or higher, while 24% have less than a high school education and 28% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 64% of Manhattan residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.Template:Sfn The percentage of East Village and the Lower East Side students excelling in math rose from 61% in 2000 to 80% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 66% to 68% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">Template:Cite web</ref>

East Village and the Lower East Side's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is lower than the rest of New York City. In the East Village and the Lower East Side, 16% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, less than the citywide average of 20%.Template:Sfn<ref name=":21" />Template:Rp Additionally, 77% of high school students in the East Village and the Lower East Side graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.Template:Sfn

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates public schools in the East Village as part of Community School District 1.<ref name="Zillow">Template:Cite web</ref> DistrictTemplate:Spaces1 does not contain any zoned schools, which means that students living in DistrictTemplate:Spaces1 can apply to any school in the district, including those on the Lower East Side.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The following public elementary schools are located in the East Village and serve grades PK–5 unless otherwise indicated:<ref name="Zillow"/> Template:Div col

The following middle and high schools are located in the East Village:<ref name="Zillow"/>

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York operates Catholic schools in Manhattan. St. Brigid School in the East Village closed in 2019.<ref name=Byfield>Template:Cite web</ref>

The following independent schools are located in the East Village:

Libraries

File:Freie Bibliothek and Deutsches Dispensary.jpg
New York Public Library, Ottendorfer branch

The New York Public Library (NYPL) operates three branches near the East Village.

Colleges

New York University

Along with gentrification, the East Village has seen an increase in the number of buildings owned and maintained by New York University, particularly dormitories for undergraduate students, and this influx has given rise to conflict between the community and the university.<ref name="Voice">As NYU plans towering dorm for 12th Street, East Village neighbors cry foul Template:Webarchive, Kristen Lombardi, The Village Voice, February 28, 2006.</ref>

St. Ann's Church, a rusticated-stone structure with a Romanesque Revival tower on East 12th Street that dated to 1847, was sold to NYU to make way for a 26-story, 700-bed dormitory. After community protest, the university promised to protect and maintain the church's original facade; and so it did, literally, by having the facade stand alone in front of the building, now the tallest structure in the area.<ref name=Voice/> According to many residents, NYU's alteration and demolition of historic buildings, such as the Peter Cooper Post Office, is spoiling the physical and socio-economic landscape that makes this neighborhood so interesting and attractive.<ref name="PacePress">Residents wary of changing physical, socio-economic landscape Template:Webarchive, Katla McGlynn, Pace Press, February 6, 2008.</ref>

NYU has often been at odds with residents of both the East and West Villages due to its expansive development plans; urban preservationist Jane Jacobs battled the school in the 1960s.<ref>A Lightning Rod at 91 Template:Webarchive, Frances Morrone, New York Sun, April 10, 2008.</ref> "She spoke of how universities and hospitals often had a special kind of hubris reflected in the fact that they often thought it was OK to destroy a neighborhood to suit their needs," said Andrew Berman of the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation.<ref>Zimmer, Amy. "Activists ask: WWJD?"Template:Dead link Metro (April 16, 2008)</ref>

Cooper Union

The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, founded in 1859 by entrepreneur and philanthropist Peter Cooper and located on Cooper Square,<ref>Template:Cite book Template:LCCN; Template:OCLC.

Founding enabled by a NY State Act of February 17, 1857. The land is conveyed for one dollar.

</ref> was, as of 2008, one of the most selective colleges in the world,<ref name="USNews 2008">Template:Cite journal</ref> and formerly offered tuition-free programs in engineering, art and architecture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Its Great Hall has been used for several notable speeches, such as Abraham Lincoln's Cooper Union speech,<ref name="American-Heritage 2010 Winter">Template:Cite journal Template:ISSN; Template:OCLC (article).</ref><ref name="American-Heritage 2004 Apr-May">Template:Cite journal Template:ISSN; Template:OCLC (article).</ref> and its New Academic Building is the first in New York City to achieve LEED Platinum status.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Transportation

The nearest New York City Subway stations are Second Avenue (Template:NYCS trains), Astor Place (Template:NYCS trains), Eighth Street–New York University (Template:NYCS trains), and First Avenue (Template:NYCS trains).<ref>Template:NYCS const</ref> PhaseTemplate:Spaces3 of the Second Avenue Subway is planned to establish two stations on 2nd Avenue, one on 14th Street and one on Houston Street.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Bus routes serving the area include the Template:NYC bus link.<ref>Template:Cite NYC bus map</ref>

Media

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Local news

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Television

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Notable residents

File:Richard Hell 3 by David Shankbone.jpg
Punk rock icon and writer Richard Hell still lives in the same apartment in Alphabet City that he has had since the 1970s.
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Miss Understood stops an Template:NYC bus link bus in front of the Lucky Cheng's restaurant at 2nd Street on First Avenue.
File:Lotti Golden, Lower East Side c.1968.jpg
Lotti Golden, Lower East Side, 1968

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See also

References

Notes

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Bibliography

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