Erice
{{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Infobox Italian comune
Erice (Template:IPA; Template:Langx Template:IPA) is a Template:Lang (municipality) contiguous with the provincial capital Trapani, in western Sicily. Its historic core occupies the site of the ancient city of Eryx, one of the most significant archaeological and religious centres in pre-Roman western Sicily.<ref name="LietzZirone2017">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="DVC">De Vincenzo, Salvatore (2015). "The fortification wall of Eryx: A new definition of the settlement's construction phases and topographic development in light of recent excavations." Analysis Archaeologica, vol. 1, pp. 103–116. link</ref>
Located on the summit of Monte Erice, the city developed around a site that later became a prominent religious and military stronghold for the Carthaginians and Romans. It retains its medieval layout and architecture, with few modern interventions, and occupies a natural vantage point that historically offered strategic control over the Strait of Sicily and the western coastline.<ref name="Tusa2017">Template:Cite book</ref>
The municipality includes both the hilltop centre and a number of modern lower districts, some of which extend to the Tyrrhenian coast, as well as small agricultural frazioni (hamlets) on the surrounding foothills.
Erice is a member of I Borghi più belli d'Italia (The Most Beautiful Villages of Italy), an association that recognises towns of notable historical and architectural interest.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has at times been mentioned in the local media as a potential candidate for UNESCO World Heritage Site status.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
Antiquity
Template:Main The earliest occupation of the hilltop is debated, but settlement likely began in the early first millennium BCE.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia </ref><ref name="DVC" /> Under the Elymians, who called the site Irka, the community established fortifications and a sanctuary on the summit.<ref>Template:Cite web </ref><ref name="DVC" /><ref>Template:Cite web </ref>
With the arrival of the Phoenicians in western Sicily during the early Iron Age (attested by the early 8th century BCE at nearby Motya) and, later, Carthaginian control (from the late 6th century BCE until the Roman annexation in 241 BCE), the settlement developed within a circuit now known as the Elymian–Punic walls. Excavations distinguish an Elymian phase and a Punic rebuilding, including squared blocks bearing Punic mason’s marks; the oldest quarter of the city preserves a capillary network of narrow, irregular lanes often interpreted as part of a defensive, escape-oriented layout.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="OxfordPhoen">F. Spatafora, “Sicily,” in The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean, ed. C. López-Ruiz & B. R. Doak (Oxford, 2022), overview of Phoenician presence and retreat to the west (Motya, Panormus, Soluntum).</ref><ref name="DVC" /><ref name="DeVincenzo2022">S. De Vincenzo, Guida archeologica di Erice (Viterbo, 2022), pp. 15–25 (Elymian and Punic phases; Punic mason’s marks).</ref><ref name="LiviusEryx">J. Lendering, “Eryx,” Livius.org (accessed 2025): notes on Carthaginian stronghold under Hamilcar and loss in 241 BCE.</ref><ref name="Tusa2017" />
The Greeks (attested from the 5th century BCE) and Romans (after the Roman annexation in 241 BCE) called the settlement Eryx.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Within the largely irregular historic street network, Via San Francesco is a notably straight alignment; Caracciolo has interpreted it as evidence of very ancient planning.<ref name="Tusa2017" /> Excavations and surveys document several ancient construction phases at the sanctuary on the summit.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Tusa2017" />
Medieval period
The modern settlement of Erice began in the Norman period, when the summit was re-fortified as the Norman Castle of Venus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the same centuries the kingdom’s ventures in Ifriqiya (1148–1160s) heightened the strategic weight of western Sicily’s heights and sea lanes, with Erice again serving as a defensive stronghold over the Strait of Sicily.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> During this period the town came to be known as Monte San Giuliano (by tradition since the Norman conquest).<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In later medieval sources it appears as a royal demesne (città demaniale): in 1413 its universitas petitioned for the royal appointment of a captain and castellan, underscoring direct crown control rather than feudal lordship.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The 12th-century traveller Ibn Giubayr described abundant springs, cultivated fields, vineyards, and a fortress accessible by a bridge. Monte San Giuliano held an intermediate status in the territorial hierarchy, positioned between a civitas and a casale, and was classified as a terra (land).<ref name="Tusa2017" />
The Norman fortress anchored the upper citadel, with the Balio Towers serving as its fortified gateway. A second hub formed around the Mother Church, and a third around the Palazzo Giuratorio, seat of the giurati (sworn civic magistrates). The town’s fabric coalesced around these three nodes, linked by the “Royal Road” (now Via Albertina degli Abati) and the “Great Road” (now Via Vittorio Emanuele II). Wealthy families consolidated plots by combining neighbouring properties.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
By the late 13th–14th centuries a parish network and several monastic houses reinforced this layout, further anchoring the three hubs (see Religious significance).
Early modern and Bourbon period (16th–19th centuries)
From the 1500s Sicily formed part of Habsburg Spain via the Crown of Aragon, governed as a Spanish viceroyalty.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In 1713 the island passed to the House of Savoy under the Treaty of Utrecht; in 1720 Victor Amadeus II exchanged Sicily for Sardinia, transferring Sicily to the Habsburg monarchy.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> In practice, society remained strongly aristocratic: feudal and ecclesiastical estates dominated landholding and local power well into the modern era, especially in Sicily, where large latifundia and church property were prominent.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Within this framework Erice prospered: its population rose from 7,657 in 1584 to about 12,000 by the late 1600s, and the town controlled much of the surrounding countryside. Many palaces and churches date to this period, and the patterned cobbled paving laid with small stones became a defining feature of the historic centre.<ref name="Tusa2017" /> To meet Spanish billeting obligations (posata), townspeople funded the Spanish Quarter, a barracks begun on the town’s northern edge in the early 17th century and abandoned in 1632, after which troops were housed in the Castle of Venus.<ref name="FondazioneEriceArte">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1734 Charles of Bourbon conquered Naples and Sicily; Bourbon rule continued thereafter, and in December 1816 the two kingdoms were formally unified as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which lasted until 1860–61.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Bourbon land policies redistributed parts of the demanio (public lands) through emphyteusis—long leases that transferred cultivation rights while reserving ultimate ownership—encouraging new rural settlements such as Custonaci and San Vito Lo Capo. As administrative functions consolidated in Trapani, noble families and residents relocated, and the hilltop town became increasingly depopulated and economically peripheral.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
In 1860, during the Sicilian phase of the Risorgimento, Erice supplied volunteers to Giuseppe Garibaldi’s campaign. Local patriot Giuseppe Coppola led the town’s volunteers—"875 men from Erice", as a civic plaque records—and fought at the Battle of Calatafimi before helping expel the Bourbon garrison from Trapani. Among the Ericine fallen was the physician Rocco La Russa Peraino, killed at the Ponte dell'Ammiraglio in Palermo on 27 May 1860; both men are commemorated by plaques in Erice.<ref name=TrapaniNostraCoppola>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=EricePlaque>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Abba>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Cataldo>Template:Cite web</ref> The suppression of monasteries by the Italian state after unification in the late 19th century further altered the town’s institutions and urban fabric.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Villeggiatura and salons (c. 1870–1930s)
From the late 19th century Erice entered a new phase of prosperity shaped by the culture of villeggiatura—the seasonal retreat of wealthy families to hill towns during the summer. The town’s altitude and cool breezes made it a favoured refuge from the heat of the lowlands, attracting not only residents of Trapani and Palermo but also expatriate Sicilian families from North Africa, including Tunis and Cairo.<ref name="Tusa2017" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Institutional life shifted at this time: civic functions moved from the medieval Balio Towers to the newly built Palazzo Municipale, and a piazza was created in front of it as the town’s modern civic centre.<ref name="Tusa2017" /> The Balio complex was reimagined as a public garden under the patronage of Count Agostino Sieri Pepoli, who leased the towers in the 1870s, laid out the landscaped Balio Gardens, and constructed the neo-Gothic Pepoli Turret as a retreat for study and cultural exchange.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The turret became a venue for cultural gatherings, hosting writers, scholars, and musicians of the period.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By the early 20th century, civic cultural infrastructure expanded: the Cordici Museum was founded in 1876 and later housed (from 1939) in the upper floors of the town hall, in rooms that had formerly served as the municipal theatre, while the Vito Carvini Municipal Library was formed from suppressed convent collections after unification.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
These decades also marked the beginnings of organised tourism, with the appearance of guesthouses and small hotels catering to seasonal visitors. The Grand Hotel Igea, opened in 1927–28, attracted figures from Sicilian aristocratic, cultural, business, and political circles, and for many years was a symbol of tourism in Erice. Though the tradition of villeggiatura declined in the 20th century with changing patterns of mobility and leisure, the architecture and public spaces of this period remain distinctive features of Erice.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
In 1934 the town’s name was officially changed from Monte San Giuliano to Erice. During the Second World War, in 1943, a Luftwaffe operations post associated with Zerstörergeschwader 26 and Jagdgeschwader 27—units flying from nearby Trapani–Milo Airport—was positioned on the slopes of Monte Erice until Allied air raids forced its relocation. After the Allied landings in July 1943, elements of the 2nd Battalion, 505th Infantry Regiment (U.S. Seventh Army) advanced up Monte Erice; Italian forces occupying the ramparts surrendered after initial exchanges of fire.<ref name=Holland>Template:Cite book</ref> Erice ended the war largely unscathed, with its historic character intact.
Intellectualism (since 1962)
The post-war decades brought new accessibility: a cable car linking Trapani to Erice—first opened in 1956 and re-inaugurated on 8 July 2005—made the hilltop readily reachable for day-trippers and routine travel between the lower districts and the historic centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1962 the physicist Antonino Zichichi founded the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, establishing a year-round centre for international scientific schools and meetings.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Majorana Foundation has hosted residential schools and workshops that attracted scholars from around the world, including Nobel laureates such as Paul Dirac, Steven Weinberg, and Carlo Rubbia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Courses have ranged across disciplines—from particle physics to ethics, microelectronics, and nutrition—and have produced declarations such as the Erice statement on the responsibilities of science.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Foundation’s science-for-peace vocation has been acknowledged internationally; the Erice initiatives drew the attention of world leaders including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pierre Trudeau, Olof Palme and Sandro Pertini.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Istituto di Istruzione Superiore Ignazio e Vincenzo Florio (a state hospitality and catering school; IPSEOA “Florio”) opened Officucina teaching labs at Palazzo Sales (the former Santa Teresa monastery) in 2019 and expanded its learning spaces in 2024 under Italy’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR). The Officucina are purpose-built culinary laboratories—professional teaching kitchens designed for food innovation projects and hands-on training.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the 2020s the school expanded its facilities in the historic centre, opening boarding facilities (convitto) in the former San Carlo monastery and the former Grand Hotel Igea.<ref>Template:Cite web </ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The school hosts public demonstrations and masterclasses led by visiting chefs and notable alumni. Guests have included American television chef Marc Murphy, Michelin-starred chef Giuseppe Costa of Il Bavaglino, and television chef Fabio Potenzano; the institute has also hosted an Erasmus+ bakery and chocolate masterclass with Belgian chefs Stijn Van Kerckhoven and Gilles Discart.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Religious significance
Pre-Christian origins
Template:Main By the fifth century BCE, the indigenous Elymians living on the mountain had a sacred place on the summit.<ref name="Thuc6.2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Thuc6.46">Template:Cite web</ref> Later in the century, in 415 BCE, people from nearby Segesta led Athenian visitors up to see it and showed them silver bowls, ladles and incense burners as proof of wealth.<ref name="Thuc6.46" /> Greek writers in the late fifth century BCE refer to it as “the temple of Aphrodite at Eryx”.<ref name="Thuc6.46" /> Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of love and beauty. “Eryx” is the Greek name for the mountain.
Later Greek writers wove the summit site into their stories. Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE) recounts a tale that the craftsman Daedalus built a wall on the crag by the temple and even fashioned a golden ram for the goddess at Mount Eryx.<ref name="Diod4.78">Template:Cite web</ref> Strabo (early 1st century CE) notes the temple’s wide renown and says that in earlier times many attendants had been dedicated there by people from Sicily and from abroad.<ref name="Strab6.2.6">Template:Cite web</ref> Together these accounts show how famous the hilltop sanctuary was in Greek writing.
Roman veneration
In Roman usage the goddess was called Venus Erycina (“Venus of Eryx”).<ref name="Livy22">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DAR-PortaCollina">Template:Cite web</ref> A Roman coin from 57 BCE shows the sanctuary as a small temple with four front columns, set on a rocky summit within a walled precinct.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DAR-PortaCollina" /> Coin images are not architectural plans, but they suggest how Romans pictured the hilltop shrine.
Rome later founded two public temples in her honour—one on the Capitoline Hill (dedicated 215 BCE) and another outside the Porta Collina on the Quirinal (vowed 184 BCE; dedicated 181 BCE). Both temples used the epithet "Erycina" ("of Eryx").<ref name="Livy22" /><ref name="DAR-PortaCollina" /> The Sicilian sanctuary stayed important: in 25 CE the people of Segesta asked Emperor Tiberius to restore the old temple on the mountain, and he agreed.<ref name="TacAnn4.43">Template:Cite web</ref>
Early Christianisation
Template:See also From late antiquity onward the old sanctuary declined as the summit was reused. A small church dedicated to Santa Maria della Neve (often rendered “Our Lady of the Snows”) was probably built within the former sacred area during the time of the Norman castle (11th–12th centuries); its ruins are still visible inside the Castle of Venus.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
From the 13th and 14th centuries, Erice (then known as Monte San Giuliano) saw new churches and monasteries founded with royal and baronial support. The town’s main church, the Chiesa Matrice (Chiesa di Maria Santissima Assunta), was built in 1314 under King Frederick III of Aragon, reportedly reusing material from the ancient temple of Venus Erycina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Baronial families backed new monasteries and churches. The Chiaramonte family are linked with the Santissimo Salvatore Benedictine house, set up in their former palace around 1290; the Ventimiglia family backed the Spirito Santo (San Francesco) convent, authorised by a papal bull of Pope Urban V in the 1360s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The pope also issued an edict at Avignon in 1365 to found the nearby San Pietro church.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
Erice is linked in Carmelite tradition with several figures. Blessed Luigi Rabatà (1443–1490) is generally said to have been born at the site of the Church of Sant'Isidoro.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nineteenth-century local historians also report that the palace later adapted as the Spirito Santo convent was traditionally considered the birthplace of Saint Albert of Trapani.<ref name="Castronovo1872">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Modern Carmelite scholarship, however, generally places Albert’s birth in Trapani rather than Erice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
By the 1730s, Erice had at least thirty churches, along with six convents and three monasteries.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Municipal “riveli” (tax censuses) from 1836–1839 record 204 declarations; clergy were the largest single group among registrants—38 priests, 6 parish priests, 6 canons, an archpriest, a friar, a vicar, 3 clerics and 3 nuns—and many two-storey “solerate” houses are listed as residences with rooms that often included a small domestic chapel.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
Modern devotion
Erice remains a religious destination. The Diocese of Trapani has renovated and reopened churches as part of the project Erice – la Montagna del Signore (Mountain of the Lord), which aims both to conserve and restore the town’s church heritage and to keep the churches open longer “for the faithful and for visitors”.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The churches are presented together as a “museo diffuso” (a distributed museum) and are open to visits on a ticketed schedule.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Pilgrimage today often focuses on the Sant’Anna shrine on the lower slopes of the mountain. The footpath known as the Sentiero di Sant’Anna climbs from the valley cable car station up to the Santuario di Sant’Anna and on to Porta Trapani at the town gate; diocesan groups sometimes organise pilgrimages along these paths.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Near the summit, the woodland below the Castle of Venus (Bosco dei Runzi) is being restored and signed as part of the municipal Bosco Sacro (Sacred Wood) project, reopening paths around the historic core; it is a municipal green belt rather than a distinct pilgrimage site.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the Balio Gardens, the “Venus and the Bee” fountain (dated 1933) nods to the old cult in modern form.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the town's Cordici Museum (Museo Archeologico Storico-Artistico “Antonino Cordici”), an immersive video installation titled Venere Ericina tells the story of the ancient Erice cult to a generative fertility divinity—identified by the Romans as Venus—dating back to the Elymian period and continued by later colonisers; the projections cover the room’s walls and floor.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Jewish community (medieval)
In the 1400s Erice had a substantial Jewish community that helped drive the town’s growth. There were artisans such as blacksmiths, cotton workers and leather tanners, along with doctors and goldsmiths; together their work made the community largely self-sufficient in everyday goods.<ref name="Tusa2017" /> The Jewish quarter (giudecca) lay mainly between the parish church of Sant’Antonio Abate and the Spanish Quarter, extending east toward the “Fontanella” and down to a long-vanished stretch of the old town wall.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
In 1492, following the expulsion ordered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the quarter was largely abandoned and fell into ruin as families left or converted.<ref name="Tusa2017" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The small church Madonna di Custonaci was formerly a synagogue before its conversion to a chapel, a fact once attested by a plaque that has since been lost.<ref name="telesud">Erice, inaugurata la Cappella di Maria Santissima di Custonaci, Telesud, 24 August 2020.</ref>
Geography
Setting and topography
Erice is located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the regional capital, Palermo. Its historic centre sits at an elevation of about 750 metres (2,460 ft) atop Monte Erice, while the wider comune extends to the coastline, encompassing a varied topography of mountainous, hilly, and coastal terrain.
In 2025, WWF Italy and the Italian Alpine Club (CAI) proposed the creation of a national park—the Parco Nazionale delle Isole Egadi e del Litorale Trapanese—that would extend along the Trapani coastline to include the coastal strip of Erice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Districts and urban structure
The comune comprises 12 officially recognised frazioni (hamlets or districts): Adragna, Baglio Rizzo, Ballata, Casa Santa, Crocefissello, Lenzi, Napola, Pizzolungo, Rigaletta, San Cusumano, Specchia, and Torretta.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Historically, the municipal territory also included neighbouring towns such as Valderice and San Vito Lo Capo, but its present boundaries were finalised in 1955.
Until the mid-20th century, Erice’s territory was primarily rural, with an economy based on agriculture, grazing, and scattered farm settlements. From the 1950s onward, rapid and largely unregulated urban expansion reshaped the lower districts. Casa Santa emerged as the municipality’s administrative and commercial hub, while the historic centre transitioned into a centre for tourism.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
Climate, land use and vegetation
Template:Main Erice experiences a Mediterranean climate, with heat moderated by its elevation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wetter. The hilltop location of Erice results in more frequent fog and lower average temperatures than the coastal areas, contributing to a microclimate distinct from nearby Trapani.
Much of the area around the historic centre is wooded with Mediterranean species such as Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), holm oak (Quercus ilex), and cypress, interspersed with underbrush of myrtle, heather, and broom. Two particularly notable green spaces include the Sacro Bosco—a semi-natural sacred grove with mythological and monastic associations—and the Bosco dei Runzi, a forested area on the northeastern slope known for its biodiversity and shaded walking trails.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Economy and tourism
Public services and institutions
Key public facilities that serve both Erice and Trapani are located in the lower district of Casa Santa. These include the Sant’Antonio Abate Hospital, the Stadio Polisportivo Provinciale, and the Polo Territoriale Universitario di Trapani, a satellite campus of the University of Palermo.<ref name="hospital">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="unipa">Template:Cite web</ref>
Agriculture
The hillsides around the comune support viticulture under the official Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) designation Erice DOC, established in 2004, which allows the cultivation of both native varieties such as Nero d’Avola and Grillo, and international ones like Syrah and Chardonnay.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Erice area is noted for its production of high-quality extra virgin olive oil, primarily from the Nocellara del Belice and Cerasuola cultivars, which are well-adapted to the region's arid summer conditions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> These traditional crops form the basis of a rural economy closely linked to Erice’s microclimatic diversity, which also supports limited cultivation of almonds and figs on the lower slopes.
Tourism and hospitality
Heritage conservation has underpinned Erice’s visitor economy since the late 20th century, beginning with works on the ancient city walls in the 1970s and continuing with a €2 million consolidation project approved in 2023 under Italy’s PNRR programme. The Balio Gardens were restored between 2019 and 2024, and additional works—such as the renewal of the San Nicola sports field and Porta Spada gymnasium—have improved recreational infrastructure with a combined investment of over €3 million.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Recent studies have called for more inclusive and sustainable heritage strategies to address long-term challenges such as depopulation, inaccessibility, and seasonal tourism pressures. Proposals include the creation of accessible walking routes, a wellbeing park near the ancient walls, and improved visitor resources such as digital guides and interpretive signage. These efforts aim to balance conservation priorities with broader goals of health, community engagement, and inclusive cultural access.<ref name="conservation">Template:Cite conference</ref>
Erice’s 1 km wide sandy beach, Spiaggia di San Giuliano, features seasonal beach clubs, a dedicated Lido Smile, which provides accessible bathing services for people with disabilities, and a cycling path, which forms part of a roughly 3 km coastal route, linking it westward to Trapani’s Dante Alighieri beach.<ref name="lidosmile">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ciclabile">Template:Cite web</ref>
The Giardino dello Sport (Sports Garden), inaugurated in 2019 directly across from the San Giuliano beachfront, is one of the largest seafront sports parks in southern Italy. It features a large green area, a children's playground, a multi-purpose indoor facility, and various outdoor courts and fields for team and racket sports, as well as a fitness zone and full amenities including changing rooms, toilets, and refreshment areas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
These and other seasonal initiatives have contributed to a sharp rise in visitors. A 2025 study by the Centro Studi Conflavoro projected a 25.7% increase in summer tourism to Erice compared with 2024, as part of a broader forecasted boom in Italian hill towns and rural borghi. The same study estimated that Sicily would account for 14.7% of domestic tourist presences, making it the second most popular Italian region after Puglia. The study attributed Erice’s success to its elevated location, offering cooler temperatures during the peak travel months, along with its medieval charm, panoramic views, and appeal to tourists aged 46–60 seeking authentic and temperate destinations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Landmarks
Template:Main Key sites in Erice’s historic centre include:
- Elymian-Punic Walls: Ancient fortifications that once protected Eryx. They are considered among the most significant surviving examples of early Mediterranean defensive architecture, incorporating Elymian, Punic, and medieval construction phases.<ref name="DVC" />
- Castle of Venus: A Norman-era fortress built on the site of an ancient sanctuary dedicated to Venus Erycina, a Roman adaptation of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. The area has been associated with religious activity since antiquity and features archaeological remains from Elymian, Roman, and medieval periods.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Chiesa Matrice: The main church of Erice built in the 14th century during the reign of King Frederick III. There are many other churches, monasteries, and oratories in the city, include the churches of San Giuliano and San Giovanni Battista.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
- Cordici Museum: A civic museum housed in a former Franciscan convent, founded in 1876 to conserve artworks and archaeological finds from suppressed religious institutions and local collections. Its holdings include Elymian and Roman artifacts, sacred art, ethnographic objects, and Garibaldian-era weapons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Balio Towers: A group of medieval towers that served both defensive and administrative functions following the Norman conquest of southern Italy. They were the residence of the Bajulo, a royal official responsible for civil justice and taxation, and formed a gateway to the Castle of Venus.<ref name="Tusa2017" />
- Pepoli Turret: A neo-Gothic retreat built between 1872 and 1880 by Count Agostino Pepoli as a place for study and cultural gatherings. Situated on a rocky outcrop east of the Balio Gardens, it blends medieval, Moorish, and Liberty architectural elements. Restored in 2014, it now serves as a multimedia museum and the “Observatory of Peace and Lighthouse of the Mediterranean”.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Balio Gardens: Public gardens created in the 19th century by Count Agostino Pepoli on former grazing land adjacent to the Balio Towers. The gardens feature Mediterranean and exotic plantings, fountains, monuments, and viewpoints over Trapani and the surrounding coastline.
- Eugene P. Wigner Institute: A historically significant former convent turned conference venue that also hosts art exhibitions and cloister performances.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Transport
Road and air connections
Erice is accessible by road from Trapani, connected via SP31 and SP3. The A29 motorway provides onward links to Palermo to the east.
Air travel is served by two nearby airports: Vincenzo Florio Airport (Trapani–Birgi), located about 29 km (18 mi) south of Erice, and Falcone–Borsellino Airport (Palermo), approximately 90 km (56 mi) away.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A new railway station at Trapani-Birgi Airport, part of a broader €13 billion in Sicilian rail infrastructure funded by Italy's National Recovery and Resilience Plan, will connect the airport to Trapani and Palermo via the restored and electrified Palermo–Trapani line.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Cable car
A cable car (funivia) runs a regular service that connects the lower district of Casa Santa to the historic centre.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While this has improved vertical mobility, broader accessibility challenges persist in Erice’s historic centre. Steep gradients, narrow streets, and uneven paving limit access for people with disabilities, and recent efforts—such as the limited introduction of electric vehicles—reflect the complex balance between conservation priorities and inclusive design.<ref name="conservation" />
Bus and ferry services
Bus transport between Erice and Trapani is fully integrated, with metropolitan routes providing continuous service across both municipalities. These services include connections to Trapani-Birgi Airport and Palermo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The redevelopment of Trapani’s cruise terminal and island ferry facilities—closely linked to the tourism economy in Erice's historic centre—provides access for passengers arriving via the Aegadian Islands and Mediterranean cruise routes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Culture
Erice holds a number of annual events and traditions, including religious processions, cultural festivals, and sporting competitions, many of which are associated with the town’s historical and seasonal calendar.
Religious traditions
- Misteri di Erice – Held annually on Good Friday, this solemn procession re-enacts the Passion of Christ through a series of sculptural tableaux known as the Misteri that are carried through the streets of Erice by members of local guilds in traditional costume. The procession begins at the Church of San Giuliano, where the groups of sculptures are displayed before the ritual begins.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Festa di Maria Santissima di Custonaci – Celebrated annually in late August, this festival honours Erice's patron saint, Maria Santissima di Custonaci. A highlight of the festivities is the "Consegna delle Chiavi d'Oro" (Presentation of the Golden Keys), during which the mayor symbolically entrusts the city's keys to the Madonna, followed by a procession through the historic centre involving local officials and representatives from neighbouring municipalities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- EricèNatale – During the winter holiday season, the town hosts a Christmas market, nativity displays, concerts, and lights the town with Christmas decorations and pine trees. This is followed at New Year with live performances in Piazza della Loggia and fireworks at midnight.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Festivals and cultural events
- Ericestate – Erice’s official summer cultural programme, held annually between June and September. Organised by the Comune di Erice, it features a broad calendar of events including concerts, theatre performances, art exhibitions, children’s activities, and food-and-wine initiatives. Events are staged across various venues in both the historic centre and the modern districts, including the Teatro Gebel Hamed, with the aim of promoting cultural participation and supporting tourism in the region.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Festa FedEricina – A three-day medieval-themed festival held annually in September, dedicated to King Frederick III. Organised by the Gruppo Medievale MonteSanGiuliano – Erice with support from the Comune di Erice, it features historical parades, falconry displays, themed villages, and medieval banquets. The event attracts historical reenactment groups from across Sicily and abroad, and was first launched in 2015. The festival has been officially registered by the Central Institute for Intangible Heritage of the Italian Ministry of Culture as part of the national mapping of historical reenactments.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Gastronomy
Traditional foods of Erice reflect the town’s convent heritage and surrounding agricultural landscape, several of which are officially recognised as Prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali (P.A.T.) of Sicily.<ref name="PAT2024">Template:Cite web</ref> Local specialities include:
- Pasta reale di Erice, an almond paste confection with convent origins.
- Ericino, a firm, rind-covered cheese made from approximately 80% Valle del Belice sheep’s milk and 20% Cinisara cow’s milk.
- Busiate, a spiral pasta from the province of Trapani, still produced in Erice by local artisan workshops.
- Erice DOC wine, produced from vineyards on the slopes of Monte Erice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Mufuletta, a soft round semolina bun often scented with fennel seeds and eaten warm on 11 November (St Martin’s Day); local tradition links it to medieval soldiers and the first tasting of the new wine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Erice retains a pastry tradition centred on the former San Carlo monastery; local patisseries continue the town’s almond-based recipes. Among its exponents is pastry chef Maria Grammatico, who learned in the monastery and offers short public pastry classes at her own Scuola di Arte Culinaria in the old town.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Istituto di Istruzione Superiore Ignazio e Vincenzo Florio, which has purpose-built culinary laboratories called Officucina at its campus in the historic centre, also hosts public demonstrations and masterclasses led by visiting chefs and notable alumni.
Borgo diVino in Tour stages an annual tasting weekend in the historic centre—typically in late August—featuring local and national wineries, street food, and live performances across venues such as Piazza della Loggia and Piazza San Giuliano.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In literature
In 1897 the English novelist Samuel Butler argued in The Authoress of the Odyssey that the poem was written by a young Sicilian woman from Trapani and that several episodes reflect the landscape of western Sicily; he identified Mount Eryx (Monte Erice) and Trapani with key points in Odysseus’s journey.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Erice commemorates Butler with a street, Via Samuel Butler.<ref name="Toponomastica">Template:Cite web</ref>
Butler’s friend and literary executor Henry Festing Jones devoted four chapters of his travel book Diversions in Sicily (1909/1920) to Mount Eryx and Erice ("Monte San Giuliano", "The Madonna and the Personaggi", "The Universal Deluge", "The Return"), recording local customs, processions and the topography looking toward Trapani and the Egadi islands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jones’s earlier Sicilian collection Castellinaria and Other Sicilian Diversions (1911) is dedicated to friends "di Monte Erice", reflecting the town’s role in the Anglo-Sicilian circle around Butler and Jones.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Jones’s account includes lively descriptions of Erice’s religious life. In his chapter on Monte San Giuliano, he describes the Festa di Maria Santissima di Custonaci procession of 25 August 1901:
"At 7.30 a brass band began to perambulate the town… at 8.30 the band entered the Matrice, and before Mass the sacred picture was unveiled."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Commemoration of Butler also extended to the surrounding area: Jones notes that, by 1908, a hotel in nearby Calatafimi bore the name "Albergo Samuel Butler" and that the town kept his memory in a street name.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Erice also honours the Italian writer Carlo Levi (author of Cristo si è fermato a Eboli) with Via Carlo Levi.<ref name="Toponomastica" />
In film and television
Erice has served as a filming location or creative inspiration for several film and television productions:
- At War with Love (In guerra per amore, 2016), a World War II romantic comedy directed by Pif (Pierfrancesco Diliberto), was filmed on location in Erice.<ref>Cinematographe. "In guerra per amore: le location del film di Pif." Cinematographe.it, October 27, 2016.</ref>
- La baronessa di Carini (2007), a television miniseries broadcast by RAI, included scenes filmed in Erice.<ref>IMDb. "La baronessa di Carini (2007) – Filming & Production."</ref>
- Màkari (2021–), an Italian crime drama series, features Erice prominently in multiple episodes.<ref>Italy for Movies. "Màkari – Season 1 & 2."</ref>
- The town inspired sets in the 2018 superhero film Aquaman, starring Jason Momoa; although no scenes were filmed on location, its architecture was digitally recreated after local authorities denied filming permission.<ref>Breznican, Anthony. "Why Aquaman Couldn’t Actually Film In Italy." Cinemablend, December 19, 2018.</ref>
In art
Erice has been a frequent subject for painters and printmakers from the 18th to the 20th century.
- Louise-Joséphine Sarazin de Belmont, View of the Castello di San Giuliano, near Trapani, Sicily (c. 1824–1826), National Gallery of Art, Washington—an early Romantic view of the castle and cliffs above Trapani. The work is in the NGA’s collection.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Jean-Claude Richard, abbé de Saint-Non, Voyage pittoresque ou Description des Royaumes de Naples et de Sicile (Paris, 1781–1786) includes engraved views of Sicilian sites; plates of Monte San Giuliano (Eryx) circulated widely in these volumes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Francesco Lojacono, Monte San Giuliano (c. 1875–1880), a landscape of present-day Erice attributed to Palermo’s Galleria d’Arte Moderna and reproduced on Google Arts & Culture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Alberto Pisa, colour plates of Monte San Giuliano in the travel book Sicily (London: A. & C. Black, 1911), part of the publisher’s illustrated series. Specific images include “Monte San Giuliano” and related street scenes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Michele Cortegiani, Le mura ciclopiche del Monte Erice (The Cyclopean Walls of Mount Erice, 1891), Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo — a late-19th-century view of the ancient walls on Monte Erice; the canvas is recorded in the Royal Apartment’s Sala dei Paesaggi.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Sport
ACES Europe (the European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation) in 2025 officially designated the municipality of Erice as a European City of Sport for 2027.<ref name="aces2027">Template:Cite web</ref>
Erice manages or hosts a range of sporting facilities. The largest is the Stadio Polisportivo Provinciale in the Casa Santa district, a 10,000-seat ground that has served as the home stadium for Trapani Calcio.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The town also includes the Giardino dello Sport, a 35,000 m² seafront sports park with multiple outdoor courts and pitches and a multi-purpose hall,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Porta Spada gymnasium,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the municipal tennis and five-a-side football courts at Viale delle Pinete,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the historic Campo San Nicola football ground.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The municipality in 2025 also approved plans for a new multipurpose sports complex in the frazione of Napola, including a rugby and football field, padel courts and other facilities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The town is represented in national women’s volleyball by Pallavolo Erice, which has competed in Serie A2 and plays its home matches at the PalaShark arena in neighbouring Trapani.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Football is played at amateur level on the municipal grounds, while local associations also field teams in tennis, basketball and athletics.
Erice also hosts recurring sporting events, including the Cronoscalata Monte Erice, an automobile hillclimb established in 1954 that forms part of the Italian national championship calendar,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Maratona Trapani–Erice and other running events, such as the Erice Trail, a springtime trial-running event.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Cycling events also make use of the coastal cycle path along San Giuliano beach.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
People
This list includes people born in Erice and figures closely associated with the town’s institutions and heritage.
- Arts and letters
- Ugo Antonio Amico (1831–1917), poet, humanist and educator.
- Giuseppe Vito Castronovo (1814–1893), Dominican priest, historian, and first director of the civic library.
- Antonio Cordici (1586–1666), historian and early antiquarian; namesake of the Cordici Museum
- Maria Grammatico (born 1941), pastry chef, author, and custodian of Erice’s convent pastry tradition.
- Dario Maltese (born 1977), journalist and TV presenter.
- Marcello Mazzarella (born 1963), actor.
- Religion
- Albert of Trapani (c.1240–1307), Carmelite saint. Generally held to have been born in Trapani; several Ericine historians record a local tradition that his family palace in Erice—later adapted as the Spirito Santo (San Francesco) convent—was his birthplace.
- Luigi Rabatà (1443–1490), Blessed Carmelite priest; beatified in 1841.
- History and civic life
- Giuseppe Coppola (1821–1902), Risorgimento patriot who led volunteers from Erice in 1860.
- Nunzio Nasi (1850–1935), politician; twice a cabinet minister, later in the Aventine opposition; died in Erice.
- Agostino Sieri Pepoli (1848–1910), patron and civic figure; commissioned the Balio Gardens and the Pepoli Turret in Erice.
- Rocco La Russa Peraino (1828–1860), physician and Risorgimento volunteer killed at the Ponte dell’Ammiraglio.
- Francesco II Ventimiglia (c.1330–1391), Count of Geraci (“Four Vicars”); established the Spirito Santo convent complex in Erice (1360s).
- Science
- Antonino Zichichi (born 1929), physicist; founder and president of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture based in Erice.
- Sport
- Alessandro Mazzara (born 2004), Olympic skateboarder.
- Fabrizio Alastra (born 1997), professional footballer (goalkeeper).
- Vittorio Bernardo (born 1986), professional footballer.
- Leonardo Loria (born 1999), professional footballer (goalkeeper).
- Adriano Montalto (born 1988), professional footballer.
- Alberto Rizzo (born 1997), professional footballer.
- Mario Titone (born 1988), professional footballer.
- Marco Toscano (born 1997), professional footballer.
- Marco Tumminello (born 1998), professional footballer.
Gallery
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Hilltop location
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Balio Towers outlook
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Porta Trapani
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Urban fabric
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Palazzo Platamone
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Coppola House
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Cobbled piazza
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Streetscape
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Church steeples
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Stone arches
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Monte Erice
References
External links
Template:Wikivoyage Template:Commons
- Official promotional video of Erice – from the Comune di Erice on YouTube.
- Erice Virtual Tour
Template:Province of Trapani Template:Archaeological sites in Sicily Template:Phoenician cities and colonies Template:Authority control
- Pages with broken file links
- Municipalities of the Province of Trapani
- Ancient cities
- Ancient cities in Sicily
- Populated places established in the 6th century BC
- Roman towns and cities in Italy
- Pre-Roman cities in Italy
- Elymians
- Archaeological sites in Sicily
- Phoenician colonies in Sicily
- Hilltowns in Italy
- Tourist attractions in Sicily
- Borghi più belli d'Italia